The concern for the environment and social aspects have been emphasizing in the concept of ecotourism. Tourism is the world's largest industry. "It accounts for more than 10% of total employment, 11% of global GDP, and total tourist trips are predicted to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020". As such, it has a major and increasing impact on both people and nature. The increase of travels and tourists in the world, has led to the acknowledgement of tourism as part of the emissions of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the framework of sustainable development in tourism has been developed as well as ecotourism. Eco-tourism can be both an effective conservation tool and a successful community development model. Sustainable architecture can be well integrated in a community that will base their knowledge on role model site for the sustainability of a park and village. This thesis is aiming to study and develop a sustainable model for the conflict that exists between architecture and eco-tourism because of current practices and their impact on natural habitat. Inappropriate tourism development and practice can degrade habitats and landscapes, deplete natural resources, and generate waste and pollution. The local community is also in need of a better and healthy living. This has become a social, cultural, and economical issue prevalent for decades since there hasn't been an established relationship between the local community and the tourist. The main investigation into determining factors is on how and why we need the bond between eco-village and eco-tourism. Does it consist of culture and society integration? Or is it nature preservation? What is the new relationship between tourist-community or tourist development design and development of this relationship? Some of the options for research and study is an eco-cabin that will serve as a prototype for ecotourism sustainable technologies and architecture, integrating an eco-village as a model for the local community. A way to approach this issue is through the education of the local people and tourism through sustainable architecture and development. Community knowledge can be increased through environmental sustainable building techniques. Perhaps the community gets involve in the construction process, so they learn how to take care of their surroundings and its stewardship.. In this way the sustainability of well-being of human cultures that inhibit those environments are sustained, and tourists can get engaged through community learning and interaction. Responsible tourism can also promote awareness of and support for the conservation of local culture, creating economic opportunities for countries and communities.

Nous vivons à l’ère des incertitudes. Au débat épistémologique de la certitude scientifique s’agrègent des incertitudes sociales, politiques, informationnelles qui structurent les controverses dans l’espace social. À l’école, l’enseignement des questions socialement vives (énergie nucléaire, OGM, etc) matérialise ces incertitudes. Comment les indéterminations rencontrées par les enseignantes de sciences reconfigurent leur rapport aux savoirs en jeu dans la controverse et l’idée qu’elles se font de la manière d’enseigner ? J’ai mené mon enquête au sein de deux systèmes éducatifs, l’éducation nationale (enseignantes de SVT) et l’enseignement agricole (enseignantes de différentes disciplines), autour de la question vive de la transition agroécologique. De manière générale, les questions socialement vives placent les enseignantes en insécurité épistémique. Les questions vives les amènent à construire leur point de vue sur le sujet pendant la phase de préparation de cours, voire pendant l’enseignement. Cela implique une reconfiguration de leur posture professionnelle que certaines acceptent, faisant le deuil de la volonté d’exhaustivité épistémique, d’autres ne l’acceptant pas et cherchant à renforcer leur position quant à la maîtrise du savoir. Mon observation des situations de formation – autour de la cartographie de controverse ou de la construction collective d’un scénario pédagogique – montre que certains dispositifs de la démarche d’enquête socio-scientifique permettent d’explorer la complexité de la question. À l’image des scénarios du futur, de véritables outils restent toutefois à concevoir, en complémentarité avec une réelle formation épistémologique et médiatique des enseignantes de sciences et une reconsidération du principe de neutralité. Ce sont là les conditions d’existence d’une éducation aux incertitudes qui puisse donner aux citoyennes les ressources pour se réapproprier des futurs dont la justesse socio-politique serait le véritable horizon. / Appear by now some social, political, informational uncertainties that structure the dynamic of the controversies in the social space. Within classroom, the teaching of socially acute questions (as nuclear energy, GMOs, animal welfare, etc) provides the opportunity to work on these uncertainties. How do the uncertainties encountered by science teachers reconfigure their relation to the knowledge involved in the controversy and the representation they have about science teaching? I investigated in two educational systems, general education (biology teachers) and agricultural education (teachers from different disciplines) around the acute question of agroecological transition. Overall, socially acute questions expose the teachers to epistemic insecurity. Intrinsically, these questions lead them to construct their point of view on the subject during the course preparation or potentially during the teaching activity. It implies a reconfiguration of their professional posture that some of them accept, mourning epistemic completeness, and that others don’t accept, looking for strengthening their position concerning knowledge mastering. My observation of professional training situations – around mapping controversies or developing a pedagogical scenario – shows that some devices of socio-scientific inquiry allow an exploration of the question’s complexity. However, efficient tools have still to be thought or adapted, as scenarios of the future, in complement with a real epistemological and informational training of science teachers. These are the living conditions of an uncertainty education that would give to the citizens resources for a reappropriation of their futures and, finally, create opportunities whose socio-political relevance is the proper horizon.

