Informações ambientais de materiais e produtos são essenciais para a gestão de sustentabilidade no setor de construção. Em função das mudanças climáticas, o fator de emissão de dióxido de carbono (CO2) de produtos torna-se relevante para inventariar projetos e edificações, e pautar a decisão de profissionais e consumidores. Com base na metodologia de Análise de Fluxo do Material, a presente pesquisa objetivou quantificar o fator de emissão de CO2 da madeira serrada da Amazônia originária de exploração convencional. O recorte abrangeu a extração de toras da floresta, transporte de toras até serraria, processamento primário e transporte de madeira serrada ao mercado consumidor. Foram consideradas para o cálculo as emissões advindas de resíduos de biomassa e consumo de energia fóssil. Os resultados são apresentados em faixas de valores mínimos a máximos, para cada etapa produtiva, com o objetivo de incorporar incertezas e variações relativas às características do ambiente florestal e procedimentos da atividade madeireira. A quantificação foi principalmente baseada em dados de literatura; entrevistas e questionários com madeireiras da região foram utilizados para determinar o consumo de energia no processo. Entre 200 t/ha e 425 t/ha de biomassa seca acima do solo compõem a floresta Amazônica, de acordo com as características regionais. Essa biomassa estoca de 98 tC/ha a 208 tC/ha. Na exploração convencional são extraídas de 3 a 9 árvores por hectare, estimadas entre 4% e 14% da biomassa. Durante a extração, de 7% a 33% da biomassa florestal é danificada para abertura de trilhas, derrubada de árvores comerciais e arraste de toras. A biomassa destruída na extração é geralmente abandonada na floresta, onde se decompõe, gerando emissões. Nas serrarias, devido ao baixo aproveitamento, pelo menos 54% da biomassa das toras é transformada em resíduos, que são queimados ou degradam, outra fonte de CO2. Somando floresta e serraria, são produzidos de 5,0 t/t a 8,5 t/t na relação entre resíduos e madeira serrada. As emissões relativas aos resíduos, por unidade de tora processada, são estimados de 3,4 tCO2/t a 9,7 tCO2/t. As emissões por consumo de energia para extração, transporte de toras e processamento contribuem com 0,02 tCO2/t a 0,12 tCO2/t de tora processada. Ao final do processo produtivo, estimou-se a faixa de variação das emissões de 7,5 tCO2/t a 28,4 tCO2/t de madeira serrada, equivalentes a 5,2 tCO2/m³ e 19,6 tCO2/m³. Outra etapa considerada foi o transporte do produto entre serraria e mercado consumidor, que incrementa em 0,03 tCO2/t a 0,12 tCO2/t de madeira serrada, se admitidos 1.956 km, estimativa de distância média percorrida legalmente com a madeira amazônica no Brasil. O fator de emissão de CO2 da madeira serrada da Amazônia pode fundamentar políticas públicas para sua mitigação na atividade madeireira, bem como pautar iniciativas do setor público, construção civil e consumidores. A destruição da floresta foi identificada como a principal influência no fator de emissão de CO2 da madeira serrada. Para mitigação do CO2 nessa etapa, o modelo convencional de exploração precisaria ser revisto, o que conjuntamente promoveria a conservação da floresta. O aproveitamento de resíduos de floresta e serraria configura outra oportunidade relevante para a redução de impacto ambiental do produto. A parcela de contribuição da produção de madeira serrada Amazônica sobre as emissões brasileiras de 2005 foi estimada entre 3,5% e 13,1%. Para a proposição de ações eficazes, o impacto de diversos modelos de exploração madeireira precisa ser medido e sua análise ser aprofundada, para as diferentes regiões da floresta Amazônica. / Environmental information of materials and products are essential for sustainability management in construction. Due to climate change, CO2 emission of products are relevant to inventory buildings and projects and to guide professionals\' and consumers decisions. Based on Material Flow Analysis, this research aim to quantify CO2 emission factor of Amazon lumber from conventional logging. The study included stages of logging, transportation of logs, sawing and lumber transportation. CO2 emissions from residues of biomass and energy consumption were considered in quantification. The results are presented in ranges for each stage of chain production, in order to incorporate uncertainties and variations of forest characteristics and procedures. Quantification was mainly based on literature; interviews with logging companies were used to define energy consumption. Amazon rainforest is composed of 200 t/ha to 425 t/ha of above ground dry biomass, which depends on forest region, and stocks between 98 tC/ha and 208 tC/ha. In conventional logging 3-9 trees per hectare are usually extracted, estimated as 4% to 14% of forest biomass. During logging, from 7% to 33% of the forest biomass is damaged to open trails, fall trees and remove commercial logs. The damaged biomass is usually left at forest, where it decomposes, causing CO2 emissions. In sawmills, at least 54% of the biomass is transformed into residues, which are burned or degraded, other CO2 source. Combining forest and sawmill residues, from 5.0 t residues/ t lumber to 8.5 t/t are generated. The CO2 emissions from residues of biomass, per unit of processed roundwood, are estimated from 3.4 tCO2/t to 9.7 tCO2/t. Energy consumed in extraction, logs transportation and sawing contribute with 0.02 tCO2/t to 0.12 tCO2/t of processed roundwood. At the end of the production, emissions were estimated from 7.5 tCO2/t to 28.4 tCO2/t of lumber, equivalent to 5.2 tCO2/m³ to 19.6 tCO2/m³. Lumber transportation from sawmills to consumer market is another stage that increases emissions from 0.03 tCO2/t to 0.12 tCO2/t of lumber, if admitted 1,956 km, the estimated average distance for legal Amazon lumber transportation in Brazil. CO2 emission factor of Amazon lumber may contribute to mitigation policies in wood sector, as well as guide initiatives of public sector, construction sector and consumers. The destruction of forest biomass was identified as the main influence on CO2 emission factor of Amazon lumber. To minimize CO2 emissions the conventional model of exploitation need to be revised, what would also promote Amazon rainforest conservation. The use of residues from forest and sawmills is another relevant opportunity to reduce environmental impact of lumber. The contribution of Amazon lumber in Brazilian CO2 emissions, based on 2005 data, was estimated from 3.5% to 13.1%. To propose effective actions, the impact of logging in different models of exploitation must be measured in different regions of Amazon forest.

