No description available.

Background: A mouse model of combined UVA/riboflavin irradiation to eliminate stromal cells and other antigen-presenting cells in the cornea provides the basis for a probably low risk of corneal transplantation. Methods: After abrasion of the epithelium, the central corneas of mouse eyes were treated with UVA/riboflavin in vitro. Histological studies of hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining with caspase 3 were performed. Dissected mouse corneas were analyzed by Western blot. Results: Apoptotic cells were shown on the central corneal stroma; a cell-free zone was displayed in the cornea. Numbers of dead cells increased according to cultivation time. However, the endothelium survived due to the adjustment of the irradiation dose. Conclusions: A cell-free zone in the stroma of the mouse cornea was produced by UVA/riboflavin irradiation in vitro. The technique makes possible to prevent or reduce immunological reactions and the risk of graft rejection by pretreatment of the donor cornea, ultimately prolonging graft survival. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Submitted by Mayara Caroline Rosolem null (mayara_rosolem@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-13T13:13:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Mayara_Caroline_Rosolem.pdf: 2522128 bytes, checksum: af877102b33947d3515c6cd2c29b01af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2017-12-13T13:40:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosolem_mc_dr_jabo.pdf: 2522128 bytes, checksum: af877102b33947d3515c6cd2c29b01af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T13:40:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosolem_mc_dr_jabo.pdf: 2522128 bytes, checksum: af877102b33947d3515c6cd2c29b01af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os tumores mamários malignos possuem várias formas de evadir o sistema imune e, dentre elas está a modulação das células dendríticas (DCs), por interferência na sua maturação, resultando em apresentação de antígenos ineficiente aos linfócitos T e consequente indução da tolerância imunológica. As DCs moduladas pelo tumor recrutam muitos linfócitos T regulatórios (Tregs) para o microambiente tumoral, o que amplia os efeitos imunossupressores locais. A forte relação entre as DCs e os linfócitos Tregs no microambiente tumoral ainda foi pouco estudada, principalmente em cães. Por isso, este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a relação existente entre as DCs e os linfócitos Tregs em carcinomas mamários caninos do tipo simples de cadelas, por meio da técnica de imunohistoquímica. Foram utilizadas 10 amostras de glândula mamária sem tumor (G1) e 40 amostras de neoplasias mamárias (G2: adenomas; G3: carcinomas papilares; G4: carcinomas tubulares e G5: carcinomas sólidos), que foram submetidas a imunodetecção de linfócitos Treg (FOXP3+), linfócitos T CD4 e T CD8, MHC-II, DCs mieloides (imaturas e maduras), as citocinas TGF-β, IL-10, a enzima Indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase (IDO) e dos receptores de quimiocina (CCR6 e CCR7). A maioria das células, citocinas e receptores imunológicos mostraram correlação positiva dentro da população tumoral e controles avaliados, principalmente sobre o efeito fixo “idade”, que teve alta correlação positiva com o tamanho tumoral e com CCR6. Quanto às correlações negativas, o anticorpo CD83 foi o único que não teve correlação significativa positiva com nenhuma outra variável. Observou-se que houve ocorreu relação entre as DCs mieloides imaturas/maduras e linfócitos Tregs, bem como TGF-β e IL-10, e a enzima IDO apresentaram marcante presença nas amostras malignas. A imunodetecção de CCR6 e CCR7 ocorreu principalmente nos tumores mais agressivos, onde CCR6 teve alta relação com as pacientes mais idosas e com tumores maiores, o que, no final de tudo pode refletir que o envelhecimento do sistema imunológico possa ser mais um fator pró-tumoral. / The malignant mammary tumors have several ways of evading the immune system, including the modulation of dendritic cells (DCs), by interfering with their maturation, resulting in inefficient presentation of antigens to T cells and consequent induction of immunological tolerance. Tumor-modulated DCs recruit many regulatory T cells (Tregs) into the tumor microenvironment, which amplifies local immunosuppressive effects. The strong relationship between DCs and Tregs cells into the tumor microenvironment was poorly studied, especially in dogs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between DCs and Tregs cells in the simple type canine mammary carcinomas, using the immunohistochemical technique. Ten samples of mammary gland without tumor (G1) and 40 samples of mammary neoplasms (G2: adenomas, G3: papillary carcinomas, G4: tubular carcinomas and G5: solid carcinomas) were submitted to immunodetection of Treg cells (FOXP3 +), CD4 and CD8 T cells, MHC-II, myeloid DCs (immature and mature), cytokines TGF-β, IL10, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and chemokine receptors (CCR6 and CCR7). Most of the cells, cytokines and immunological receptors showed positive correlation within the tumor population and controls evaluated, mainly on the fixed effect "age” that had high positive correlation with the tumor size and with CCR6. As for the negative correlations, the CD83 antibody was the only one that had no significant positive correlation with any other variable. It was observed that there was a relationship between immature / mature myeloid DCs and Tregs cells, as well as TGFβ and IL-10, and the IDO enzyme showed a marked presence in the malignant samples. Immunodetection of CCR6 and CCR7 occurred mainly in the most aggressive tumors, where CCR6 had a high relation with older patients and with larger tumors, which, in the end, may reflect that the aging of the immune system may be more of a pro- tumor. / FAPESP: 2012/09385-0

This thesis investigates the role of B cells as antigen-specific antigen-presenting cells (APC) in self tolerance to low concentrations of soluble self proteins and in acquired tolerance to low doses of soluble foreign protein antigens. Experiments were performed in normal and B cell-deficient animals, and tolerance induction was measured by T cell proliferation assays. T cell proliferation was reduced in B cell-deficient mice, indicating that B cells may be involved in efficient activation of naive T cells in response to protein antigen both in vivo and in vitro. To study acquired tolerance induced by low doses of soluble foreign protein antigen, normal and B cell-deficient adult mice were injected intravenously with repeated low doses (10 μg) of deaggregated ovalbumin (OVA), and then challenged with OVA in complete Freund's adjuvant. In animals treated with deaggregated OVA, the in vitro proliferative responses of LN T cells to OVA were significantly reduced, and production of the Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ, in response to OVA was lost. This occurred in both normal and B cell-deficient treated animals, indicating that B cell antigen presentation was not required for this phenomenon. B cells were also unnecessary for self tolerance of T cells to the transgenic self antigen, hen egg lysozyme (HEL), in a transgenic mouse strain with very low serum lysozyme concentration. Partial low zone tolerance induced by deaggregated, low-dose OVA was selective for the Th1 response, as measured by in vitro proliferation and IL-2 and IFN-γ production, because antibody responses of normal mice to this T cell-dependent antigen were largely unaffected. Both treated and untreated animals produced equivalent titers of anti-OVA antibodies, predominantly of the IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes, following challenge with OVA in complete Freund's adjuvant. Tolerance to low levels of the transgenic HEL self protein in mice expressing different MHC molecules was also addressed. Transgenic mice that were H-2b/b in the class II region were not tolerant to the transgenic self protein, whereas transgenic mice of the H-2b/k were tolerant.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dentre os efeitos moduladores da Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), um de grande importância, verificado em nosso laboratório em um modelo murino de hipersensibilidade imediata à ovoalbumina (OVA), é a sua capacidade de direcionar a resposta imune para Th1 ou Th2, dependendo do esquema de tratamento dos animais. Efeito semelhante foi induzido pelo polissacarídeo solúvel extraído da bactéria (PS), porém, como apenas a sua capacidade de modular a resposta Th1 havia sido verificada, nós nos propusemos a investigar, no presente estudo, se o PS poderia também potencializar a resposta Th2. De fato, verificamos que o polissacarídeo solúvel extraído da P. acnes foi capaz de potencializar a reação de hipersensibilidade imediata na pata de camundongos, como demonstrado pelo aumento do número de eosinófilos no infiltrado inflamatório, predominância do número de esplenócitos produtores de IL-4 e aumento da produção de IgG1 anti-OVA, concomitantemente à diminuição de IgG2a, compatível com padrão Th2 de resposta. Além disso, nós também avaliamos se os efeitos de potencialização ou supressão da hipersensibilidade imediata induzidos pela P. acnes ou seu polissacarídeo estariam relacionados com diferenças no número e grau de ativação de células apresentadoras