The UN Food Systems Summit (UNFSS), held in September 2021, brought great expectations of a sustainable food systems transition in accordance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It was, however, almost instantly criticised for failing to be transparent, implementing a Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) and agroecological principles, and for not including the UN Committee of Food Security (CFS). The CFS has reached high credibility over the last decade due to its inclusive and transparent structure. The UNs partnership with the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the appointment of Agnes Kalibata as Secretary General Guterres’ Special Envoy to the UNFSS has further been the basis for arguing that corporate actors has gained power and influence over the UNFSS. Following Friedmann and McMichael’s Food Regime Theory (FRT), the aim of this thesis is to use Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to explore the UNFSSs contributions to the food security discourse of the contemporary food regime within the frameworks of human rights and agroecology. The conceptualisation of food security bears political and economic implications and the UNFSSs contributions to its discourse could potentially influence global food governance and the future role of the CFS.

Rural agro-industry gives added value to peasant’s agricultural production. In Peru, many small farmers from highland areas are linked in this activity as a means of subsistence. These farmers, since ancient times, have performed all their field activities in balance with nature. In fact, the rural agribusiness has mostly been developed under agroecological principles. The main objective of this thesis the description of the characteristics of rural agribusiness and how this activity based on agroecology contributes to the conservation of the environment in the highland areas of Peru. The situation of rural agribusiness is reviewed from the global and local context of organic agriculture. It has also been taken the region of Lurin River Basin as a case study, where environmental, productive, marketing and institutional characteristics are described. Moreover, a study of the current and future situation using the scenario methods, and an analysis of sustainability is carried out for an organic farmers’ organization called “Association of Ecological Producers of the Lurin River Basin ‘Monticielo’”. Results of this thesis indicate that rural agribusiness in highland areas of Peru, specifically in the Lurin River Basin, is crucial sector it contributes to food security and generating income for rural families, conserve biodiversity and farmers` traditional knowledge has been used to address emerging issues of climate change. However, the main problems facing small producers are productivity, technology, marketing and organization.In the scenario analysis it has been identified that "Organic-point of sale" scenario can become a marketing point of eco-business efficiently, which could increase sales and improve the quality of life for farmers and for the environmental conservation. In conclusion, being closely linked to ecological farming practices, rural agribusiness is an important tool that contributes to the welfare of rural small farmers and environmental conservation.

Rural agro-industry gives added value to peasant‟s agricultural production. In Peru, many small farmers from highland areas are linked in this activity as a means of subsistence. These farmers, since ancient times, have performed all their field activities in balance with nature. In fact, the rural agribusiness has mostly been developed under agroecological principles. The main objective of this thesis the description of the characteristics of rural agribusiness and how this activity based on agroecology contributes to the conservation of the environment in the highland areas of Peru. The situation of rural agribusiness is reviewed from the global and local context of organic agriculture. It has also been taken the region of Lurin River Basin as a case study, where environmental, productive, marketing and institutional characteristics are described. Moreover, a study of the current and future situation using the scenario methods, and an analysis of sustainability is carried out for an organic farmers‟ organization called “Association of Ecological Producers of the Lurin River Basin „Monticielo‟”. Results of this thesis indicate that rural agribusiness in highland areas of Peru, specifically in the Lurin River Basin, is crucial sector it contributes to food security and generating income for rural families, conserve biodiversity and farmers` traditional knowledge has been used to address emerging issues of climate change. However, the main problems facing small producers are productivity, technology, marketing and organization. In the scenario analysis it has been identified that "Organic-point of sale" scenario can become a marketing point of eco-business efficiently, which could increase sales and improve the quality of life for farmers and for the environmental conservation. In conclusion, being closely linked to ecological farming practices, rural agribusiness is an important tool that contributes to the welfare of rural small farmers and environmental conservation. / www.ima,kth.se

