M. Tech. Pharmaceutical Sciences. / Investigates the potential of A. ferox and A. vera gel and whole leaf extract materials alone or in combination with Carbopol® 971P NF and HPMC as excipients in a multi-unit controlled release matrix type system.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is the most commonly used excipient in the manufacture of spherical particles or beads by extrusion spheronisation. However, the use of MCC in beads has its limitations such as prolonged release of drugs due to lack of disintegration. The aim of this study was to determine if Aloe vera and Aloe marlothii leaf materials can be used as excipients in the production of beads prepared by extrusion spheronisation. A 23 full factorial design was employed for optimisation and to explore the effects of the concentration of MCC, polyvinylpyrrolidone and aloe materials on the sphericity and release rate of ketoprofen. Scanning electron microscopy revealed more porous beads when aloe materials were included in the bead formulations compared to the formulation with MMC alone. The bead formulations containing aloe materials exhibited faster drug release compared to that of the formulation containing MCC alone. Dissolution data of the optimised formulations were analysed in terms of mean dissolution time (MDT) as well as fit factors (f1 and f2). The optimised bead formulations had dissolution profiles comparable to that of the formulation containing MCC alone at pH 1.2 and 4.5 (f2 values > 70), but less comparable to the reference at pH 6.8 (50 < f2< 65) due to faster drug release. Aloe vera and Aloe marlothii leaf materials can be used successfully together with MCC in the production of beads by extrusion spheronisation. / Thesis (MSc (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is the most commonly used excipient in the manufacture of spherical particles or beads by extrusion spheronisation. However, the use of MCC in beads has its limitations such as prolonged release of drugs due to lack of disintegration. The aim of this study was to determine if Aloe vera and Aloe marlothii leaf materials can be used as excipients in the production of beads prepared by extrusion spheronisation. A 23 full factorial design was employed for optimisation and to explore the effects of the concentration of MCC, polyvinylpyrrolidone and aloe materials on the sphericity and release rate of ketoprofen. Scanning electron microscopy revealed more porous beads when aloe materials were included in the bead formulations compared to the formulation with MMC alone. The bead formulations containing aloe materials exhibited faster drug release compared to that of the formulation containing MCC alone. Dissolution data of the optimised formulations were analysed in terms of mean dissolution time (MDT) as well as fit factors (f1 and f2). The optimised bead formulations had dissolution profiles comparable to that of the formulation containing MCC alone at pH 1.2 and 4.5 (f2 values > 70), but less comparable to the reference at pH 6.8 (50 < f2< 65) due to faster drug release. Aloe vera and Aloe marlothii leaf materials can be used successfully together with MCC in the production of beads by extrusion spheronisation. / Thesis (MSc (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RoseanePS_Dissert.pdf: 3732658 bytes, checksum: 742911363ad84dd9ebc1a2c58e9d1d3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / Artemisia vulgaris (AV) is an antihelmintic and antimalarial drug; Aloe vera(babosa) acts as antidiabetic, laxative and anti-inflammatory; Benznidazole (BZ) is a trypanocidal of Trypanosoma cruzi (TC). Technetium-99m (99mTc) has been used in nuclear medicine to obtain diagnostic images. This study evaluated the plant effects in TC parasitemia and in the biodistribution of 99mTc in mice. Twenty mice were infected by TC. At the peak of parasitemia, 5 mice received babosa; 5 received AV and 5 received BZ. The parasitemia was determined in 0, 2, 4 and 6 h of drugs administration. Five infected mice without drugs, 5 mice without TC and the group treated with AV, received 99mTc. The radioactivity was calculated. Infected mice that received babosa reduced significantly (p<0.05) the parasitemia. The percentage of activity (%ATI) decreased significantly in the AV group. These results indicate that babosa possibly is an anti-TC drug and AV reduces the %ATI probably due to its biological effects / Artemisia vulgaris (AV) ? um vegetal com propriedades antihelm?ntica e antimal?rica; Aloe vera (babosa) tem ??o antidiab?tica, laxante e anti-inflamat?ria; Benzonidazol (BZ) ? um tripanomicida. O tecn?cio-99m (99mTc), na forma de