O óleo resina de copaíba (Copaifera spp.) e as fibras das raízes de cipó-titica (Heteropsis spp.) são produtos florestais não madeireiros, de grande importância social e econômica, principalmente para comunidades presentes na região Amazônica. Entretanto, faltam estudos que ajudem a definir e melhorar leis e práticas de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi preencher essa lacuna, avaliando os fatores bióticos e abióticos que afetam o desenvolvimento e a produtividade destas espécies. O primeiro capítulo trata de espécies de Copaifera, e a produção de óleo resina por árvore e os ciclos de manejo. Com 118 copaibeiras amostradas, sob até três extrações dentro de ciclos de um a cinco anos, foram testados modelos de regressão logística e linear múltiplo para avaliar os fatores correlacionados com a produção. Ainda, foi avaliada a produtividade física (óleo resina), e monetária (valor presente líquido), ao final de cada ciclo, sob os cenários determinístico e estocástico. Como resultado, o diâmetro, a presença de pragas, a qualidade do fuste/copa, as espécies e os ciclos, foram relevantes com relação à probabilidade de produção de óleo resina. A produção também esteve relacionada com o ciclo, a extração e com as espécies, sendo que o ciclo de três anos foi mais viável, tanto na perspectiva monetária quanto de produção, e em ambos os cenários. No segundo capítulo discutimos sobre Heteropsis spp. Foi avaliada a produtividade em relação à quantidade e qualidade de suas raízes, após dois anos da colheita, com intensidades de corte de 50% e 100%. Ademais, em outras áreas florestais, foi inventariada outra população de cipó-titica, e testados métodos de amostragem que providenciassem uma maior eficiência, menor erro amostral e melhor estimativa de produção por área. Foi aplicada a regressão de Poisson, para comparar as unidades amostrais entre os períodos (2009-2011) e tratamentos de corte, e a análise de variância para avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos sobre características do solo. Foram realizadas simulações para testar diferentes métodos de amostragem (aleatório e sistemático) com diferentes tamanhos e formatos de parcelas. Em síntese, o ciclo de manejo de até dois anos e extrações das raízes comerciais acima de 50% demonstraram não serem viáveis para garantir a produtividade e a qualidade das raízes de cipó-titica. Logo, amostragem sistemática ou aleatória, com intensidades variando de 15-20%, e parcelas de 250-300 m² produzem boas estimativas de produção, com erros abaixo de 15%. / The oleoresin of copaiba (Copaifera spp.) and the fibers of the roots of cipó-titica (Heteropsis spp.) are non-timber forest products of great social and economic importance, especially for communities in the Amazon region. However, there are few studies that help to define and improve laws and management practices. The aim of this study was to fill this gap by assessing the biotic and abiotic factors that affect the development and productivity of these species. The first chapter deals with the species of Copaifera, and oleoresin production per tree, cycles and population structure. With 118 copaibeiras sampled in up to three extractions in cycles of one to five years, logistic regression and multiple linear models were tested to evaluate factors related to the production. Still, the physical productivity (oleoresin) was evaluated, and monetary (net present value) at the end of each cycle, under the deterministic and stochastic scenarios. As a result, the diameter, the presence of pests, the quality of the canopy/trunk, and species cycles were relevant in connection with the probability of bigger production oleoresin. The production was related to the cycle, extraction and species, and the three-year cycle was more feasible, both in the monetary or production perspectives, and in both scenarios. In the second chapter we discuss Heteropsis spp. productivity in terms of quantity and quality of roots. It was evaluated after two years of harvest, with cutting intensities of 50% and 100%. Moreover, in other forest areas, we inventoried another population of Heteropsis, and tested sampling methods that arrange to higher efficiency, smaller sampling error and better estimation of production per area. Poisson regression was used to compare the sample units between periods (2009-2011) and cutting treatments, and analysis of variance to assess the effect of treatments on soil characteristics. Simulations were performed to test different sampling methods (random and systematic) with different sizes and shapes of plots. In summary, the cycle of handling up to two years and extractions of commercial roots above 50% proved to be not feasible to ensure productivity and quality of the roots of Heteropsis. Therefore, systematic or random sampling, with intensities ranging from 15-20%, and plots of 250-300 m² produce good estimates of production, with errors below 15%.

