D.E. Stevenson was a 20th century Scottish novelist writing romance fiction before, during, and after World War II. By analyzing her life and dissecting the genre's formulaic properties, I will show how The English Air is representative of the ways some women coped with the eras of conflict of the two World Wars. In a critical analysis of the novel itself, I will show how Stevenson's attention to Anglo-German relations propels it beyond a light-hearted example of the genre as a whole, pushing against the prescribed requirements of what romance fiction must be. Though Stevenson has never before been studied through an academic lens, her novels were popular and successful, which suggests that this kind of fiction met the needs of readers during the early to mid-20th century, while coping with the devastation and uncertainty of war. / Master of Arts

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Yes / Objective: This research introduces ‘The Bioarchaeology of Disability’ (BoD), a population-scale approach which allows for a comprehensive understanding of disability in past communities through a combination of palaeopathological, funerary, and documentary analyses. Methods: The BoD consists of three phases: 1) Contextualisation includes period-specific literature review; 2) Data collection consists of palaeopathological re-analysis of individuals with physical impairment and collation of mortuary treatment data; and 3) Analysis incorporates qualitative and quantitative comparison of the funerary treatment of individuals with and without physical impairment to explore contemporary perceptions of disability. Materials: The BoD is demonstrated through a case study investigation of disability in later Anglo-Saxon England (c.8th-11th centuries AD) which included four burial populations (Ntotal=1,543; Nimpaired=28). Results: Individuals with disability could be buried with normative or non-normative treatment (e.g., stone/clay inclusions, non-normative body positioning), and in marginal, non-marginal, and central locations. Conclusions: The overall funerary variation for individuals with disability was relatively slight, which may suggest that political and religious factors were influencing normative funerary treatment of disabled individuals. The funerary variability that was observed in disabled individuals was probably influenced by individual and community-specific beliefs. Significance: This research describes a population-scale approach to archaeological disability studies that can be replicated in other archaeological contexts. Limitations: Individuals with non-skeletal physical impairment (e.g., soft tissue, mental) cannot be analysed osteologically and are not considered by the BoD. Suggestions for further research: The BoD should be applied to different archaeological communities around the world to better understand disability in the past. / This work was supported by the Society for Church Archaeology who awarded a Research Grant to the lead author which funded analysis of the Priory Orchard and St. Peter’s Church collections. Research trips were also funded by the University of Bradford, School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences’ research funds for PhD students.

The Priesthood in Anglo-Saxon England explores the life and work of priests in England between the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the reforming Council of Clofesho of 747. It seeks to reposition priests within the consciousness of Anglo-Saxon historians by demonstrating the essential role which they played first in the conversion of the English, and then in the pastoral care which the English people received up to the reforms instigated by Archbishop Cuthbert at the 747 Council of Clofesho. The thesis draws on several trends in recent Anglo-Saxon historiography, notably focus in recent years on the role and function of monasteria. Sarah Foot’s work, Monastic Life in Anglo-Saxon England, c. 600 – 900, is the primary study in this area. Many historians working in this area have read Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica, the main narrative source for our period, in a predominantly monastic light. Close attention to the text of this and other works of Bede’s however demonstrates that priests were indispensable in the initial conversion and continued care of the people, particularly because of their ability to celebrate the sacraments. This thesis contends that monasteria increasingly gained control over pastoral care through their continued endowment and royal privilege. This effectively removed the cura animarum from the bishops, to whom it was theoretically entrusted. Following the example of Theodore and Bede, and on the prompting of his contemporary Boniface, in 747 Archbishop Cuthbert recognised the need to reform the structure of the church in Southumbria, particularly the relationship between the episcopate and the monasteria, and so restore the cure to its rightful place. He and his fellow bishops achieved this by redefining pastoral care along sacramental grounds, thereby excluding monks from its exercise, and putting the priest back at the heart of the church’s mission to the people of England.