Agroekologi är ett jordbrukskoncept baserat på kunskap från ursprungsbefolkning och bönder som syftar till att uppnå hållbara, motståndskraftiga och stabila jordbrukssystem utan externa insatser. Konceptet syftar även till att stärka landsbygdssamhällen och skapa produktiva jordbrukssystem för att säkra livsmedelstillgången världen över. Agroekologi utmanar konventionell odling och exportorienterad livsmedelsproduktion där ekonomisk lönsamhet ofta prioriteras på bekostnad av sociala och ekologiska aspekter. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hinder och förutsättningar för en agroekologisk expansion i sydamerikanska länder då dessa länder besitter värdefulla ekosystem som i dagsläget hotas av konventionellt jordbruk. För att uppfylla målen med studien utfördes expertintervjuer samt litterära studier av expertgranskade artiklar. Resultatet av studien visar bland annat att samhälleliga aktörer såsom stat, forskningsinstitutioner, sociala rörelser, bönder och konsumenter har viktiga roller när det gäller agroekologisk expansion, samt att en tydlig kommunikation mellan dessa aktörer är nödvändig. En generell slutsats är att en hållbar omställning inom jordbruket är komplex och svår att genomföra, delvis på grund av de starka nyliberala diskurser som existerar inom stat och näringsliv och försvårar ett främjande av sociala och ekologiska frågor. / Agroecology is an agricultural concept based on indigenous and peasant knowledge, which strives to achieve sustainable, resilient and reliable agricultural systems without external inputs. The concept also aims to strengthen rural communities and create productive agricultural systems in order to achieve food sovereignty across the world. Agroecology challenges conventional farming and export-oriented food production which often prioritizes profitability with little regard to ecological and social aspects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the obstacles and possibilities for an agroecological expansion in South American countries, since these countries possess valuable ecosystems that are currently threatened by conventional agriculture. In order to fulfill the goals of this study, literary studies of peer-reviewed articles as well as expert interviews were conducted. The results show that societal actors such as governments, research institutions, social movements, farmers and consumers have important roles in the expansion of agroecology, and that a clear articulation between these actors is necessary. A general conclusion of the study is that a sustainable transition within the agricultural sector is complex and would be difficult to achieve, partly because of the strong neoliberalist discourses that exist within governments and businesses and prevent the promotion of social and ecological issues.

[pt] Este trabalho busca o entendimento e a identificação das relações entre a sociedade e a natureza através da perspectiva agroecológica camponesa, buscando identificar também neste processo outros discursos agroecológicos e as relações e tensões principais existentes entre a agroecologia e a agricultura convencional de base químico-tecnológica conectada à estrutura do agronegócio. Neste sentido, como problemática principal do presente trabalho, tem-se o embate entre a agroecologia (exemplificada neste trabalho pelo projeto Cesta Camponesa - RJ, relacionado ao Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores (MPA), pela Agricultura Sintrópica, esta formatada pelo cientista e pesquisador Ernst Gotsch, e pelos sujeitos sociais que às praticam) e o modelo hegemônico pautado na produção agrícola de base química e mecânica (e as relações de poder que se estabelecem nesta zona de conflito). Tal modelo hegemônico produtivo está diretamente associado ao modo de produção capitalista e, consequentemente, se apresenta como uma das manifestações dos modelos de desenvolvimento conectados à lógica do capital. Em conjunto com tais modelos, serão apresentadas e discutidas as concepções de modernidade e ocidente para traçar como estes modelos de desenvolvimento capitalistas se construíram com base no paradigma da simplificação e nas dimensões econômica e tecnológica das sociedades. Assim, em contrapartida, buscamos evidenciar o paradigma da complexidade para tecer os laços entre a perspectiva agroecológica camponesa, os princípios da agricultura sintrópica, e a perspectiva geográfica do espaço. Ao final, sem concluirmos, mas formatando as considerações finais, fomos capazes de estruturar, inicialmente, a noção de transição espacial agroecológica, colocando a agroecologia como uma das diversas dimensões contidas dentro da perspectiva espacial. / [en] This work seeks to understand and identify the relationships between society and nature through the peasant agroecological perspective, also seeking to identify in this process other agroecological discourses and the main relationships and tensions between agroecology and conventional chemically-technological agriculture connected to the structure of agribusiness. In this sense, as the main problem of the present work, there is the clash between agroecology (exemplified in this work by the Cesta Camponesa project - RJ, related to the Small Farmers Movement (MPA), by Sintropic Agriculture, this one formatted by scientist and researcher Ernst Gotsch, and the social subjects who practice them) and the hegemonic model based on chemical and mechanical agricultural production (and the power relations that are established in this conflict zone). Such hegemonic productive model is directly associated with the capitalist mode of production and, consequently, presents itself as one of the manifestations of development models connected to the logic of capital. Together with such models, the conceptions of modernity and the West will be presented and discussed to outline how these capitalist development models were built based on the simplification paradigm and on the economic and technological dimensions of societies. Thus, on the other hand, we seek to highlight the complexity paradigm to weave the links between the peasant agroecological perspective, the principles of syntropic agriculture, and the geographical perspective of space. In the end, without concluding, but formatting the final considerations, we were able to structure, initially, the notion of agroecological spatial transition, placing agroecology as one of the several dimensions contained within the spatial perspective.

