Ett nytt kapitel i livet ska helt plötsligt börja när det nyfödda barnet kommer till världen. När man som kvinna precis har fått barn kan det kännas överväldigande och man kan ha svårt att veta om de känslorna kommer från en själv eller andra, då många kommer med egna åsikter. Hur man väljer att ge sitt barn mat kan ske på olika sätt, och detta kan skapa blandade känslor hos kvinnan. I samhället kan man uppleva en minskning av amning då substitut, som exempelvis ersättning, finns lättillgängliga som är innehållsrika. Syftet med denna kvalitativa intervjustudie var att förstå kvinnors resonemang kring amning och hur detta påverkas av samhälleliga sociala faktorer. Med en socialpsykologisk ansats studerades detta genom teorier som genusteori och symbolisk interaktionism. I studien genomfördes tio stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer på kvinnor som fått barn de senaste tre åren och bott i Sverige i minst tio år. Resultatet visar att respondenternas sociala omgivning har stor påverkan på deras resonemang om amning via bröstet. Vi kan i resultatet även läsa hur respondenterna upplever tvetydiga åsikter och signaler från deras sociala omgivning. Den del av omgivningen som anses ha störst påverkan anses vara respondenternas signifikanta andra. / A completely new chapter in life will suddenly begin when the newborn baby comes into the world. When you become a “mother”, it can feel overwhelming and it can be difficult to know whether those feelings come from yourself or others, as many may come with their own opinions. How you choose to feed your baby can happen indifferent ways, and this can create mixed feelings for the women. In society, you can experience a reduction in breastfeeding because substitutes, such as formula, are and rich in content. The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to understand the mothers' reasoning regarding breastfeeding and how this is affected by societal social factors. With a social psychological approach, this was studied through theories such as gender theory and symbolic interactionism. In the study, ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who had children in the last three years and lived in Sweden for at least ten years. The results show that the respondents' social environment has a great influence on their reasoning of breastfeeding via the breast. In the results, we can also read how the respondents experience ambiguous opinions and signals from their social environment. The part of the environment that is considered to have the greatest impact is considered to be the respondents' significant other.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This study will argue that visual art and the making of images share much With other languages. If writing can be deoonstructed, visual Imagery can be deconfigured, for figuring an image is much like structuring a sentence. The process of deconfiguration however relies on repetition. DeconflguratiOn therefore denies any claim of a primary creator. It will be argued though that deconfiguratlon remains creative as it engages the imagination in a process of transference and through association. Moreover, deconfiguration shows how binary opposites are essential In the making of artworks. The repetitive process takes place when the artwork Is made and continues during the appreciation and/or interpretation of the artwork. For the interpretation to really deconfigure, it would mean that the image constituted by the artist has metaphorical, allegorical and even symbolical implications. The interpreter will thus always remain a partidpant in the creative process suggested by the artwork. / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)

Certains récits populaires nous renvoient à des angoisses extrêmes et à un imaginaire peuplé de mythes fondateurs, de récits bibliques et contes monstrueux. « Serions-nous « tous cannibales » comme l’écrivit Lévi-Strauss, « Après tout, le moyen le plus simple d’identifier autrui à soi-même c’est encore de le manger». En privilégiant le cadre familial, cette étude pluridisciplinaire propose d’extraire quelques personnages cannibaliques par l’adaptation artistique de ces figures emblématiques. Ainsi Cronos, Le Léviathan, Le loup et la petite fille qui dévorent mère-grand….ont nourri notre imaginaire.