A presente tese reflete sobre uma rede discursiva a partir da qual são produzidas (e ensinadas) algumas verdades sobre a floresta amazônica, entre as quais está o entendimento de que as populações designadas tradicionais apresentam modos de habitar esse espaço e de se relacionar com a natureza dessa região considerados mais adequados e sustentáveis. Dessa forma, o argumento central que o estudo desenvolve é que a noção de sustentabilidade atua como um dispositivo estratégico na constituição e regulação das relações processadas entre as populações tradicionais e a floresta amazônica. Com base nisso, foram focalizados discursos contemporâneos sobre a Amazônia e as populações que lá vivem, por meio da análise de textos publicados em jornais brasileiros de ampla circulação entre os anos de 2007 e 2011. A perspectiva teórica que norteou o estudo se inscreve no campo dos Estudos Culturais, valendo-se, ainda, de teorizações do filósofo Michel Foucault (como as noções de dispositivo e de discurso). Com o intuito de abordar as condições que possibilitaram a emergência dos discursos contemporâneos sobre a floresta amazônica e seus habitantes “tradicionais”, são debatidas algumas questões que, historicamente, contribuíram para a invenção de diferentes modos de pensar e agir com relação à Amazônia – desde as narrativas produzidas no período colonial aos recentes discursos ambientalistas sobre a devastação da floresta. A noção de população tradicional também é problematizada, uma vez que há uma série de controvérsias envolvendo tal conceito, especialmente as que dizem respeito à vinculação de tal noção com a ideia de “bom selvagem ecológico”. Cabe indicar que, na realização das análises, foram definidos eixos temáticos que se centraram nos seguintes aspectos: 1) as tensões e impasses entre discursos “desenvolvimentistas” e “preservacionistas”, acompanhados da proposição do desenvolvimento sustentável como uma alternativa para solucionar os conflitos na Amazônia; 2) os enunciados que apontam a importância das populações tradicionais para a conservação da biodiversidade, em função de seu estilo de vida mais “puro” e “integrado com a natureza”; 3) a intensificação da inserção da floresta amazônica e das populações tradicionais nas redes do capitalismo transnacional, principalmente através da disseminação dos discursos sobre as mudanças climáticas globais. Em síntese, com base nas discussões realizadas, é possível dizer que aprendemos muitas lições sobre a floresta amazônica e as populações tradicionais ao folhearmos as páginas dos jornais, mas talvez a mais importante delas se refira ao papel incisivo que o mercado vem assumindo no jogo de forças relativo ao que deve ser feito com a floresta e com seus habitantes. Desse modo, as linhas do dispositivo da sustentabilidade se intensificam, produzindo novas formas de regulação da floresta e dos povos nela vivem. Ademais, é importante considerar que essas lições que aprendemos com os discursos contemporâneos sobre a Amazônia dizem respeito também a questões que nos implicam e nos convocam a assumir posicionamentos com relação aos discursos ambientalistas, aos discursos econômicos, aos discursos sobre sustentabilidade, entre tantos outros. / This thesis deals with a discursive network from which some truths about the Amazon rainforest are produced (and taught). Among them is the understanding that the socalled traditional populations present modes of inhabiting this space and relating to nature from this region which are considered more appropriate and sustainable than others. In this way, the chief argument developed in this study aims to point out that the notion of sustainability acts as a strategic tool in the regulation and establishment of relations processed between traditional populations and the Amazon rainforest. Based on this, contemporary discourses on the Amazon and the people who live there were the focus of the analysis of texts published in Brazilian newspapers of wide circulation between the years 2007 and 2011. The theoretical perspective which guided this study falls within the field of Cultural Studies, making use, also, of theories of the philosopher Michel Foucault (such as the notions of device and discourse). In order to address the conditions that have allowed the emergence of contemporary discourses on the Amazon rainforest and its "traditional" inhabitants, some issues which have historically contributed to the invention of different ways of thinking and acting in relation to the Amazon are discussed here; contemplating from the narratives produced in the colonial period to recent environmental discourses about the devastation of the forest. The notion of traditional population is also problematized, since there has been a lot of controversy surrounding this concept, especially those relating to the linkage of such a notion with the idea of a "ecologically noble savage". It is