Bien qu'ayant fait l'objet d'études depuis près de deux siècles, les sélaciens (requins et raies) du Crétacé supérieur du Bassin Anglo-Parisien ne sont que partiellement connus. L'étude de 22 faunes provenant de gisements d'âges Cénomanien à Campanien en Grande Bretagne et nord de la France a permis d'améliorer significativement les connaissances sur ces communautés de sélaciens. Les horizons échantillonnés, principalement représentés par des craies phosphatées, ont livré environ 38000 restes dentaires. Ces derniers ont permis l'identification et la description de 150 taxa comprenant 130 espèces de requins et 20 espèces de batoïdes. En plus d'un nombre important de nouvelles occurrences stratigraphiques et géographiques, cette étude décrit 25 nouvelles espèces et 7 nouveaux genres en dehors de taxa, probablement nouveaux, laissés en nomenclature ouverte. Le nombre important de taxa considérés, combiné à des données publiées sur les sélaciens du nord-ouest de l'Europe et du Western Interior Seaway, ont permis d'étudier différents événements dans la diversité de ce groupe, à travers l'utilisation de méthodes de raréfaction et de ré-échantillonnage. Plusieurs bioévénements ont pu être identifiés et corrélés à différents changements environnementaux. De nombreux aspects paléoécologiques de ces faunes sont aussi discutés. Diverses méthodes d'ordination (clusters, analyses de correspondance) ont été appliquées à la fois sur les données morpho-fonctionelles (types dentaires préalablement testés sur des faunes actuelles) et taxonomiques des 22 faunes considérées. Plusieurs facteurs environnementaux sont proposés pour expliquer la distribution observée et les affinités paléoenvironnementales de certains taxa sont discutées. Différentes mesures de diversité ont permis d'identifier l'hétérogénéité de l'habitat comme principal facteur contrôlant la diversité et dominance d'espèces dans les faunes santoniennes et campaniennes. La diversité beta des nombreuses faunes du Campanien inférieur a été étudiée et indique une absence de provincialité dans le bassin. Enfin, les comparaisons faites avec des faunes publiées du nord-ouest de l'Euro pe ont permis d'identifier les distributions paléoécologiques générales pour ce groupe. / Although studied for nearly two centuries, Late Cretaceous selachians (sharks, rays and skates) from the Anglo-Paris Basin are still imperfectly known. The study of 22 selachians (sharks, rays and skates) faunas from Cenomanian to Campanian horizons in Great Britain and northern France allowed a significant advance in our knowledge on these assemblages and their communities. The (mainly phosphatic) chalks sampled yielded about 38 000 selachian fossil remains, mostly teeth. 150 taxa, comprising 130 shark and 20 batoid species, were identified and described. In addition to the large number of new stratigraphic and geographic ranges recognised here, 25 new species and 7 new genera are described beside a number of new taxa that are left in open nomenclature. The large number of taxa included in this work, along with other published data from NW Europe and Western Interior Seaway, allowed diversity patterns of Late Cretaceous selachians to be studie d through the use of various rarefaction and re-sampling methods. The various bioevents identified could all be correlated to global environmental changes such as temperature and sea level variations as well as changes in water mass distribution. Several palaeoecological aspects of these assemblages are also discussed. The use of morpho-functional dental types provided a promising approach area in assessing changes in the morpho-functional structure of some modern selachian assemblages depending on environmental conditions. Ordination methods (clusters, CA) used on both the taxonomic and morpho-functional structure of the faunas considered here, allowed the identification of groupings among the different assemblages. Accordingly, various environmental factors are proposed to explain the observed distribution and the palaeoenvironmental affinities of some taxa are discussed. Diversity measurements proved to be rich in information and allowed the identification of habitat hete rogeneity as the main controlling factor on the diversity and evenness of the Santonian-Campanian faunas. The beta diversity of the numerous Early Campanian faunas is also discussed and indicates low provinciality in the basin. Finally, comparisons with other assemblages from other NW basins allowed general palaeoecological distributions to be identified.