de antígenos (APCs) e linfócitos B1. Observamos que o aumento da quantidade de APCs esplênicas positivas para moléculas co-estimuladoras, TLR4 e IL-4 em animais tratados com P. acnes ou PS e a maior expressão de CD80 por linfócitos B1c peritoneais estava relacionada com exacerbação da resposta Th2. Por outro lado, o aumento do número de linfócitos B2 esplênicos TLR2+, bem como maior expressão de TLR9 intracelular por células dendríticas, e também menor número de células B1a peritoneais positivas para TLR2 e TLR9 intracelular em camundongos tratados com P. acnes ou PS, estava relacionado com supressão da reação. Quanto à síntese de citocinas, verificou-se um aumento menos pronunciado do número de APCs IL-4+ e também maior quantidade de células produtoras de IL-12 nos grupos em que a reação foi suprimida, em relação aos submetidos ao protocolo de exacerbação. In vitro, o estímulo concomitante de P. acnes e OVA em co-culturas de células dendríticas e linfócitos T aumentou a liberação de IL-5 e IL-17, em relação às culturas estimuladas apenas com OVA, e o estímulo concomitante de PS e OVA aumentou a síntese de IL-17. Já o estímulo com P. acnes ou PS, seguido do estímulo com OVA no dia seguinte, induziu uma diminuição da liberação de IL-5 e IL-17, em comparação com as culturas estimuladas apenas com OVA, sugerindo que a P. acnes e o polissacarídeo atuam diretamente sobre células apresentadoras de antígenos. / Among Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) immunomodulatory effects, one of great importance, verified in our laboratory in a murine model of type I hypersensitivity to ovalbumin (OVA), is its capacity to direct the immune response to Th1 or Th2, depending on the animals treatment. Similar effect was induced by the soluble polysaccharide extracted from the bacteria (PS), however, since only its capacity to modulate the Th1 response has been verified, we decided to investigate, in the present study, if PS could also potentiate the Th2 response. In fact, this compound was able to potentiate or suppress the immediate hypersensitivity reaction in mice, depending on the protocol used. Besides, we investigated, in this work, whether the number of spleen cells and peritoneal B1 lymphocytes would be different between the treatment protocols, being related to potentiation or suppression of the OVA response, and also if the activation status of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and B1 lymphocytes could interfere on reaction modulation. We verified that the higher numbers of APCs expressing co-stimulatory molecules and the higher expression levels of these molecules on cell surface are probably related to potentiation of the Th2 response to OVA induced by P. acnes or PS. The higher CD80 expression by peritoneal B1c lymphocytes is also possibly involved with OVA response exacerbation in these animals. Besides, there seems to be a correlation between higher number of APCs expressing TLR4 and exacerbation of the immediate hypersensitivity reaction in P. acnes- or PS-treated mice. Differences on TLRs expression by spleen and peritoneal B1 lymphocytes can also be related to the type I hypersensitivity modulation. Analysis of cytokines synthesis by spleen APCs confirmed the Th2 potentiation or suppression in this model. Finally, in vitro experiments using co-cultures of dendritic cells and T lymphocytes indicated that P. acnes and PS seem to perform their effects of Th2 response potentiation or suppression by direct action on antigen presenting cells. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Les cellules présentatrices d'antigènes (APCs) présentes dans les muqueuses comptent parmi les première cibles du VIH-1 et participent à sa dissémination dans l'organisme. Durant ma thèse, j'ai étudié le transfert du VIH des macrophages (Mφ) et des cellules dendritiques (DCs) aux lymphocytes T. J'ai montré que ces APCs transfèrent efficacement le virus aux lymphocytes par le biais de différents mécanismes: transfert direct en trans dans les coculture Mφ/T, et transfert en cis (suite à la production de nouveaux virions) dans les DCs/T. Ces deux modes de transfert sont inhibés par les anticorps neutralisants (AcN). De manière intéressante, certains AcN anti-gp120 inhibaient plus efficacement le transfert du VIH dans les cocultures Mφ/T que dans les cocultures DCs/T et l'infection des cellules T par le virus libre. Ces résultats suggèrent que les APCs participent activement au transfert et à la dissémination du VIH et que les AcN sont capable d'inhiber ces différents modes de transfert. / Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present at mucosal sites are among the first HIV-1 target cells and contribute to the spread of