worth mentioning that, in the analysis, were defined themes that focused on the following aspects: 1) the tensions and deadlocks between the "developmental" and "preservationists" discourses followed by the proposition of the idea of sustainable development as an alternative to solve the conflicts in the Amazon; 2) the statements which highlight the importance of traditional populations for conservation of biodiversity, since it is attributed to them a life style considered more "pure" and "integrated with nature"; 3) the intensive insertion of the Amazon forest and traditional populations in the networks of transnational capitalism, especially through the dissemination of the discourses about global climate change. In summary, based on the discussions that follow this study, one can say that – as we flip through the pages of newspapers – we have learned many lessons about the Amazon rainforest and its traditional populations, but, perhaps, the most important one concerns the incisive role that the market has been taking in the game forces relative to what should be done with the forest and its inhabitants. Thus, the lines of the sustainability device grow intense, producing new forms of regulation of the forest and the people who live there. Moreover, it is important to consider that these lessons we have learned from the contemporary discourses on the Amazon also relate to issues which involve and call us to take a stand with respect to environmental discourses, economic discourses, the discourses on sustainability, among many others.

O presente trabalho versa sobre o processo de monopolização do território pelo capital, materializado nas indústrias siderúrgicas, a partir da atividade de carvoejamento realizada no município de Rondon do Pará, localizado no sudeste do estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira. As indústrias siderúrgicas constituem a materialização do capital, caracterizado como desigual, combinado e contraditório, que ao se implantarem na Amazônia promoveram uma relação de subordinação de diversos sujeitos sociais em diferentes municípios, para produzirem o carvão vegetal. Dentre esses municípios, este trabalho destaca a realidade de Rondon do Pará, que produz o carvão vegetal desde o início da produção da siderurgia na Amazônia. Dessa maneira, buscou-se caracterizar e analisar o processo de monopolização do território a partir da atividade de carvoejamento nesse município, onde se verificou que a produção do carvão vegetal tem sido realizada através de relações de produção capitalistas assalariadas, e de relações não-capitalistas camponesas de produção. Além de se produzir carvão da forma tradicional, por meio do reaproveitamento do resíduo de serraria e da pecuária, do desmatamento primário e secundário, essa atividade foi introduzida nos assentamentos e acampamentos rurais de reforma agrária, e tem substituído a produção de alimentos. Dessa forma, notou-se que a monopolização do território pelas indústrias siderúrgicas, a partir da atividade de carvoejamento, é realizada através da apropriação da renda camponesa da terra e da extração da mais-valia, tanto nas carvoeiras tradicionais quanto nas carvoeiras localizadas no interior dos assentamentos e acampamentos rurais de reforma agrária no município de Rondon do Pará. / The paper concerns the territory monopolization process by the capital, present in steel industries, starting from the charcoal production that takes place in the city of Rondon do Pará, located southeastern of the state of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. The steel industries constitute the capital materialization, considered uneven, combined and contradictory, that when implemented in the Amazon promoted a subordination relationship of several social actors in different cities, for the production of charcoal. Among these cities, this paper emphasizes the reality of Rondon do Pará, which produces charcoal since the beginning of the steel production in the Amazon. Thus, it was sought to characterize and analyze the territory monopolization due to the charcoal production activity in this city, where it was verified that such production has taken place though employment capitalist production relations and rural non-capitalist production relations. In addition to the traditional charcoal production, through reuse of sawmills and livestock waste, and primary and secondary deforestation, this activity has been introduced in the land reform rural settlements and camps and has substituted food production. Thus, the territory monopolization by the steel industries, starting from the charcoal production, takes place through the appropriation of land peasantry income and surplus value extraction, in traditional charcoal production areas as well as in charcoal production areas located in the interior of land reform rural settlements and camps in the city of Rondon do Pará.