pertecnetato de s?dio (Na99mTcO4), tem sido usado na medicina nuclear para obten??o de imagens diagn?sticas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de plantas na parasitemia do T. cruzi e na biodistribui??o do 99mTc em camundongos. Vinte camundongos foram infectados por T. cruzi. No pico da parasitemia, 5 camundongos foram tratados com extrato aquoso de babosa, 5 AV e 5 BZ. A parasitemia foi determinada durante os tempos 0, 2, 4 e 6 horas ap?s administra??o das drogas. Cinco camundongos infectados e que n?o receberam drogas, 5 camundongos n?o infectados e o grupo tratado com AV receberam Na99mTcO4. O percentual de Atividade Total Injetada nos ?rg?os (%ATI/g), correspondente ? energia gama emitida ou radioatividade, foi calculada no contador gama. Os camundongos infectados que receberam babosa reduziram significativamente (p<0,05) a parasitemia. A porcentagem da radiatividade total (%ATI/g) diminuiu significativamente no grupo tratado com AV. Estes resultados indicam que a babosa possivelmente ? uma droga anti-T. cruzi e a AV reduz a %ATI/g provavelmente devido seus efeitos biol?gicos. Este trabalho teve a participa??o de pesquisadores das ?reas de Parasitologia, Estat?stica, Cirurgia, Medicina Nuclear e An?lises Cl?nicas, atestando seu car?ter multidisciplinar

Orientador: Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes Marcondes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas,I nstituto de Bi9ologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T07:02:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tomasin_Rebeka_M.pdf: 6922959 bytes, checksum: 859d99a4ec9c7b0f3a25f971d31f8645 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O câncer é responsável pela morte de oito milhões de pessoas todos os anos, sendo que anualmente são diagnosticados mais de onze milhões de novos casos. O estudo de tratamentos alternativos e coadjuvantes é, portanto, de grande valia. Aventa-se que tanto Aloe vera quanto o mel contém efeitos anti-câncer. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ação do homogeneizado de Aloe vera e mel sobre o crescimento tumoral e caquexia em ratos Wistar portadores de carcinossarcoma de Walker 256. Visando avaliar o impacto da administração de Aloe vera e mel sobre a proliferação celular e apoptose no decorrer do desenvolvimento tumoral, foram coletados tecido hepático e tumoral de animais sacrificados após 7, 14 e 20 dias de implantação tumoral. As análises imunohistoquímicas de tumores provenientes de animais tratados com homogeneizado de Aloe vera e mel revelaram, ao longo do desenvolvimento tumoral, queda na taxa de proliferação celular (Ki-67) e aumento na susceptibilidade à apoptose (relação Bax/Bcl-2) além de menor peso relativo do tumor, quando comparados aos tumores de animais que receberam soro fisiológico. Paralelamente, a análise do tecido hepático desses animais mostrou queda na susceptibilidade à apoptose (relação Bax/Bcl-2) em relação aos animais que não foram tratados com Aloe vera e mel. A fim de se avaliar o efeito terapêutico do homogeneizado de Aloe vera e mel sobre parâmetros relacionados ao estresse oxidativo e à caquexia, ratos Wistar tratados ou não anteriormente à indução tumoral foram redistribuídos de forma a iniciar (CWA), interromper (AW), manter (AWA) ou não receber tratamento (CW) com Aloe vera e mel após a indução de tumor. Os animais foram monitorados quanto ao ganho de peso, consumo de dieta e peso calculado do tumor. Após 21 dias de evolução tumoral, as análises morfométricas associadas à quantificação de proteínas séricas, bem como avaliação de estresse oxidativo (envolvendo análise da atividade de catalase, superoxido dismutase, glutationa S tranferase e fostatase alcalina, além do teor de proteína e MDA), em órgãos como fígado, músculo e coração, sugerem que o tratamento com homogeneizado de Aloe vera e mel auxiliou na modulação do estresse oxidativo, espoliação e caquexia, especialmente quando administrado de forma terapêutica (CWA). Em contrapartida, foi observada tendência a estresse oxidativo bem como queda na atividade de enzimas antioxidantes no tecido tumoral, em animais tratados com Aloe vera e mel. Os dados obtidos sugerem que a administração de Aloe vera e mel preserva a integridade dos tecidos hospedeiros enquanto provoca detrimento do tecido tumoral / Abstract: Cancer is diagnosed in approximately 11 million people and is responsible for approximately 8 million deaths every year. Research in cancer control has shown the importance of co-adjuvant therapies. Aloe vera may reduce tumour mass and metastasis rates, while honey may inhibit tumour growth. This study verified the influence of