This thesis deals with the European Union's food self-sufficiency. The aim is to try to assess the impact of EU agricultural policies on food sovereignty of Member States and countries outside the EU. The work will evaluate the production of food self-sufficiency in the European Union and the EU for different types of production. The work will assess the impacts of agricultural policies on the Union's agricultural production and international trade. International trade can be used to ensure self-sufficiency, so it is also included in the work. The work will also focus on the restrictions under the WTO and trade between the EU and the rest of the world. In addition to assessing the impact of the policies the work will also deal with future developments.

En 1971, le plateau du Larzac, jusque-là inconnu, accède à une notoriété inattendue lorsqu’est annoncée l'extension du camp militaire situé en son cœur. Les agriculteurs locaux s'engagent dans une protestation, qui durant une décennie (1971-1981), mobilise autour d'eux un large et hétéroclite mouvement, dynamisé par les comités Larzac ayant essaimé dans toute la France. La victoire de 1981 ne signifie pas la fin de l'activisme de cette population renouvelée. Au contraire, durant les trois décennies qui suivent, le Larzac militant s'engage dans l'aménagement foncier de son territoire, mais aussi dans le syndicalisme agricole et dans des réseaux de solidarité internationale qui mènent à l'altermondialisme. Avec l'émergence de José Bové, trait d’union entre les deux périodes, le Larzac revient au devant de la scène. Ses actions spectaculaires se situent dans une certaine continuité de la lutte initiale, dont les acteurs perpétuent la mémoire. Le souvenir de ce passé poursuit son cheminement légendaire, bien au-delà des limites du plateau… / In 1971, the plateau of Larzac, up to then unknown, reaches an unexpected renown when the extension of the military camp located in its heart is announced. The local farmers enter into a protest, which during one decade (1971-1981), mobilizes around them a wide and disparate movement, instigated by the Larzac committees having spread in all France. The victory of 1981 does not mean the end of the activism of this renewed population. On the contrary, during the three following decades, the activist Larzac begins the improvement of land of its territory, but also the agricultural trade unionism and networks of international solidarity which lead to the altermondialism. With the emergence of the figure of José Bové, bridging the gap between the two periods, Larzac returns in the lime light. Its spectacular actions are in a certain continuity of the initial fight, whose actors perpetuate the memory. The memory of this past continues its legendary advance, well beyond the limits of the plateau…

農業是人類最基本的經濟活動。儘管隨著科技及社會的發達，農業在一國的總產值或就業人口所佔比例逐漸降低，然而在國際貿易的舞台上，農業貿易的重要性卻不減反增。世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization, 簡稱WTO）之杜哈發展議程（Doha Development Round, DDA）曾一度中止的原因即為各國之間對於農業貿易存在極大的分歧，尤其歐洲聯盟（European Union，簡稱歐盟） 的「共同農業政策」（Common Agricultural Policy,簡稱CAP）更是備受爭議。歐盟共同農業政策係指歐盟為其農業發展所實施包括農產品價格支持、最低保證收購價格、對歐盟境外產品實施關稅及配額等相關補貼制度。「共同農業政策」所以深具爭議，主要在於其對農業有補貼或境內支持政策造成對貿易不公與市場扭曲現象，尤其以農產品出口為大宗的發展中國家受害最深。因此，在多次談判回合中，歐盟共同農業政策常常為其他WTO會員國所詬病。在WTO逐漸成為各國無法忽視的規範力量，以及各國與歐盟的農產品貿易爭端層出不窮之下，歐盟行之有年的「共同農業政策」面臨重大調整。 / Agriculture is the basic economic activities of human beings. Though the relative size of agricultural sector has been declining as the society and technology develop, the importance of agriculture in the international trade is still growing. The Doha Development Round of the World Trade Organization had once suspended because of agriculture negotiations, on which WTO member countries could not reach agreements. Among them, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union is the most controversial. The Common Agricultural Policy combines a direct subsidy payment for crops and land which may be cultivated with price support mechanisms, including guaranteed minimum prices, import tariffs and quotas on certain goods from outside the EU. The reason why CAP is so controversial is for its high amounts on agricultural subsidies and domestic support, which amount to unfair competition and market distortion. In this regards, CAP damaged the interests of agricultural exporting country, especial those developing countries. Thus CAP had always been criticized by other WTO members in the WTO agriculture negotiation. Since WTO has become the dominant regime of international trade, and there are more and more agricultural disputes arising between EU and other WTO members, EU has to undertake substantial reform on CAP.