This study seeks to explain political leaders' motives to action, by studying how Jair Bolsonaro and Emmanuel Macron have acted in the matter of the fires in the Amazon rainforest. It is assumed that while political leaders may try to act rationally, they are influenced by psychological factors in terms of educational background and style. The theories of rational choice and political psychology are therefore used and integrated to explain their motives. The method used in the paper is a comparative qualitative content analysis, in which various statements and speeches made by the Presidents are read and analyzed. The results of the thesis show that for Bolsonaro, the Amazon fires is an internal matter and should be handled by the Amazonian countries. He seems to be seeking to achieve national goals, while being influenced by his conservative educational background. Macron indicates that the Amazon is an issue for the international community and that it is of major importance for the whole world. He appears to be seeking international goals, while being influenced by his liberal educational background. The assumption that political leaders' style influence their motives to action is not supported.

Deforestation and climate change is a global concern and humans live in unsustainable ways. One reason to this is rooted in the increased disconnection to nature. This disconnection originates from a Westernized view of nature, which has its roots in colonialism, industrialization, religion, and capitalism. Research has shown that the disconnection with nature is one of the key factors to explain the global climate crisis. The need to reconnect to our natural world is crucial to be able to decrease negative impact on the planet, such as deforestation and loss of biodiversity. Meanwhile, many Indigenous cultures consider nature to be a living being, which we are connected to, and also regard themselves as stewards of nature. Being and feeling connected to nature is related to increased environmental concern, pro-environmental behavior and nature relatedness. Studies show that ancestral Indigenous knowledge could help to prevent negative impacts on nature and reduce loss of biodiversity and deforestation. However Indigenous peoples are still being overlooked, and their knowledge is considered less valuable. The Kichwa Indigenous Peoples of Sarayaku, in Ecuador, have introduced the declaration Kawsak Sacha, the living forest, which considers nature to be a living being with its own rights. The declaration was introduced in 2018 with the purpose to live in harmony with nature, and to stop deforestation, oil extraction and mining. This study aimed to research the views of Kawsak Sacha, Indigenous peoples’ views of nature and whether this view of nature could be a possible pathway to decrease deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. This study aimed to include Indigenous peoples’ perspectives and voices, this was done through interviews to learn and understand more about their perspectives. The study demonstrates the importance of acknowledging Indigenous knowledge in academia, and environmental decision making. It also shows that learning from Indigenous peoples’ knowledges and views of nature, could be a pathway for Westernized societies to reconnect to nature and that Kawsak Sacha could be an inspiration for other countries to include Indigenous perspectives and knowledge in environmental decision making.

Die Organización de Pueblos Indígenas de Pastaza (OPIP) wurde 1979 zur Verteidigung der Landrechte der indigenen Völker der Quichuas, Shiwiars und Záparos der Provinz Pastaza im Amazonastiefland von Ecuador gegründet. Anhand der Einzelfallstudie über die OPIP und des Ökotourismusprogramms der OPIP (ÖTP) wird untersucht, ob es einer indigenen Basisorganisation gelingt, selbstbestimmte Entwicklung bei Wahrung der natürlichen Ressourcen in ihrem Territorium durchzusetzen. Aufbau und Entwicklung des ÖTP in zwei Comunidades und zwei Asociaciones wurden durch seine Anbindung an die OPIP behindert, da sich politische und sachliche Kriterien bei der Planung sowie politische und programmspezifische Aufgaben der Beteiligten vermischten. Da das ÖTP sich noch um regelmäßige Einkommen und wirtschaftliche Rentabilität bemüht, sind Maßnahmen zum Ressourcenschutz sowie die dafür notwendige partizipative Planung mit den Comunidades und Asociaciones vernachlässigt worden. Die vorliegende Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluß, daß einkommenschaffende Projekte nicht erfolgreich von indigenen Basisorganisationen als Träger durchgeführt werden können und sie von ihren eigentlichen politischen und entwicklungsstrategischen Aufgaben ablenken. Es gelingt den Organisationen auf diese Weise weder, sich selbst zu finanzieren, noch den Schutz der natürlichen Ressourcen in ihrem Territorium durchzusetzen. Anstatt als Träger von Projekten aufzutreten, sollten sie direkte Kooperationen zwischen Comunidades und Entwicklungsorganisationen vermitteln und deren Erfahrungen zur Formulierung von ökonomischen und ökologischen Leitlinien nutzen. Entwicklungsorganisationen sollten die indigenen Basis-organisationen dementsprechend mit Institutionenförderung, Organisations- und politischer Beratung unterstützen. / The Organisation of Indigenous People of Pastaza (OPIP) was founded in 1979 to defend the land rights of the indigenous people Quichua, Shiwiar and Záparo in the province of Pastaza in Ecuador?s Amazonian rainforest. The present case study of the OPIP and its Ecotourism Program answers the question, whether an indigenous grass-roots organisation has the capability to implement self-determined development by conserving the natural resources in its territory. The organisational and institutional reliance of the Program on the OPIP hindered the development process of the Program in four communities. The OPIP interfered with political criteria in the Program and gave some project staff additional political tasks to their program-related functions. With the quest for economic resource management and the essential participatory project planning with the communities has been neglected. The author concludes, that income generating projects can not be succesfully implemented by indigenous organisations as the implementation bodies, and that they divert those organisations from their genuine political and strategic development tasks. The organisations neither achieve auto-financing, nor the conservation of natural resources in their territories. Instead of implementing such projects, indigenous organisations should facilitate the direct cooperation between communities and development organisations, and should use their experiences to formulate economic and ecological strategic goals and steps to achieve them. Development organisiations should support indigenous organisations through institutional strengthening as well as organisational and political assistance.