Aloe vera and honey on tumour growth and cachexia in tumour-bearing rats. The influence of Aloe vera and honey on tumour growth evolution was assessed through tumour cell proliferation rate (Ki67-LI) and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio at 7, 14 and 20 days after the implant of Walker 256 carcinoma (sc) in adult rats. The effect of Aloe vera and honey against tumour growth was observed through a decrease in tumour cell proliferative rates and an increase in apoptosis susceptibility (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio) in tumours of treated group compared to untreated group. In contrast, it was observed a decrease in apoptosis susceptibility (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio) in livers of Aloe vera and honey-treated group, showing a possible protective effect in liver tissue. In order to elucidate the therapeutic effects of Aloe vera and honey solution on oxidative stress and cachexia development, Aloe vera and honey-treated and untreated rats before tumour induction were distributed into the following groups: tumour-bearing rats treated after tumour implant (CWA), treated before tumour implant (AW), treated before and after tumour implant (AWA) with Aloe vera and honey solution and untreated tumour-bearing rats (CW). After 21 days of tumour implant, morphometric analyses, serum proteins content and oxidative stress assays (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-Stransferase, alkaline phosphatase activities and protein and MDA content) were evaluated in liver, muscle and myocardium. The Aloe vera and honey treatment modulated oxidative stress, tissue wasting and cachexia, especially as therapeutic way (CWA). On the other hand, tumour of Aloe vera and honey-treated rats tended to increase oxidative stress and/or decrease antioxidant enzymes activities. These data suggested Aloe vera and honey treatment affected tumour and host in a different way, by preserving host tissues while promoted damages in tumour tissue / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / INTRODUÃÃO: A mucosite oral (MO) à um efeito colateral frequente em pacientes sob tratamento oncolÃgico, em especial à quimioterapia (QT). Caracteriza-se por hiperemia, edema e Ãlceras em toda a cavidade oral e faringe. A importÃncia da MO à devido à dor, alteraÃÃes do paladar e infecÃÃes locais. Surge incapacidade de alimentar-se, ingerir lÃquidos, risco de infecÃÃes sistÃmicas, necessidade de interrupÃÃo da QT, necessidade de hospitalizaÃÃo, tornando o tratamento mÃrbido, dispendioso, doloroso e muitas vezes impossÃvel ou ineficaz. Ainda nÃo hà terapÃutica totalmente eficaz, com nÃvel de evidÃncia que torne a MO manejÃvel. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos do tratamento tÃpico com duas plantas medicinais, a Myracrodruon urundeuva (aroeira) e a Aloe barbadensis (babosa) sobre o desfecho da MO experimental induzida por 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) em hamsters, atravÃs de escores macro e microscÃpicos e avaliaÃÃo de perda ponderal. Investigar os possÃveis mecanismos envolvidos nesses efeitos, atravÃs de anÃlise da atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO) e expressÃo tissular de TNF-alfa e iNOS. MATERIAIS E MÃTODOS: Hamsters Goldem siriam receberam injeÃÃes i. p. de 60 e 40 mg/Kg de 5-FU, nos dias 1 e 2, respectivamente. No dia 4 os animais eram anestesiados, tinham suas mucosas jugais submetidas a trauma mecÃnico (TM) com agulha de ponta romba. Em seguida, eram tratadas com gel inerte (controle), gel de aroeira a 5, 10 ou 20% (AR) ou gel de babosa (ALOE) a 25, 50 e 100% . Tais tratamentos eram realizados 2xdia atà o dia 9. Os animais eram pesados diariamente. No dia 10, ocorriam os sacrifÃcios para: 1. AnÃlise macroscÃpica das mucosas; 2. Retiradas de amostras para histopatologia, imunohistoquÃmica para e dosagem de MPO. RESULTADOS: Na anÃlise macroscÃpica, AR determinou inibiÃÃo significativa da MO (AR 5% - Md 2; AR 10% - Md 3; Controle â Md 4), ALOE tambÃm inibiu a MO (ALOE 25% - Md 1; ALOE 50% - Md 1,5; ALOE 100% - Md 1; Controle â Md 4). à histopatologia confirmou-se inibiÃÃo significativa da MO pela AR (p < 0,01) e pela ALOE a 50 e 100% ( p< 0,01). Houve tambÃm inibiÃÃo dos nÃveis de MPO pelos extratos das duas drogas e a expressÃo de TNF-alfa e iNOS tambÃm foi reduzida. Houve uma tendÃncia a uma menor perda ponderal nos grupos experimentais. CONCLUSÃES: Extratos de ALOE e AR foram capazes de inibir a MO experimental induzida por 5-FU atravÃs de aplicaÃÃes tÃpicas e tal efeito pode ser modulado por suas atividades anti-inflamatÃrias sobre a produÃÃo de citocinas envolvidas com o processo e de NO. / INTRODUCTION: Oral mucositis (OM) is a frequent dose-limiting and costly complication of antineoplastic chemotherapy. Itâs caractherized by ulcerative lesions and causes pain, restrict food and fluids oral intake and causes substancial risk for sepsis. In severe cases, hospitalization, parenteral nutrition and opiode analgesics are required. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effects of extracts of two herbal medicines, Aloe barbadensis Miller (Ab) and Myracrodruon urundeuva AllemÃo (Mu) on 5-fluorouracil-induced OM in hamsters. To evaluate the possible mechanisms by the extracts act, it was performed analysis of intensity of activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and analysis of immunohistochemistry for TNF-alpha and iNOS in mucosa specimens. METHODS: Golden siriam hamsters were submitted to intra-peritoneal 60 and 40 mg/Kg injections of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in day 1 and 2, respectively. On day 4, animals were submitted to anaesthesia, followed by mecanic trauma with needle to potenciate the effect of 5-FU. After that, the mucosas were treated with topical gel containing Mu extracts at 5, 10 or 20%, Ab extracts at 25, 50 or 100% (experimental groups) or carbapol gel (control group). The treatments above were mantained twice daily until day 9. On day 10 the animals were sacrified. Diferent parameters were evaluated: macroscopic and microscopic scores of OM, body mass variation and immunohistochemistry for TNF-alpha e iNOS. RESULTS: Mu significantly inhibited macroscopic oral mucositis at 5 and 10% concentrations (5% Mu â Md 2; 10% Mu â Md 3; control â Md 4, p < 0,01). Ab also inhibited OM (25% Ab â Md 1; 50% Ab â Md 1,5; 100% Ab â Md 1; control â Md 4, p < 0,001). These results were confirmed by histological analysis (5% Mu â Md 1,5; 10% Mu â Md 1; 25% Ab â Md 1; 50% Ab â Md 1,5; 100% Ab â Md 1; control â Md 2, p < 0,01). MPO activity was significantly decreased by Mu and Ab compared to control animals. Both Mu and Ab decreased expression of TNF-alpha and iNOS on tissue. It was observed a decrease on ponderal lost in experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: Myracrodruon urundeuva and Aloe barbadensis cause important inhibitory effects in oral mucositis 5-FU induced probably by their antiinflamatory properties.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Fruticultura / Aloe vera es una especie CAM resistente a la sequía de gran proyección económica debido a que tiene importantes propiedades relacionadas con el área de la industria cosmética, alimenticia y farmacológica, es una especie adecuada para ser cultivada en zonas áridas y semiáridas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la disponibilidad de agua en la producción de biomasa aérea y en la eficiencia en el uso del agua (EUA) de Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller). El trabajo se realizó en condiciones de invernadero en el Campus Antumapu de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de la Universidad de Chile y comprendió la temporada 2007 y 2008. Los tratamientos hídricos se evaluaron a través de variación del peso de las macetas. El tratamiento 1 (T1) consistió en mantener las macetas entre el 60% y el 80% de la capacidad de campo (C. de C.) del suelo y el T2 consistió en mantener entre el 30% y el 50% de la C. de C. del sustrato. Para evaluar crecimiento se realizaron cosechas cada 45 días, con la finalidad de obtener: materia verde, materia seca, área foliar, número de hojas, número de hijuelos, distribución de asimilados y eficiencia del uso del agua. Las variables: EUA y distribución de asimilados, presentaron diferencias que estadísticamente no fueron atribuibles al efecto del tratamiento. Las variables: materia seca, materia verde, número de hojas, número de hijuelos y área foliar, presentaron diferencias que estadísticamente fueron atribuibles al efecto del tratamiento. El valor promedio calculado de EUA para la especie, en función de la materia seca fue de 10,8 g de MS L-1 kPa-1 para el T1 y T2. Mientras que los valores promedio calculado de EUA en función de la materia verde fueron de 85 y 68 g de MV L-1 kPa-1 para el T1 y T2 respectivamente. La distribución de asimilados en la planta para el T2 favoreció el desarrollo de las raíces, las que se encontraron más dispersas y en mayor cantidad alcanzando un 43% del peso total de la planta, todo esto como estrategia de sobrevivencia ante una condición hídrica desfavorable. / Aloe vera is a CAM species resistant to drought of great economic development because it has important properties related to the area of cosmetics, food