infection. During my thesis, I studied HIV transfer from macrophages (Mφ) and dendritic cells (DCs) to CD4-T lymphocytes. I showed that APCs were able to efficiently transfer HIV particles to lymphocytes, but through different mechanisms: Mφ rapidlytransferred HIV by direct trans-transfer, whereas DCs were mainly implicated in cistransfer (after production of de novo HIV). Moreover, I have demonstrated that these two modes of transfer were inhibited by neutralizing antibodies (NAb) in both type ofcocultures. Very interestingly, I showed that anti-gp120 NAb inhibit more efficiently HIV transfer in Mφ/T than in DCs/T cocultures and T cells infection by free viral particles. These findings highlight the major contributions of various mucosal target cells in HIV transfer and demonstrate the potent role of NAb on inhibition of cell-to-cell transfer.

Results of recent studies indicate that dendritic cells are capable of transporting commensal intestinal bacteria into the mammary glands, which ultimately leads to their occurrence in breast milk. We have therefore decided to evaluate the phenotype of immunologically relevant antigen presenting cells (APCs) present in the mammary glands and the small intestine, respectively and perform a comparison study. We also studied plasticity of these populations during lactation. In situ immunodetection and flow cytometry methods were used to determine phenotype. We succeeded in optimising the methods for preparation of samples for flow cytometry and microscopy. We thoroughly tested protocols for 3D visualisation of APC populations and quantitative image analysis for correlation with flow cytometry, further optimization is nevertheless needed. We found out that during lactation large numbers of MHC II+ cells cluster around the alveoli and milk ducts. These cells are of a distinctly dendritic shape and their phenotype does not correspond to the APCs in the surrounding tissue. A pronounced increase of APC cells in the mammary glands between the fourth and sixth days of lactation was observed, with the majority of these cells expressing the CD103 antigen typical for cell populations of immune cells of the...

Le VIH-1 manipule les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (APC) qui orchestrent les réponses immunes innées et adaptatrices, pour se propager dans l’hôte et établir le réservoir viral. Au laboratoire, nous étudions le rôle de l’autophagie dans les interactions entre les cellules dendritiques (DC) et le VIH-1 et la présentation des antigènes viraux. Dans divers modèles, la macroautophagie et l’autophagie médiée par les chaperonnes (CMA) semblent en effet être impliquées dans l’apprêtement d’antigènes sur les molécules du CMH. Ainsi, nous avons montré, dans une étude précédente, que la macroautophagie participait à la dégradation du VIH entrant dans les DC, conduisant à l’activation de lymphocytes T (LT) CD4+ spécifiques du VIH-1.Bien que sa réplication y soit limitée, le VIH-1 peut également infecter productivement les DC. J’ai donc voulu vérifier si les protéines virales néosynthétisées du virus peuvent constituer une source additionnelle d’antigènes. J’ai montré que, de façon remarquable, dans les DC infectées, des antigènes endogènes du VIH-1 peuvent être présentés par les molécules du CMH-II aux LT CD4 spécifiques. En utilisant différents outils, comme des inhibiteurs de l’autophagie ou des shRNA, j’ai montré que ni la macroautophagie ni la CMA ne contribuent significativement à l’apprêtement d’épitopes de la protéine virale Gag néosynthétisée sur les molécules du CMH-II. En parallèle, j’ai utilisé une protéine de fusion, Gag-LC3, pour acheminer spécifiquement Gag dans les autophagosomes (LC3+) des DC. Dans ce contexte, les drogues qui inhibent la macroautophagie réduisent drastiquement la présentation d’épitopes de Gag aux LT CD4. De façon remarquable, la présence de Gag dans les autophagosomes conduit à la génération d’épitopes antigéniques qui, dans le contexte infectieux, ne sont pas apprêtés sur les molécules de CMH-II par la voie endogène. Ainsi, diriger des protéines du VIH dans les autophagosomes conduirait à des variations dans le répertoire des antigènes endogènes présentés sur les molécules de CMH-II. Pour évaluer l’impact de l’autophagie sur la réplication du VIH dans les DC, j’ai ensuite analysé si la protéine Gag néosynthétisée pouvait être dégradée dans les autophagosomes. Dans les DC infectées, contrairement aux observations déjà décrites dans les macrophages, Gag ne colocalise ni avec les vésicules autophagiques LC3+, ni avec p62, une protéines adaptatrice impliquée dans le ciblage des protéines dans les autophagosomes. Ces résultats suggèrent que, dans ce contexte, les virions nouvellement