No description available.

Notable structural changes have taken place in the world sheepmeat market over the 1960-80 period. Imports into the major consuming countries of the EEC are declining as a result of changing tastes, higher import barriers and other factors. World exports have steadily increased however, and sales diversified into a number of alternative, expanding markets. Little quantitative information exists on these markets. An econometric model was constructed to analyse the changes on a global basis. The model covers production, consumption and trade in the main importing and exporting regions over a twenty one year period. These components form a dynamic, simultaneous system which solves for the world price. It allows the impact of changes in any particular market to be evaluated in terms of the effect on other markets and international prices. Simulation analysis is employed to test the effects of various shocks to the market, and to evaluate the impacts of certain policy changes, such as those recently implemented in the EEC. The changes are assessed against a Base simulation, which also provides a forecast of the market situation through the 1980's. From the conclusions various policy implications are drawn with respect to NZ's exports.

This study investigates the impact of trade liberalization on food security at both national and rural household levels in Mozambique. Three periods are covered at national level: before trade reforms (1975-1986), after reforms under IMF/WB’s (International Monetary Fund/World Bank’s) period (1987-1994), and after reforms under IMF/WB/WTO’s (World Trade Organization’s) period (1995-2014). The researcher adopted the conceptual framework developed by the FAO (2003:235) according to which a country’s food security status can be influenced by diverse factors, including trade liberalization, through changes in relative prices, in quantities produced and consumed, and in trade volumes. At national level, the evidence suggests that trade liberalization’s impact on food security is both positive and negative. At rural household level, the empirical findings suggest that trade liberalization has no significant impact, either positive or negative, on households’ food security due mainly to poor infrastructure, households’ high dependence on subsistence farming and their lack of purchasing power. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-10-21T11:18:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Celso Lucas Fernandes Oliveira - 2016.PDF: 1921775 bytes, checksum: 15f5508da264975bd9fe3e6f4470b5a1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-08T18:40:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Celso Lucas Fernandes Oliveira - 2016.PDF: 1921775 bytes, checksum: 15f5508da264975bd9fe3e6f4470b5a1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-08T18:40:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Celso Lucas Fernandes Oliveira - 2016.PDF: 1921775 bytes, checksum: 15f5508da264975bd9fe3e6f4470b5a1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This study aims to investigate the main aspects of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), created by the European Community in 1962 to ensure the agricultural self-sufficiency of the trade bloc and to maintain the level of income of European farmers, by the implementation of a policy of support for the regional production and internal market protection. This research is intended to analyze how the policy is structured and what are the real consequences of it for the economy of developing countries, based on the assumption that the protectionist measures and subsidies result in great damage to international trade, especially for poor countries, which rely mainly on agricultural exports to sustain their economies. In this context, a critical analysis will be made about the way the CAP remains in the context of agricultural trade liberalization that is defended in the World Trade Organization (WTO), based on multilateral agreements and negotiations currently in progress. In addition, the analysis will consider the concept of multifunctionality of agriculture, which appears as a justification for maintaining the CAP, and the relation between international trade and the right to development. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os principais aspectos da Política Agrícola Comum (PAC), criada pela Comunidade Europeia em 1962, visando garantir a autossuficiência agrícola do bloco econômico e a manutenção do nível de renda dos produtores rurais europeus, a partir da implementação de uma política de apoio à produção regional e de proteção do mercado interno. Tal pesquisa tem como intuito analisar como essa política se estruturou e quais são as reais consequências dela para a economia dos países em desenvolvimento, partindo-se da hipótese de que as medidas protecionistas e os subsídios resultam em grandes prejuízos ao comércio internacional, principalmente para os países mais pobres, que dependem basicamente das exportações agrícolas para sustentar suas economias. Diante desse contexto, será feita uma análise crítica acerca da maneira como a PAC se insere no contexto de liberalização comercial dos produtos agrícolas, defendido dentro da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), com base nos acordos multilaterais existentes e nas negociações em andamento atualmente. Além disso, a análise levará em consideração o conceito da multifuncionalidade da agricultura, que surge como justificativa para manutenção da PAC, bem como a relação entre o comércio internacional e o direito ao desenvolvimento.