and drug, is an appropriate species to be cultivated in arid and semiarid areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water availability in biomass production and efficiency in water use (WUE) of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller). The work was conducted under greenhouse conditions Antumapu Campus of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile and understood the 2007 season and 2008. Water treatments were assessed through measurements on the variation of the weights of the pots. Treatment 1 (T1) was to keep the pots between 60% and 80% of field capacity (C. of C.) soil and T2 was to keep between 30% and 50% of the C. of C. the substrate. To evaluate growth harvests were performed every 45 days, in order to obtain: dry matter, leaf number, number of tillers, green matter, leaf area, water use efficiency and distribution of assimilates. The variables: WUE and distribution of assimilates, presented statistical differences were not attributable to treatment effect. The variables: dry matter, fresh matter, leaf number, number of tillers and leaf area, showed statistically differences were attributable to treatment effect. The calculated value of WUE for the species, based on the dry matter was 10.8 g DM L1 kPa-1 , for the T1. While the average values calculated according to the GM borders was between 85 and 68 g GM L-1 kPa-1 for de T1 and T2 respectively. The distribution of assimilates in the plant for T2 favored the development of roots, which were more dispersed and more of reaching 43% of the total weight of the plant, all of this as a survival strategy to unfavorable water conditions.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) typically develops in patients with a history of allergic ailments, and is characterised by an itchy, inflammatory skin condition with scaling, lichenification, papules, excoriations and pruritus. In AD patients a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition is seen, associated with IgE hyper production. AD flares are largely triggered by environmental factors. However, the exact etiology of AD is unclear and there is a pressing need for new treatment regimens as AD is a chronic condition and requires long term treatment. Historically Aloe has been used to treat skin conditions as well as a variety of other diseases. To further explore the pathogenesis and treatment of AD, Balb/c mice were sensitized and challenged with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) for atopic dermatitis induction. Thereafter, mice were treated with either Aloe ferox or Aloe vera applied daily on the dorsal skin for 10 consecutive days. A placebo gel was used for the control mice. Blood was collected at the end of the treatment period and serum IgE levels measured. Serum IgE levels were significantly lowered in the Aloe ferox group than in the Aloe vera group. This study demonstrated Aloe’s immunoregulatory potential for alleviating atopic dermatitis through influencing of Th2 cell activation. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Pharmacology / unrestricted

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-13T13:41:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Cavalcanti Souza de Melo.pdf: 1262965 bytes, checksum: a0b751f71b7ca0dbc7f0a215b3c2b60f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T13:41:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Cavalcanti Souza de Melo.pdf: 1262965 bytes, checksum: a0b751f71b7ca0dbc7f0a215b3c2b60f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The aim was to evaluate the effect of the Aloe vera gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller), in association with the Tris base (hydroxymethyl aminomethane) or powdered coconut water (ACP- 106®) in canine semen conservation, as well as the action of this gel in the renewal process of the extender. Semen samples from five dogs, of breed Basset Hound, were used. In Experiment 1, samples were diluted in duplicate, using Tris plus 20% egg yolk (G1 and G2) or 5% Aloe vera (G3 and G4) and evaluated at 0, 48, 72 and 96 hours. After 48 hours, all samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes (400g) in a cooled centrifuge (5 °C). In the groups G1 and G3 the supernatant was removed and a new extender was added. In the other groups (G2 and G4) pellets were re-diluted in the same supernatant, without renewal. For Experiment 2, samples were divided into two equal aliquots, according to the treatments (G1: Tris + 20% egg yolk, control G2: Tris + 5% Aloe vera; G3: ACP-106® + 5% Aloe vera) and evaluated at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after