… Cette peur immémoriale d’être dévoré et cette envie récurrente de dévorer l’autre, se répondent mutuellement. Les lois complexes de la parenté soulignent des relations intergénérationnelles parfois voraces, que sauront transposer les artistes dans leurs œuvres avec notamment des couples fusionnels aux baisers mordants, des Vierges allaitantes, ou d’individus pourvus de ventres aux fonctions contraires. Ce cannibalisme imaginaire et symbolique replacé dans le domaine des arts, suscite plusieurs interrogations ; Pourquoi certains plasticiens questionnent-ils toujours notre appréhension du monde, à travers ces récits populaires ? Comment ces histoires anciennes sont-elles resituées dans l’art contemporain, au sein d’une société avide d’appropriation ? Sous quelles formes artistiques, ce thème de l’oralité, avec cette envie de cannibaliser ou de vampiriser autrui, est-il imaginé aujourd’hui ? Ces récits ont évolué mais l’Homme face à ses contradictions récurrentes, à sa troublante dualité, a-t-il changé ? Par le cordon (ombilical) en fil rouge, les artistes, vont tenter de (dé)nouer tous nos rapports ambivalents avec les autres. Et par la force de ces réincarnations contemporaines au prisme de l’anthropologie et de la psychanalyse, nous vivrons ainsi toutes les étapes artistiques et esthétiques de ce processus cannibalique, en empruntant tous les chemins sinueux de la dévoration, la digestion et enfin la déjection. / Some popular stories lead to extreme repressed anxiety and to an imaginary world made of founding myths, biblical stories and monstrous folk tales. “Could we all be cannibals “asked Lévi-Strauss, “After all, the best way to identify to someone else would be to eat them”. By privileging the family setting, this multidisciplinary study offers to highlight a few cannibal characters by the artistic adaptation of these iconc figures. Cronos, Leviathan, the wolf of the little Red Riding Hood, ave nourished our fantasy world. This eternal fear of being eaten and this recurring desire to eat others are closely intertwined. The complex laws of parenting stress the sometimes voracious intergenerational relationships, the artists transposing them in their works, as in the biting kisses of fusional couples, breastfeeding Virgins, and creatures with reversed stomachs. This imaginary and symbolic cannibalism in the arts asks a few questions. Why do certain visual artists question our vision of the world, through those popular stories ? How are there ancient narratives shown in art in a society eager to own ? Under which art forms is this oral theme, devouring and cannibalizing or vampirizing others, imagined today ? These stories have indeed evolved, but Man faced to its eternal contradictions, to its disturbing duality, has he really changed ? With the (ombilical) cord as a common thread, artists will try to unravel all our ambivalent relationships with others. And with the force of these contemporary reincarnations through the prism of anthropology and psychoanalysis, we will go through all the artistic and aesthetic steps of this cannibalistic process, from devouring, through digestion, and to end with dejection.

This study will argue that visual art and the making of images share much With other languages. If writing can be deoonstructed, visual Imagery can be deconfigured, for figuring an image is much like structuring a sentence. The process of deconfiguration however relies on repetition. DeconflguratiOn therefore denies any claim of a primary creator. It will be argued though that deconfiguratlon remains creative as it engages the imagination in a process of transference and through association. Moreover, deconfiguration shows how binary opposites are essential In the making of artworks. The repetitive process takes place when the artwork Is made and continues during the appreciation and/or interpretation of the artwork. For the interpretation to really deconfigure, it would mean that the image constituted by the artist has metaphorical, allegorical and even symbolical implications. The interpreter will thus always remain a partidpant in the creative process suggested by the artwork. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)

This thesis describes, conceptualizes and analyzes local reactions to the establishment of a refugee center in a small, remote mining community in Malmliden, rural Sweden, in the early 1990s. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the local and wider contexts in which the reactions took place and to understand reactions in relation to these contexts. The study combined qualitative interviews, participant observation and the analysis of texts from different sources: daily press, historical and policy documents. Twenty-seven persons were included in the interview study (nineteen respondents and eight key infor-mants). Interviews with the nineteen respondents (nine men and ten women) were based on a semi-structured interview manual and were carried out during the winter of 1993 and the spring of 1994. Theo-retical frames and concepts were chosen in an elaborative way that was suitable for the empirical findings that gradually developed. In short, theoretical considerations that focus on social and political processes of inclusion and exclusion, ethnic relations and categorizations and the interplay between the social and the individual frame the analysis. The analysis is more closely informed by perspectives on how the atti-tudes toward the asylum seeker (as an immigrant but also as a welfare-state client), as a representation of “the other”, are socially produced. This study