Cette thèse est une contribution empirique à l’analyse du commerce des produits alimentaires entre le Cameroun et les pays voisins de la zone CEMAC et le Nigeria. La thèse utilise plusieurs outils économétriques permettant de mieux prendre en compte le niveau de désagrégation des données par produits et paires de marchés agricoles. Le premier chapitre, essentiellement descriptif, présente quelques faits stylisés sur le commerce intra-régional en zone CEMAC. Le deuxième chapitre analyse la contribution des chocs de rente pétrolière dans les pays limitrophes du Cameroun sur leur demande d’importations de produits alimentaires camerounais. En utilisant une variété d’estimateurs appropriés pour les modèles de gravité, les résultats indiquent que la croissance de la rente pétrolière dans la sous-région a favorisé de manière significative, l’expansion des exportationscamerounaises de produits alimentaires. Le troisième chapitre a pour objectif d’apprécier l’existence de ruptures structurelles et le degré d’asymétrie dans le niveau d’intégration des marchés agricoles au Cameroun. Les résultats des estimations des modèles à correction d’erreur avec rupture et asymétriques révèlent l’existence d’une instabilité temporelle récente dans l’intégration des marchés agricoles au Cameroun. De plus, les résultats indiquent que les chocs de prix de certains produits agricoles dans les marchés de consommation répondent de façon asymétrique aux variations des prix des marchés de production. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre utilise un modèle à deux pays pour quantifier le degré d’intégration entre les marchés camerounais et sous-régionaux (Gabon) au prisme d’une analyse de co-mouvement des prix des entre marchés. Les résultats économétriques obtenus à partir d’estimation de modèles vectoriels à correction d’erreur sur données de panel montrent qu’il existe une causalité bidirectionnelle et positive à court et long terme entre les marchés camerounais et gabonais. / This is an empirical contribution to the analysis of the regional integration of agricultural markets in central Africa. The thesis uses several econometric models aimed at taking advantage of the high disaggregation of the data by products and market dyads. The first chapter focuses on recent stylized facts on agricultural trade and food security in Cameroon and in the region. Chapter 2 examines the effect of oil discoveries in neighbor countries on Cameroonian exports of agricultural products within the region. Using a wide range of estimators designed for gravity data, econometric results uncover a positive and significant association between oil discoveries in neighbor regional countries on the demand for Cameroonian agricultural goods. The third chapter tests and discusses the existence of a temporal structural break and the asymmetry in agricultural markets within Cameroon. The econometric results obtained from error correction models allowing for structural break and the asymmetry of shocks show that Cameroonian agricultural markets have become less integrated recently, contributing to the asymmetry in the transmission of shocks from production to consumption markets. Chapter 4 uses a two-country model to provide an international evidence of the integration of agricultural markets in central Africa. The framework consists in estimating vector error correction models usingpanel data to test the causality between product prices between the two countries. The results highlight the existence of a bi-directional causality in both the short and long-run.

La crise alimentaire de 2008 a suscité un regain d’intérêt pour les questions agricoles et de sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement. Partant du constat que près de 27% de la population d’Afrique Sub-saharienne souffre de malnutrition, cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des causes complexes de l’insécurité alimentaire. Le premier chapitre étudie les mécanismes de transmission des variations du prix mondial du riz aux prix domestiques dans trois pays ouest-africain: le Sénégal, le Tchad et le Mali. Les résultats indiquent que le prix du riz importé à Dakar et le prix du riz local à Bamakorépondent de façon asymétrique aux variations du prix mondial. Le chapitre 2 teste la présence d’obstacles aux échanges agricoles entre pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. Il ressort de l’analyse que le passage des frontières est coûteux. Toutefois, le coût associé au passage de la frontière est plus faible entre pays membre d’une même union économique et monétaire. Le chapitre 3 a pour objectif le renforcement des systèmes d’alertes précoces des crises alimentaires existants au Sahel. Il montre qu’il est possible d’anticiper les crises de prix avec six mois d’avance en analysant les mouvements passés des prix des céréales. Enfin, le chapitre 4 s’intéresse à la vulnérabilité des ménages face aux chocs pluviométriques. Il révèle que les ménages ruraux au Burkina Faso n’ont pas la capacité d’assurer ou d’absorber ces chocs climatiques. / This doctoral thesis is in line with the renewed interest in research on agriculture and food security, following the 2008 global food crisis. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the complex issues surrounding food security. The first chapter investigates whether the changes in the international price of rice are transmitted to the domestic prices of rice in Senegal, Mali and Chad. Results indicate that the domestic prices of imported rice in Dakar and of local rice in Bamako react differently to changes in the world price depending on whether the world price is rising or falling. Chapter 2 analyses by how much trade barriers at the border and transport costs impede the integration of agricultural markets in West and Central Africa. Results highlight the role played by borders in explaining price deviations between markets. Additionally, belonging to an economic union and sharingthe same currency appear as major determinants of market integration. The third chapter aims at providing new early warning indicators based on food prices in Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso. Our analysis reveals that price crisis can be predicted about 6 months in advance through the observation of past price movements. Chapter 4 focuses on the analysis of children’s vulnerability to climate shocks in Burkina Faso. By combining health data originating from a 2008 household survey with meteorological data, we show the importance of weather conditions in prenatal period and in the first year of life on the future nutritional status of the children.