É crescente o reconhecimento da importância de micro-organismos diazotróficos assimbióticos em florestas tropicais. Nos últimos anos, tem sido demostrado que suas contribuições para o ganho de nitrogênio em ecossistemas naturais podem ser até maiores do que as contribuições dos sistemas simbióticos. No entanto, a diversidade e os mecanismos que determinam a estruturação das comunidades de diazotróficos assimbióticos são pouco conhecidos. Para compreender melhor a diversidade e a estruturação de suas comunidades na Floresta Amazônica, os diazotróficos assimbióticos da filosfera, serapilheira e rizosfera de nove espécies arbóreas em três épocas distintas foram avaliados utilizando-se sequenciamento em larga escala dos genes rRNA 16S e nifH. Os resultados mostraram que cada micro-habitat seleciona comunidades diazotróficas distintas, as quais variam também com a época do ano. As comunidades de diazotróficos também mostraram ser dependentes dos táxons das árvores, com o maior efeito seletivo na filosfera. Para todas as condições estudadas, as comunidades diazotróficas apresentaram altos índices de diversidade e riqueza, com os maiores índices de Shannon e Chao1 na Serapilheira (9,57 e 5222, respectivamente), em relação a filosfera (7,4 e 3145, respectivamente) e a rizosfera (8,65 e 2868, respectivamente). A maior proporção de bactérias diazotróficas em relação a comunidade total de bactérias, com base na abundância de sequências do gene rRNA 16S, foi observada na filosfera (23%), em relação a serapilheira (20%) e rizosfera (18%). De uma maneira geral, essa proporção relativa não foi afetada pela época de amostragem, muito embora as estruturas das comunidades tenham variado, sugerindo existência de redundância funcional para FBN. Os três micro-habitats mostraram dominância do filo Proteobacteria, com frequências aproximadas a 81% na filosfera, 93% na rizosfera de 82% na serapilheira. O filo Cyanobacteria apresentou frequências relevantes na filosfera e serapilheira, com aproximadamente 17% e 5%, respectivamente. Firmicutes mostrou frequências, na serapilheira e rizosfera, de aproximadamente 12% e 5%, respectivamente. Estes resultados mostram que os micro-organismos diazotróficos assimbóticos associados com as árvores podem ter um importante papel na entrada do nitrogênio em florestas tropicais e que a estrutura de tais comunidades é determinada pelo seu micro-habitat, hospedeiro e época do ano. / There is increasing recognition of the importance of assimbiotic diazotrophic microorganisms in tropical forests. In recent years, it has been shown that their contributions to the nitrogen inputs can be even higher than the contributions of symbiotic systems in natural ecosystems. However, the diversity and the mechanisms driving the assembling of the communities of assimbiotic diazotrophs in tropical forests are poorly understood. To better understand the diversity and assembling of the diazothrophs communities in the Amazon forest, the assimbiotic diazotrophs in the phyllosphere, litter and rhizosphere from nine tree species in three distinct times of year were evaluated using large-scale sequencing of 16S rRNA and nifH genes. The results showed that each microhabitat selected distinct diazotrophic communities, which were also affected by the time of year. The structure of the communities of putative diazotrophs were also dependent on the tree taxa, with greater selection effect on the phyllosphere. For all conditions studied, the communities of putiative diazothrophs showed high diversity indexes and OTU richness, with the highest Shannon and Chao1 indexes detected for the litter (9.57 and 5222, respectively), as compared to phyllosphere (7.4 and 3145, respectively) and rhizosphere (8.65 and 2868, respectively). The highest proportion of diazotrophic bacteria in relation to the total bacteria, based on the abundance of sequences of 16S rRNA genes, was observed in the phyllosphere (23%), as compared to litter (20%) and rhizosphere (18%). Overall, the relative abundance of dizothrophic bacteria in the bacterial community was not affected by the sampling time, even though the community structures varied, suggesting the occurrence of functional redundancy for BNF. In the three microhabitats, dominance of the phylum Proteobacteria, with frequencies of approximately 81% in the phyllosphere, 93% in the rhizosphere and 82% in the litter, was observed. Cyanobacteria showed significantly higher frequencies in the phyllosphere and litter, approximately 17% and 5%, respectively, as compared to rhizosphere. Firmicutes also showed high frequencies in the litter and rhizosphere, approximately 12 % and 5%, respectively. These results showed that the assimbiotic putative diazotrophic microorganisms associated with trees may play an important role in the input of nitrogen in tropical forests and that the structure of their communities is determined by the microhabitat, host taxon and time of year.