revealed that the inhabitants had dual reactions to the localized refugee center in Malm-liden. The reactions could neither be characterised as positive nor negative. They were summarized as ambivalent and were expressed spatially and socially. The spatial aspects include a number of inhabitants’ positive experiences of the refugee center as something that brought vitality to the slumbering neighbor-hood, while others thought of the refugee center as something disturbing and displaced. The social aspects involved a number of inhabitant’s embrace of the refugee center and the asylum seekers, whereas others distance themselves from the center and the refugees. While some inhabitants were enriched by the con-tact with asylum seekers, others dissociated themselves from the refugees and other inhabitants who were involved with the refugee centre. Some of the reactions were expressed as resistance. These reactions were mostly expressed latently, toward the authorities or local Policy makers and not directly toward the refugees or the refugee center The inhabitants blamed the establishment of the refugee center and those employed there for the poor state of things because they represented symbols of change and uncertainty. Therefore, initially the resistance could not be understood as rooted in emotional antipathy toward refu-gees as a (ethnic) group or as individuals, but rather as resistance against a perceived intrusion into the neighborhood autonomy. However, the strategies of the inhabitants were avoidance of contact with the refugee center and the stigmatization of the refugees. Therefore, the actions of resistance resulted in a racialization of place and ethnic segregation. The dual reactions of the inhabitants were contextual, and in which local as well as national circumstances played a considerable role in shaping the inhabitants’ experiences. At both national and local levels, the attitudes and practices directed toward asylum seekers and refugees were ambivalent. The reasons for the local acceptance of asylum seekers were ambivalent, and in which both actions of solidarity and economic considerations came into play. An external circum-stance influenced expectations and reactions to the refugee center was an ambivalent refugee policy which aimed to integrate the asylum seeker with a normalized habitat but with an institutional framing, which clearly made the asylum seeker into a client. Another external factor was the welfare state position of the asylum seeker, as he or she was positioned in an ambivalent juridical, social and political position. The overall conclusion is that the positions of the asylum seekers in the neighborhood of Malmliden were further stressed as welfare state clients and not as ordinary neighbors. A concluding image is that the contextual ambivalent positioning of the asylum seekers was reflected in the way the inhabitants regarded the asylum seekers as others in the neighborhood community.

In my DPhil thesis I critique a philosophical ideal of mental organization: that one’s mind ought to be integrated, that is, lack conflicts or ambivalence between mental states, because disintegration is argued to impair one’s agency and undermine one’s well-being. My argument has three parts. In part one, I describe Plato’s maximalist version of the ideal where, if ideally organized, one’s psyche lacks conflicts because one’s rational faculty, aware of what is valuable, harmonises one’s motivational and affective states. I also argue that any dispute about integration is orthogonal to the dispute between value monists and value pluralists. In part two, I contest the integration ideal by criticizing three manifestations of it in contemporary philosophy. I focus on the organization of desire, and on deliberative and affective ambivalence. My arguments have a similar structure. First, I challenge the link between the integrated mind and the purported benefits of unimpaired agency and well-being. On investigation, this apparent connection is largely contingent. Not all conflicts or ambivalence are harmful, and other social or psychological factors are relevant in case where they really are damaging. Secondly, I argue that there are contexts where integration is a form of mental rigidity or harmful impoverishment. Thirdly, I argue that being disintegrated seems morally good in some situations where one manifests fitting states of mind, particularly emotions. In part three, I ask whether integration can be reinterpreted to salvage an alternative ideal. After rejecting a promising candidate found in Kleinian psychoanalytic theory, I offer my own account of integration as a two-part capacity to tolerate difficult mental states (not necessarily bad mental states - excitement can be hard to tolerate), and to avoid being reflectively passive as one’s mental organization changes. This capacity has rational and non-rational elements. Finally, I consider how this reinterpreted capacity relates to the practice of virtue. I conclude that integration is not a virtue, and may be compatible with some viciousness, but it enables one to be virtuous in situations where there are pressures towards being insensitively singleminded.