Die Globalisierung des Agrarhandels führt zu komplexen Lieferketten, was weitreichende Folgen für die Lebensmittelsicherheit haben kann. Entsprechende internationale Vorkommnisse stellen die zuständigen Behörden vor die Herausforderung, Risiken sachgemäß zu managen und zu bewerten. Bei der Analyse von aufgetretenen Problemfällen wurden erhebliche Wissenslücken hinsichtlich der Rolle der Logistik aufgedeckt. Um das Forschungsgebiet der globalen Warenströme abzubilden, wurde anhand einer qualitativen Textanalyse multidisziplinärer Literatur - angelehnt an den Grounded Theory-Ansatz - ein konzeptioneller Bezugsrahmen am Beispiel von Agrarrohstoffen entwickelt. Dieser diente als Grundlage für eine Fallstudie zur empirischen Untersuchung der potentiellen Kontamination von Agrarrohstoffen mit Mykotoxinen. Hierzu wurden Experteninterviews mit 24 Akteuren aus den Bereichen Logistik, Handel, Beschaffung und Richtlinien und Standards durchgeführt. Wir haben verschiedene Ebenen der wichtigsten Konzepte innerhalb (z.B. Logistikprozesse und Hauptakteure) und außerhalb (z.B. Globale Driver) der Warenströme von Agrarrohstoffen bestimmt. Mit Hilfe der Fallstudie konnten wir zudem kritische Dimensionen (z.B. Maßnahmen zur Lebensmittelsicherheit, menschlicher Faktor, Hafenmerkmale) und entsprechende kritische Faktoren für die Lebensmittelsicherheit und ihre Wechselbeziehungen identifizieren. Die Studie zeigt die Notwendigkeit integrativer und nachhaltiger Lösungen, wie die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wirtschaftsakteuren, als auch mit Behörden, sowie politische Anreize, um z.B. mehr Transparenz und Sorgfalt im Qualitätsmanagement als auch Investitionen in neue Technologien (z. B. Blockchain) im Logistiksektor zu erreichen. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sollten in bestehende und neue Instrumente, die zur Klärung internationaler Lebensmittelsicherheitsvorfälle oder in der Risikofrüherkennung eingesetzt werden und entsprechend der Dynamik des Sektors auf EU- und internationaler Ebene ständig aktualisiert und erweitert werden. / The globalization of agricultural trade leads to complex supply chains, which can have far-reaching consequences for food safety. International food safety incidents are challenging competent authorities to assess and manage food safety risks appropriately. Analysis of respective occurrences revealed substantial knowledge gaps regarding the role of logistics. To map the research area of global commodity flows, a conceptual framework - using agricultural commodities as an example - was developed based on qualitative text analysis of multidisciplinary literature, inspired by the Grounded Theory approach. This served as the foundation for a case study to empirically investigate the potential contamination of agricultural commodities with mycotoxins. For such purpose, expert interviews were conducted with 24 stakeholders from logistics, trade, procurement, and regulations and standards. We identified different levels of key concepts within (e.g., logistics processes and key actors) and outside (e.g., global drivers) the commodity flows of agricultural commodities. The case study further allowed us to identify critical dimensions (e.g., food safety measures, human factor, port characteristics) and corresponding critical factors for food safety and their interrelationships. The study demonstrates the need for integrative and sustainable solutions, such as collaboration between economic actors, as well as with authorities, policy incentives, for example to achieve more transparency and diligence in quality management, as well as more investments in new technologies (e.g. blockchain) in the logistics sector. The knowledge gained calls to be integrated into existing and new tools used to verify and assess international food safety incidents or in early risk detection, and should constantly be updated and expanded according to the unfolding dynamics of the sector at EU and international levels.