cooling. In both experiments were performed sperm kinetics and membrane integrity analysis (iMP). In Experiment 1 results the diluent renewal did not affect on any parameter analyzed in the group using egg yolk (G1), shown when comparing the two treatments of this substance. The G2 (without renewal) did not demonstrate a significant difference when compared to G1 (renewal). However, groups with Tris-Aloe vera (G3 and G4) were lower (P <0.05) than the groups with Tris-egg yolk (G1 and G2) after the renewal, and this has showed deleterious effect on the group that sperm received new diluent (G3) in all parameters. There were no statistical differences in Experiment 2 in the parameters of total motility, straightness and oscillation index and plasma membrane integrity comparing treatments and evaluation times. However, the progressive motility in G1 proved to be significantly higher (P <0.05) than the other treatments in the first assessment period (0h). However, at 24 the G3 showed values similar to G1. The linearity values of G3 were significantly higher (P <0.05) than other groups from the start of the evaluations. According to the findings from Experiment 1, it can be concluded that the replacement of diluent is not necessary for the preservation of canine spermatozoa undergo cooling (5 °C) for 96 h. Furthermore, it was found that the gel of Aloe vera may be used to replace egg yolk in dog semen cooling diluent at a concentration of 5% without renewal. In the Experiment 2, it can be concluded that Aloe vera can be used at a concentration of 5% to replace egg yolk in dog semen cooling diluent, regardless of the one used. / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do gel da planta Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller), associado ao diluidor Tris (hidroximetil aminometano) ou Água de coco em pó (ACP-106®) na conservação de sêmen de cães, bem como a ação desse gel no processo de renovação do diluidor. Foram utilizadas amostras seminais de cinco cães da raça Basset Hound. No Experimento 1, as amostras foram diluídas em duplicata, utilizando Tris + 20% de gema de ovo (G1 e G2) ou 5% de Aloe vera (G3 e G4), e avaliadas nos tempos de 0, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Após a análise de 48h, todas as amostras foram centrifugadas por 10 min (400g) em centrífuga refrigerada (5 ºC). Nos grupos G1 e G3 o sobrenadante foi removido e um novo diluidor foi adicionado. Nos outros grupos (G2 e G4) os pellets foram re-diluídos no mesmo sobrenadante, sem renovação. Para o Experimento 2, as amostras foram divididas em alíquotas iguais, de acordo com os tratamentos (G1: Tris + 20% gema de ovo, controle; G2: Tris + 5% Aloe vera; G3: ACP-106® + 5% Aloe vera) e avaliados nos tempos de 0, 24, 48 e 72 horas após refrigeração. Em ambos experimentos foram realizadas análises de cinética espermática e de integridade da membrana (iMP). Nos resultados do Experimento 1 a renovação do diluidor não influenciou em nenhum parâmetro analisado no grupo que utilizou gema de ovo (G1), fato evidenciado quando comparados os dois tratamentos que utilizaram esta substância. O G2 (sem renovação) não determinou diferença significativa quando comparado ao G1 (com renovação). Entretanto, os grupos com Tris-Aloe vera (G3 e G4) foram inferiores (P<0,05) aos grupos com Tris-gema de ovo (G1 e G2) após a renovação, e esta mostrou efeito deletério nos espermatozoides do grupo que recebeu novo diluidor (G3), em todos os parâmetros. No Experimento 2 não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas nos parâmetros de motilidade total, retilinearidade e índice de oscilação e integridade de membrana plasmática quando comparados os tratamentos e os tempos de avaliação. Entretanto, a motilidade progressiva no G1 mostrou-se significativamente superior (P<0,05) aos demais tratamentos no primeiro tempo de avaliação (0h). No entanto, às 24h o G3 demonstrou valores semelhantes ao G1. Os valores de linearidade no G3 foram significativamente superiores (P<0,05) aos demais grupos desde o início das avaliações. De acordo com os achados do Experimento 1, pode-se concluir que a renovação do diluidor não é necessária para a preservação dos espermatozoides caninos submetidos à refrigeração (5 ºC) por 96 h. Além disso, constatou-se que o gel da Aloe vera pode ser utilizado em substituição à gema de ovo, no diluidor de refrigeração de sêmen de cães, na concentração de 5%, sem renovação do diluidor. Já no Experimento 2, pode-se concluir que a Aloe vera pode ser empregada na concentração de 5% em substituição à gema de ovo no diluidor de refrigeração de sêmen de cães, independente do diluidor utilizado.