produits ne sont pas acheminés et dégradés dans les autophagosomes. La protéine de fusion Gag-LC3 est utilisée dans ces expériences comme contrôle positif de colocalisation. Pour déterminer si mes observations pouvaient révéler un mécanisme d’échappement développé par VIH-1, j’ai utilisé différentes souches virales mutantes, modulé le flux autophagique avec des drogues et des ligands TLR, et exprimé Gag dans les DC en l’absence d’autres protéines virales. Dans l'ensemble, mon travail suggère que le VIH-1 ne manipule pas la macroautophagie dans les DC productivement infectées. En outre, la modulation de l’autophagie dans les DC (à l'aide de shRNA) n'a aucune incidence sur la réplication du VIH-1 et sur sa propagation.Mes travaux mettent en lumière la complexité des interactions entre l’autophagie et le VIH-1 dans les DC. Contrairement à ce qui a été observé lors des étapes d’entrée du virus, le virus ne semble pas être acheminé dans les autophagosomes une fois les DC infectées, et l’autophagie ne participe pas à l’apprêtement des antigènes néosynthétisés sur les molécules de CMH II. Cependant, les DC infectées activent de façon efficace les LT CD4 spécifiques du virus. Forcer l’acheminement d’antigènes du VIH dans les autophagosomes augmente fortement cette activation, et semble conduire à une diversification du répertoire des épitopes présentés sur les molécules de CMH-II par la voie endogène. / HIV-1 manipulates antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells (DC), witch orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses, in order to propagate in the host and to establish viral reservoirs. We are studying the role of autophagic processes in DC/HIV-1 interactions with a focus on antigen presentation. We have previously shown that macroautophagy in DC participates in the degradation of incoming HIV-1 particles leading to activation of HIV-1-specific (HS) CD4 T cells. HIV-1 can also productively infect DC. I thus first asked whether neo-synthetized viral proteins might represent an additional source of HIV-1 antigens. Remarkably, I have shown using infected monocyte derived DC that de novo expression of Gag leads to the activation of HS CD4 T cells, highlighting that this antigen is endogenously processed in order to be presented into MHC-II molecules. Since macroautophagy and chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA) are known to be involved in this process for other viral antigens and model antigens, I then dissected the role of these two pathways. Using several tools including inhibitors and shRNA, I demonstrated that in HIV-1-infected DC neither macroautophagy nor CMA contribute significantly to the processing of HIV-1-Gag epitopes into MHC-II molecules. I also used a Gag-LC3 fusion protein to specifically channel Gag into LC3+ autophagic vesicles in DC. In this context, inhibiting autophagy dramatically reduced the presentation of HIV-1-Gag epitopes to CD4+ T cells. Strikingly, channelling Gag into autophagosomes generated epitopes that were not processed endogenously in the context of HIV-1 infection. Thus specifically directing HIV-1 proteins toward autophagosomes might influence the repertoire of MHC II-restricted HIV-1 antigens. I further analyzed whether autophagy could affect HIV-1 replication in infected DC. In these cells, in contrast to what has been described in macrophages, Gag did not colocalize with LC3 or with the autophagic adaptor p62, suggesting that newly-produced HIV-1 particles are not sequestrated into autophagosomes. The Gag-LC3 fusion protein was used here as a positive control of colocalization. To determine whether my findings might reveal a DC-specific escape mechanism developed by HIV-1, I used various HIV-1 mutants, enhanced autophagic flux using drugs or TLR ligands, and expressed Gag in the absence of other HIV-1 proteins. Overall, my work suggests that HIV-1 does not manipulate autophagy in productively-infected DC. Moreover, modulating autophagy in DC (using shRNA) does not impact HIV-1 replication and propagation. Finally, my work highlights the complexity of the interactions between the autophagic process and HIV-1 replication in DC. Unlike during viral entry, HIV-1 does not seem to be targeted into autophagosomes after viral replication in infected DC, and autophagy does not contribute significantly to the processing of endogenous viral antigens. Nonetheless HIV-1-infected DC efficiently activates HS CD4 T cells, and targeting HIV antigens into autophagosomes greatly enhances this activation and might broaden the repertoire of MHC-II-restricted antigen. Further dissection of the various routes of endogenous HIV antigen processing would aid in the development of innovative vaccines.