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruth Kelson.pdf: 920154 bytes, checksum: 207a341e9ab105b0b58f0319d1c443df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-27 / This dissertation intends to enlarge the scope of the concept Banality of Evil, a term coined by Hannah Arendt to qualify an Evil that had not yet been detected as a particular form and that she had observed in the Nazi Adolph Eichmann during his trial in Jerusalem in 1962. She called it an Evil without roots, which is like a fungus in the surface. She found it in a nonperson, in someone that doesn t think , that doesn t perform the dialogue me-with-myself and acts in heteronomy, under an external command to which it obeys without assuming personal responsibility for its moral consequences. This concept helps to elucidate the way totalitarianisms of the modern era acts and the attitude of those that only follow orders , without considering the monstrosities that they can embed. The first condition for this new form of Evil was man s preceding transformation in a pure animal laborans, dedicated nearly exclusively to his survival as a species. Transformed in a thing, as a mean and not an end in itself, man acquired the condition of superficiality from which it could derive the logic of extermination. The second condition was the destruction of the sacredness of man in modern times. With the death of God, he was transformed into a simple thing, able to be molded, used and discarded. The third condition is the predominance of the process in the world today which has an autonomous dynamics and is independent of man and his decisions. Zigmunt Baumann added to Hannah Arendt s vision a new comprehension of the mechanisms and motives that can slip into this form of Evil: the fight against the indeterminate, the chaotic and the ambivalence, trying to create a controlled and less threatening world. But, in the fight against ambivalence, an even greater chaos is created around this orders that are built. In this world on which one wants to impose the order of a deterministic law or project, the bureaucrat is the main agent of this form of Evil. The question of the Banality of Evil raises the question of what are the means at our disposal to oppose it / Com esta dissertação, pretende-se ampliar a abrangência do conceito de Banalidade do Mal, um termo criado por Hannah Arendt para qualificar um Mal que não fora ainda detectado com uma forma própria e que ela observou no nazista Adolf Eichmann durante seu julgamento em Jerusalém em 1962. Ela o chamou de um Mal sem raízes, que é como um fungo na superfície. Localizou-o em uma não-pessoa, em alguém que não pensa , que não realiza o diálogo de mim-comigo-mesmo e age em heteronomia, sob uma determinação exterior à qual obedece sem se responsabilizar pessoalmente por suas conseqüências morais. Este conceito ajuda a elucidar a forma de agir dos totalitarismos da era moderna e a atitude daqueles que somente cumprem ordens , sem levar em conta a monstruosidade que elas podem trazer embutidas. A primeira condição para esta nova forma do Mal foi a transformação prévia do homem num puro animal laborans, dedicado quase que exclusivamente à sua sobrevivência como espécie. Transformado em coisa, em meio e não em fim em si mesmo, o homem adquiriu a condição de superfluidade da qual pode derivar a lógica do extermínio. A segunda condição foi a destituição da sacralidade do homem na modernidade. Com a morte de Deus, o homem se tornou simples coisa, passível de ser moldado, usado ou descartado. A terceira condição é o predomínio do processo no mundo atual, que tem uma dinâmica autônoma e independe do homem e de suas decisões. Zigmunt Baumann acrescentou à visão de Hannah Arendt uma nova compreensão dos mecanismos e motivos que podem resvalar para esta forma de Mal: a luta contra o indeterminado, o caótico e a ambivalência, com o objetivo de criar um mundo controlado e menos ameaçador. Porém, na luta contra a ambivalência, cria-se um caos ainda maior em torno a estas ordens que são construídas. Neste mundo em que se pretende impor a ordem de uma lei determinística ou de um projeto, o burocrata é o principal agente da Banalidade do Mal. A questão desta forma de Mal suscita a pergunta de quais meios dispomos para nos contrapormos a ela