Os estudos da anatomia macro e microscópica do lenho como ferramenta auxiliar na taxonômia, sobretudo na identificação de espécies florestais, vêm sendo utilizados há décadas. A análise comparativa da estrutura anatômica do lenho permite a identificação de características morfológicas exclusivas das ordens, famílias, gêneros e, em muitos casos, de espécies, aumentando a gama de caracteres utilizados na descrição e identificação botânica de espécies arbóreas pela taxonomia clássica. No presente trabalho, foram utilizadas técnicas de análise comparativa e de descrição da estrutura anatômica macro e microscópica do lenho de árvores de espécies que ocorrem naturalmente na floresta tropical Amazônica nos municípios de Santarém, Mojú, Paragominas e Tailândia, no estado do Pará. Os objetivos do trabalho foram (i) caracterizar a estrutura anatômica macro e microscópica do lenho; (ii) identificar as características de valor taxonômico através de análise comparativa da estrutura anatômica do lenho; (iii) elaborar chaves de identificação das espécies pela estrutura anatômica macro e microscópica do lenho. Foram analisadas 100 amostras do lenho do tronco de árvores de 64 espécies, coletadas em 2004, pelo projeto Dendrogene/Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. A superfície das amostras do lenho foi polida com lixas e navalhas, seguindo-se a sua descrição macroscópica; lâminas histológicas do lenho foram preparadas com navalha de micrótomo de deslize, para a descrição microscópica do lenho. Os resultados possibilitaram, pela análise comparativa da estrutura anatômica do lenho, confeccionar as chaves de identificação macroscópica de 49 espécies dos 51 gêneros. Os gêneros Hymenolobium e Virola com 4 e 2 espécies, respectivamente, não puderam ser separados. A chave de identificação microscópica permitiu identificar 64 das espécies estudadas. A análise comparativa do lenho permitiu, da mesma forma, evidenciar 25 espécies com potencial para a dendrocronologia, sendo 10 e 15, com anéis de crescimento com distintos e pouco distintos, respectivamente. A aplicação da anatomia do lenho como importante ferramenta com potencial a taxonomia de espécies florestais é discutida no presente trabalho / Studies of macro and microscopic wood anatomy as an auxiliary tool in taxonomy, particularly in the identification of forest tree species, have been used for decades. Comparative analysis of the wood anatomical structure allows the identification of unique morphological characteristics of the orders, families, genera, and in many cases, species, increasing the range of characters used in the botanical description and identification of tree species by classical taxonomy. In this work, techniques were used for comparative analysis and description of the anatomical structure of macro and microscopic wood tree species, that occur naturally in the Amazon rainforest in the Santarém, Mojú Paragominas and Tailândia cities, in Pará State. The aims of the study were (i) to characterize the macro and microscopic anatomical wood structure, (ii) identify the characteristics of taxonomic value through a comparative analysis of the wood anatomical structure, (iii) prepare the keys for species identification by macroscopic and microscopic wood anatomical structure. Were analyzed 100 wood samples from 64 tree species collected in 2004, in the project Dendrogene/Embrapa Amazonia Oriental. The surface of wood samples was polished with sandpaper and knives, according to their macro description; histological wood sections were prepared with razor sliding microtome, for microscopic wood description. The results allowed for the comparative analysis of the anatomical wood structure, to produce the macroscopic identification keys to 49 species of 51 genera. The genera Hymenolobium and Virola species with 4 and 2, respectively, could not be separated. The results from comparative wood anatomy showed evidence of 25 tree species with high potential for dendrochronological studies in order to distinct tree-ring presence (10 species) and barely distinct tree-rings (15 species). The application of wood anatomy, as an important tool with the potential of forest species taxonomy is discussed in this paper.