L’immunothérapie représente une avancée majeure dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de cancer. L’utilisation thérapeutique récente des anticorps anti-"checkpoints", qui renforcent la réponse immunitaire cellulaire naturelle anti-tumorale, a relancé l’intérêt d’approches d’immunothérapie cellulaire spécifique dans les cancers. Malgré tout, l’identification d'antigènes capables de stimuler efficacement des lymphocytes T (LT) anti-tumoraux représente un obstacle majeur au développement de telles approches. Pour identifier de tels antigènes, des cellules présentatrices d’antigène (CPA) artificielles (CPAA), capables d’exprimer, après transduction gamma-rétrovirale, des peptides directement codés ou des antigènes entiers, dégradés par ces cellules, comme le feraient des CPA humaines, en peptides présentés au sein de la molécule du CMH de classe I la plus fréquente chez l'homme, HLA-A2.1, ont été développées au laboratoire. Ces CPAA sont capables de stimuler efficacement des LT cytotoxiques (LTC) spécifiques contre des antigènes tumoraux. Deux grandes approches d’identification des antigènes tumoraux d’intérêt thérapeutique, ont été utilisées. La première est une approche directe d’identification des peptides basée sur l’élution des peptides HLA-A2.1-restreints présentés par nos CPAA et leur analyse par spectrométrie de masse. La seconde est une approche d’immunologie inverse basée sur des prédictions in silico d’épitopes HLA-A2.1-restreints reposant sur des données biochimiques des poches du CMH. Dans les deux approches, des tests fonctionnels d’activation de LTC spécifiques ont été effectués avec nos CPAA. Dans la première étude, nous avons utilisé la spectrométrie de masse en tandem couplée à la chromatographie en phase liquide, qui a été jusqu'à présent la technologie permettant l'identification rapide de centaines de ligands du CMH dans différentes approches expérimentales. En partant de CPAA codant les peptides immunogènes connus M1m, M1 ou FSP02, des LTC spécifiques de ces peptides ont été obtenus, et nous avons réussi à les caractériser par spectrométrie de masse. En partant de CPAA codant les protéines entières desquelles ces peptides sont dérivés, des LTC spécifiques des peptides ont également été obtenus mais nous n’avons pas réussi à les caractériser par spectrométrie de masse. Des peptides très immunogènes, capables de stimuler de fortes réponses immunitaires cellulaires anti-tumorales, peuvent donc échapper à une détection par spectrométrie de masse, rendant ainsi discutable l'utilisation de cette technique pour sélectionner des peptides d’intérêt clinique. Dans la deuxième étude, nous sommes partis de peptides prédits. Nous avons pu monter des réponses immunitaires spécifiques contre les néoépitopes FSP25 et FSP26 prédits in silico, dérivés de la protéine mutée CASP5 (-1) retrouvée chez 60% de patients atteints de cancer colorectal (CCR) à instabilité microsatellitaire (IMS). La CASP5 est impliquée dans l’apoptose et nous avons montré que les patients atteints d’un CCR à IMS présentant cette mutation avaient un moins bon pronostic. Nous avons également montré que chez des patients HLA-A2+ atteints d’un CCR à IMS présentant la mutation, des LTC pouvaient être obtenus contre les épitopes FSP25 et FSP26, capables de lyser spécifiquement la lignée cellulaire HLA-A2.1+ HCT116 dérivée d’un CCR à IMS présentant également la mutation, faisant de la protéine mutée CASP5 (-1) une cible thérapeutique de choix chez ces patients. Dans ces deux études, nos CPAA constituaient un outil de choix pour le développement d’approches d’immunothérapie spécifique personnalisée, soit cellulaire adoptive, pour déterminer quels antigènes devraient être ciblés ou pour directement activer et amplifier in vitro des LT