[ES] La presente investigación se centra en buscar los vínculos entre la práctica artística y la agrícola. Tras el estudio de ambas, se demuestra cómo se apoyan y nutren entre sí. Se realiza una breve revisión histórica de los 10.000 años de agricultura evidenciando cómo ha sido un tema muy relevante en las primeras manifestaciones gráfico-plásticas y el papel que ha ocupado en los movimientos artísticos posteriores hasta centrarnos en el arte contemporáneo. El estudio pretende dar a conocer las posibilidades que ofrece el arte utilizando estrategias artísticas y estéticas para fomentar prácticas agrícolas sustentables. Para ello, se hace uso de una metodología cualitativa y de investigación a través del arte con la elección de un repertorio de proyectos artísticos y su análisis. Finalmente, se eligen cinco casos de estudio actuales donde se trabaja el arte y la agricultura desde diferentes vías de investigación para analizarlos con más profundidad. / [CA] La present investigació se centra en buscar els vincles entre la pràctica artística i l'agrícola. Després de l'estudi d'ambdues, es demostra com se secunden i nodreixen entre si. Es realitza una breu revisió històrica dels 10.000 anys d'agricultura evidenciant com ha sigut un tema molt rellevant en les primeres manifestacions gràfic-plàstiques i el paper que ha ocupat en els moviments artístics posteriors fins a centrar-nos en l'art contemporani. L'estudi pretén donar a conéixer les possibilitats que ofereix l'art utilitzant estratègies artístiques i estètiques per a fomentar pràctiques agrícoles sustentables. Per tant, es fa ús d'una metodologia qualitativa i d'investigació a través de l'art amb l'elecció d'un repertori de projectes artístics i la seua anàlisi. Finalment, es trien cinc casos d'estudi actuals on es treballa l'art i l'agricultura des de diferents vies d'investigació per a analitzar-los amb més profunditat. / [EN] This research focuses on the relationship between artistic and agricultural practice. After studying both, it shows how they support and nourish each other. A brief historical review of the 10,000 years of agriculture is carried out, showing how it has been a very relevant theme in the first graphic-plastic manifestations and the role it has played in later artistic movements and, more recently, in contemporary art. The study aims to highlight the possibilities offered by art using aesthetic strategies to promote sustainable agricultural practices. In order to do so, qualitative methodologies and art based research are used to analyse a series of art contemporany projects. Finally, five case studies where art and agriculture converge are chosen for an in-depth study. / Puerto Espinós, C. (2021). Arte y agricultura: estrategias artísticas para la transición a una agricultura sustentable [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/175569 / TESIS