No one has investigated in detail the totality of Anglo-Russian relations from the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 to the outbreak of World War I. Those who have written on the history of the Triple Entente have tended to claim that France was the dominant partner and that her efforts pulled Great Britain and Russia together and kept them together. Britain and Russia had little in common, the standard argument asserts; their ideological and political views were almost diametrically opposed, and furthermore,they had major imperial conflicts. This dissertation tests two hypotheses. The first is that Russia and Britain were drawn together less from French efforts than from a mutual reaction to German policy. The second is that there was less political and ideological friction between Britain and Russia than previous writers have assumed. The first hypothesis has been supported in previous writings only tangentially, while the second has not been tested for the period under review. Studies of the period have been detailed studies on specific events and crises, while this investigation reviews the course of the Anglo-Russian partnership for the entire seven year period. The dissertation concludes that it was primarily the need for allies in the face of German military and economic expansion that motivated and sustained the Anglo-Russian friendship. It furthermore concludes that the ideological and political differences of the two countries were less important to their diplomatic relationship than has usually been contended, and that they were easily overcome in their mutual desire for strength against Germany. In the long run, Britain and Russia pursued diplomatic and imperial policies that were not dissimilar. Their primary needs were allies in Europe, with which to oppose the Triple Alliance, and they could both afford to overlook differences of approach and policy to achieve this strength. Expediency, not ideology, was the key to the Anglo-Russian friendship.

A partir da seleção de textos dramáticos na obra de William Shakespeare e seus contemporâneos, escritos durante o período da guerra entre Inglaterra e Espanha (1585-1604), ou logo após, esta pesquisa pretende investigar as formas de dramatização das relações políticas entre as duas Coroas. Através da análise crítica das peças, poderemos compreender como se deu o impacto da guerra Anglo-Espanhola na sociedade elisabetana, e como esses dramaturgos puderam transformar eventos particulares do conflito militar em alegorias compreensíveis ao público, que incluía as esferas cortesãs e outras camadas sociais. Interessa-nos perceber o estabelecimento de um código dramático relativamente comum entre Shakespeare, Thomas Kyd, George Peele, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Heywood e Thomas Dekker, utilizado para representar a guerra e o inimigo espanhol, explorando a apreensão de tensões coletivas na dimensão política da prática teatral. / This research aims to investigate the forms of dramatization that can be referred to the political relations between English and Spanish crowns, focusing on a selection of dramatic texts by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries written during the conflict in 1585-1604, or soon afterwards. We aim to investigate, through critical and historical analysis of these plays, how the Anglo-Spanish war affected Elizabethan society, and how these dramatists transformed the particular events of the military conflict into allegories that were understandable by the public. We are also interested in tracking the possible existence of a dramatic code within the works of Shakespeare, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, George Peele, Thomas Heywood and Thomas Dekker, which was employed to represent the war and the Spanish enemy, and how this allowed the exploration of particular collective tensions and political dimensions within the theatrical space.

Este trabalho consiste de uma tradução versificada de A Batalha de Maldon, poema anglo-saxão no metro tradicional, composto no século X-XI a respeito da batalha homônima entre dinamarqueses e anglo-saxões. Seu pressuposto fundamental é um estudo das abordagens de tradução aplicáveis à poesia germânica antiga para a produção de uma versão anotada em português, com a qual se procura reconstituir as características do poema antigo. Esta abordagem leva aos argumentos finais acerca desta possibilidade, em especial no que diz respeito à aliteração em português. / This work consists in a verse translation from the Anglo-saxon of The Battle of Maldon, old English poem written between the 10th and 11th centuries about the battle between Danes and Saxons. The main goal is the study of different translation theories which are related to the old Germanic poetic tradition as a mean to provide a Portuguese language annotated version where the poem\'s traits are reconstructed. This procedure leads to the final argument, on the possibility of achieving alliteration in Portuguese.