Parmi les nombreuses pathologies infectieuses dignes d’intérêt en Guyane, deux d’entre elles, deux zoonoses, ont connu récemment un regain d’intérêt conduisant en quelques années à améliorer nettement leur connaissance, mais également découvrir des particularités épidémiologiques inattendues qui nous ont amené à nous poser la question de leur caractère émergent ou réémergent. Bien que cosmopolite et à tropisme tropical, la leptospirose n’a que peu été décrite en Guyane et sur le bouclier des Guyanes. La littérature repose sur des cas cliniques ou série de cas anciens, la dernière publication remontant à 1995. Sont présentées ici plusieurs études qui ont permis d’en savoir un peu plus sur cette infection bactérienne : revue exhaustive de la littérature, étude rétrospective des rapports du CNR, étude rétrospective multicentrique sur les leptospiroses prises en charge en Guyane entre 2007 et 2014, avec analyse de ses déterminants, démographiques, écologiques, cliniques, séro-épidémiologique, comparaison de ses formes graves à celles d’Afrique du Nord. Bien que sa présence ait été identifiée dès les années 50 en Guyane, la fièvre Q ou infection à Coxiella burnetii, n’avait suscité localement aucun intérêt jusqu’à la fin des années 1990. Le travail ici présente la progression des connaissances sur cette infection bactérienne, également cosmopolite, mais avec des spécificités locales tout à fait inédites. Au fil des découvertes sur cette bactérie à la sauce guyanaise, nous présenterons la contribution de notre équipe à la progression du savoir sur cette pathologie et l’apport de réponses amenant tout autant de nouvelles. Ainsi les réflexions portent autour de ce génotype si particulier, le MST17, trouvé exclusivement en Guyane, qui entraine l’incidence la plus élevée au monde de la fièvre Q, une prévalence élevée parmi les pneumopathies retrouvée nulle ailleurs. En outre, le cycle épidémiologique de la bactérie, habituellement fondé sur le bétail, semble ici suivre un tout autre chemin et trouver son réservoir dans la faune sauvage. L’on s’interroge également sur le contraste entre le problème de santé publique majeur que cette maladie représente en Guyane et le caractère tout juste anecdotique dans le reste de l’Amérique latine.Finalement, bien que ces deux zoonoses puissent être qualifiées de « maladies nouvelles » en Guyane, il s’agit probablement pour la leptospirose d’une augmentation récente du nombre de cas lié à l’amélioration des techniques diagnostiques et à la sensibilisation des médecins à cette maladie, tandis que la fièvre Q semble présenter un véritable profil émergent, avec augmentation récente de son incidence, et de nombreuses inconnues lié à un génotype très particulier.Plusieurs questions concernant ces deux infections restent encore sans réponse, et le travail est immense pour mieux comprendre les enjeux de ces deux maladies, tant à l’échelle de la Guyane qu’à celle du continent latino-américain. / Among the numerous infectious diseases of interest in French Guiana (FG), two of them, two zoonoses, have recently experienced a revival of interest leading in a few years to a marked improvement in their knowledge. Several studies allowed as well discovering unexpected epidemiological features that have led us to question their emerging or reemerging character.Although cosmopolitan and with tropical a tropism, leptospirosis has been barely described in FG and on the Guiana Shield. The literature is old and reports only clinical cases or series, the most recent publication dating back to 1995. Several studies are presented in this work which have allowed to know a little more about this bacterial infection: exhaustive review of the literature, retrospective study of the reference national center reports, a retrospective multicenter study on leptos-piroses managed in FG between 2007 and 2014, with analysis of its determinants, demographic, ecological, clinical, sero-epidemiological, and a study comparing Guianese severe forms to those of North Africa.Although its presence had been suspected as early as the 1950s in FG, Q fever or Coxiella burnetii infection had not aroused interest locally until the late 1990s. The work here presents the progression of the knowledge of this bacterial infection, also cosmopolitan, but with unusual local specificities. In the course of the discoveries around this Guianese outbreak, we will present the contribution of our team to the progression of knowledge on this pathology and the contribution of answers bringing as much new questions. Thus the discussion will focus on this particular genotype, MST17, found exclusively in FG, which results in the highest incidence of Q fever in the world, a prevalence among pneumonias never found elsewhere. Moreover, the epidemiological cycle of the bacterium, usually based on livestock, seems to follow a completely different path and find its reservoir in wildlife. We also wonder about the contrast between the major public health problems that this disease represents in FG and the anecdotal character in the rest of Latin America.Finally, although these two zoonotic diseases may be described as "new diseases" in FG, it is likely that leptospirosis presents a recent increase in the number of cases related to the improvement of diagnostic techniques and the sensitization of physicians to this disease, but without real emergence, while Q fever seems to present a true emergent profile, with a recent increase in its incidence, and many unknowns linked to a very particular genotype.Many questions concerning these two infections remain unanswered, and the work is immense to better understand the stakes of these two diseases, both on the scale of FG and that of the Amazonian region and the Latin American continent.