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Robson Jose Romano Silva.pdf: 12974959 bytes, checksum: 96720ab2dad466591f2e310e48ebfaf3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-08 / This research s object of study is the form of expression known as graffiti in the city of Sao Paulo. It will focus on its variations that suggest an instability that reveals itself as the graffiti as a wall art or graffiti as a wall tagging. The general goal is to show the characteristics of the graffiti, present on its constitutive elements and on its constructive techniques. The research problem relates to the inseparability between graffiti and tagging and the consequent marginalization of this latest productive form. In theoretical reasoning, we recurred to Morin, Lotman, Martín-Barbero, Pinheiro, La Plantine, as well as the testimony of renowned graffiti artist Rui Amaral, who treats specifically about the theme and about its cultural elements that are present in this form of artistic expression. The hypothesis is that the process of consolidation of the graffiti art gives an ambivalent, half-breed meaning as it presents itself sometimes in open air, on Sao Paulo s big cities, sometimes in art galleries when, possibly, loses its strongest character, the one of contestation, transgression and insubordination, features very present on the first records of its emergence in movements such as Woodstock. This justifies the research, for it answers to the need of creating academic space of discussion as a possibility to disrupt preconceptions, informing the reader about the object s history, its techniques and specificities that would be, on its own, valuable as a mark of a period in our history expressed as an anonymous form / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a forma de expressão conhecida como grafitti na cidade de São Paulo. Atenta, enfocará as suas variações que sugerem instabilidade que se revela grafite como arte mural ou como pichação. O objetivo geral é mostrar as características do grafite, presente nos seus elementos constitutivos e em suas técnicas construtivas. O problema da pesquisa relaciona-se à inseparabilidade entre grafite e pichação e à consequente marginalização desta forma produtiva. Na fundamentação teórica, recorremos a Morin, Lotman, Martín-Barbero, Pinheiro, La Plantine, bem como ao depoimento do renomado grafiteiro Rui Amaral, que trata especificamente sobre a temática e sobre os elementos culturais presentes nesta forma de expressão artística. A hipótese é que o processo de consolidação do grafite lhe confere um sentido ambivalente e mestiço à medida que apresenta-se ora a céu aberto, nas ruas de metrópole paulista, ora em galerias de arte quando, possivelmente, perde seu caráter mais forte, o de contestação, transgressão e insubmissão, marcas estas presentes nos primeiros registros de seu surgimento em movimentos como o de Woodstock. Justifica-se a pesquisa, pois responde à necessidade de criar espaço acadêmico de discussão como uma possibilidade para romper com preconceitos, informando o leitor sobre a história do objeto, suas técnicas e especificidades que seriam, por si, valorosas como marca de um período de nossa história expressas de forma anônima

High levels of personal car use have negative effects on the environment and on human health. This thesis presents four empirical studies that aimed to develop our knowledge of personal travel choices, focussing on the malleability of attitudes and their sensitivity in relation to specific contexts and goals. The first study (Chapter 2) presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of mechanisms of travel mode choice. The study provides a comprehensive overview of antecedents of car use and non-car use, including sub-group analyses of different contextual factors. Results also highlight the need for standardised measures and consideration of implicit thought processes. The second study (Chapter 3) employs a repertory grid technique to elicit perceptions of seven different transport modes from high mileage car users and non-car users. Comparisons between car users and non-car users highlight potentially effective and ineffective intervention targets. Findings show how sustainable transport might be promoted amongst a portfolio of travel choices. The third study (Chapter 4) utilises qualitative methods to explore the extent to which individuals’ attitude expressions are changeable. The study demonstrates that all participants hold ambivalent and conflicting attitudes, highlighting specific situations in which those attitudes are more likely to be unstable. Two related priming experiments are presented in the final empirical chapter (Chapter 5). Both use survey methodology to investigate whether manipulating the salience of car-use-incongruent goals can lead to more positive attitudes towards and increased willingness to use non-car travel modes. The study confirms that people who are motivated to make changes are a potentially optimal target group for interventions based on subliminal messages. Overall, the research presented in this thesis introduces context sensitivity into the transport literature and offers novel insights into perceptions of a range of travel modes. Recommendations include relevant avenues for future research, findings are discussed in light of implications for transport policy and practice.