The global food system as a provider of food security faces several sustainability challenges currently. Industrial agriculture practices degrade the environment and are vulnerable to political instabilities due to fossil energy and agriculture input dependency. At the same time, climate change endangers the circumstances of agriculture. This study aimed to explore if local food systems could help sustain food security in Finland. The case local food system is the Uusimaa region. Specifically, it investigates if deploying agroecological principles could help achieve food security. Agroecology is a science and a social movement that utilizes ecosystem simulating farming practices and aims at the social equity of all food system actors. The case study consisted of semi-structured interviews of Uusimaa local food system actors and text analysis of local food-related policy documents. The focus of the interview questions was on the opportunities and challenges of local food to sustain and improve food security and the needed actions to improve food security in general. The text analysis coded the materials according to the agroecological principles. The main target of the result analysis was to identify the current and envisioned state of local food’s role in food security and if implementing agroecological principles might help achieve the expected state. The result showed that the agroecological principles broadly present in the interviewees’ vision were not broadly present in the analyzed policy documents. The results suggest that local food produced with methods closer to agroecological principles could be beneficial to the food security according to the interviewees. On this basis, the agroecological principles would help design the needed food system transformation and related policies.

Global agricultural intensification has caused large-scale wildlife declines, but agricultural lands that maintain natural habitats can support healthy wildlife populations and receive significant ecosystem services from these natural communities. However, how on-farm biodiversity results in beneficial ecosystem services is highly variable and is reported to differ among taxa and guilds. One group that has attracted attention for their potential beneficial role in reducing pest abundance are birds. Understanding the role of bird communities and individual species in pest control could be important for managing farms under a low intensity agroecological framework. In New England, farmers are increasingly applying low intensity agricultural practices, and these low intensity farms have high conservation value for bird communities. The value of bird communities to on-farm productivity, however, remains poorly understood. Therefore, we quantified the amount of insect pest control provided by birds to three important crops to New England farmers: brassicas (e.g., kale, broccoli), cucurbits (e.g., squash, cucumber), and Solanaceae (e.g., eggplant, potato). We also examined the role of different songbird species in the provision of pest control in this system. To determine the amount of pest control services provided by birds in this system, we conducted an exclusion experiment at nine low intensity farms in Franklin and Hampshire counties of Massachusetts. Birds were excluded from crops, and pest abundance and leaf damage were compared between exclusion plots and immediately adjacent control plots. In brassica crops, the abundance of imported cabbageworm (Pieris rapae) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) were significantly reduced, while cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) was not significantly affected. In cucurbit crops, all life stages of squash bugs (Anasa tristis) were significantly reduced, though striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum) populations were not significantly changed. In Solanaceous crops, bird presence caused significantly larger populations of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae, while the other life stages of Colorado potato beetle and aphids (superfamily Aphidoidea) were not significantly affected. Leaf damage was reduced by bird presence in all three crop types, though this effect was only significant for cucurbits. The varied effects of bird predation in different crop types highlights the need for crop-specific knowledge in applying agroecological pest management in New England. To determine the roles of different bird species in insect pest control, bird diets were studied at 11 low intensity farms in western Massachusetts. DNA metabarcoding was used to determine the frequency of crop pests and pest natural enemies in fecal samples collected from birds on each farm. We found evidence of pest species being consumed in 12.6% of the 737 total fecal samples collected, while pest natural enemies were present in 2.0% of samples. Among bird species, Gray Catbirds and Common Yellowthroats were determined to feed on crop pests significantly more frequently than Song Sparrows, while no bird species effect was found for natural enemy frequency. The only crop pest surveyed in our exclosure experiment which was present in fecal samples was Colorado potato beetle. Though birds preyed on Colorado potato beetle, they also preyed on two known predators of Colorado potato beetle eggs and larvae: Chrysopa oculata and Chrysoperla rufilabris. This provides evidence that the increase in Colorado potato beetle larvae we observed when birds were present was due to ecological release. Combined, our results show that birds provide important, though variable, insect pest control services on low intensity New England farms. Bird predation had primarily beneficial impacts on crops, suppressing abundance of several pest species and decreasing or minimally affecting leaf damage. The effects of bird predation on pest abundance and damage can be integrated into farm management to control insect pests without reliance on expensive, and sometimes damaging, outside inputs like pesticides. Promotion of woody, non-crop habitats on farms can promote species like Gray Catbirds and Common Yellowthroats that feed more frequently on insect pests. Management of New England farmlands for bird pest control may support healthy bird communities and improve agricultural output.