The chemical profiling, characterization of Aloe products and phytochemical properties of Aloe vera were studied. The adulteration of commercial products derived from medicinal plants has been a major muddle for both the society and the pharmaceuticalindustry. Economically motivated adulteration includes the potential for contaminated, sub‐potent or counterfeit medication to enter the supply chain at several levels, from the production of raw ingredients through to the point of retail sale. Darwin’s theory of evolution states that, species undergo genetic variation with time to adapt to environmental changes. Therefore, the same species growing in widely different habitats may drift from the original genetic makeup as a mechanism of adaptation and that may result in them having different chemical profiles. Therefore this study aimed at investigating the phytochemical properties of Aloe vera growing in South Africa. Also, this study aims to utilize Thin Layer Chromatography to profile this plant, as well as use Infra Red spectroscopy to characterize commercial Aloe vera products. A large quantity of Aloe vera plant was collected from AloeWay, Iphofolo Game Farm, Polokwane in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The identity of the plant was confirmedrom literature and authenticated by Professor DS Grierson of Botany Department, University of Fort Hare, Alice. The plant leaves were divided into two portions. One portion was extracted fresh while the other was cut into pieces and oven dried at 400C then and milled to a homogenous powder once dried completely. The phytochemical composition of the gel and leaf extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols at different concentrations. Results showed that the dry plant material yielded more phytochemicals than the fresh plant material. In particular, it was found that the acetone extract showed much more amounts ofphychemicals than the dichloromethane and aqueous extracts. The percentage compositions of phenols (71.86), flavonols (36.61), proanthocyanidins (82.71), saponins (37.73) and alkaloids (13.29) were significantly high in the acetone extract, followed by the dichloromthane extract with values of 46.85, 37.73, 49.51, 89.0 and 11.11 respectively, while the least composition was found in the aqueous extract. Furthermore, flavonoids were somewhat high in composition in both the aqueous extract of the dried and of the fresh plant material while others were very low. Tannins levels were significantly very low in all the solvent extracts. It was found that the acetone extract showed great amounts of phytochemicals than dichloromethane and aqueous extracts. Since A. vera is used in the treatment of different ailments such as skin wounds and abrasions, eczema, constipation, rheumatoid arthritis etc, the medicinal uses of this plant could be associated to such analysed bioactive compounds. Acetone, hexane, ethanol, water and dichloromethane were used to extract the Aloe vera leaf and the best solvent extract was determined. Thin layer chromatography was used to profile the leaf extracts with the aim of documenting the main phytochemicals present in the Aloe vera growing in South Africa. The best spraying reagent was determined. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer was used to validate the presence of Aloe vera ingredients in commercial products. The yield extraction ability of the solvent was the order: water>ethanol> hexane >dichloromethane and acetone for the dry portion. However, for the plant extracted fresh, the order of yield produced was ethanol-acetone-dichloromethane > and water. The different solvent systems separated the compounds differently. Hexane: acetone: ethanol (20 : 5: 2) and Benzene: ethanol: ammonium (80): ethanol (10): ammonium solvent systems were noted to be the best mobile phase as they gave the best separation compared to other systems.EMW [ethyl acetate (81): methanol (11): water (8)] showed better separation than the other two separating solvent systems. Vanillin- sulphuric acid spray was seen to be the best spraying reagent as compared to vanillin- phosphoric acid. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer validated the presence aloe ingredients in aloe vera commercial products.