injectés in vivo, soit vaccinale, pour déterminer les antigènes les plus immunogènes à inclure dans un vaccin efficace. / Immunotherapy represents a major advance in cancer patient management. Recent use of anti-checkpoint antibodies, that reinforce the natural cellular anti-tumor immune response, has revived interest for specific cellular immunotherapy approaches in cancers. Nevertheless, the difficulty of identifying highly immunogenic tumor antigens capable of specifically stimulating efficient anti-tumor T lymphocytes (TLs) is a considerable barrier to the development of such approaches. In order to identify such antigens, artificial antigen presenting cells (AAPCs) expressing the most common HLA class I molecule, HLA-A2.1, were developed in the laboratory. After gammaretroviral transduction, these AAPCs also express a directly-encoded peptide of interest or a full-length antigen, degraded by these cells into peptides as human antigen presenting cells (APCs) do. These AAPCs are capable of efficiently stimulating specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against tumor antigens. Two major approaches for the identification of tumor antigens of therapeutic interest have been used. The first one is a direct approach of identification of HLA-A2.1-restricted peptides based on the elution of HLA-A2.1-peptide complexes expressed by our AAPCs and their analysis by mass spectrometry. The second one is a reverse immunology approach based on in silico predictions of HLA-A2.1-restricted epitopes using available MHC pocket biochemical data. In both approaches, functional tests were performed in vitro with our AAPCs to test the immunogenicity of the studied peptides. In the first study, we used tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography, which has been until today the technology of choice for the rapid identification of hundreds of MHC ligands in different experimental approaches. Starting from AAPCs encoding known immunogenic M1m, M1 and FSP02 peptides, specific CTLs could be obtained against these peptides, and we were able to characterize them by mass spectrometry. Starting from AAPCs encoding full length antigens from which these peptides are derived, peptide-specific CTLs were also obtained, but we were unable to characterize them by mass spectrometry. Therefore, highly immunogenic peptides, capable of stimulating strong anti-tumor cellular immune responses, may not be detected by mass spectrometry, rendering questionable the use of this technique for selecting clinically relevant peptides. In the second study, we started from predicted peptides. We were able to mount specific immune responses against FSP25 and FSP26 in silico predicted neoepitopes, derived from the CASP5 (-1) mutated protein found in 60% of microsatellite instability (MSI) colorectal cancer (CCR) patients. CASP5 is involved in programmed cell death and we have shown that MSI CRC patients whose tumors harbored this CASP5 (-1) mutation had less good prognosis. We have also shown that in HLA-A2+ MSI CASP5 (-1)-mutated CRC patients, specific CTLs could be obtained against FSP25 and FSP26 epitopes, capable of specifically lysing HLA-A2+ MSI CRC cell line HCT116 also harboring this mutation. Therefore, the mutated caspase-5 protein might be a therapeutic target of major interest for personalized specific immunotherapy strategies in the context of MSI CASP5 (-1)-mutated CRCs. In both studies, our AAPCs were a tool of choice for the development of personalized specific immunotherapy strategies, either for cellular adoptive approaches, to determine which antigens should be targeted or to directly activate and amplify in vitro antigen of interest-specific TLs which would be transferred in vivo, or for vaccine approaches, to identify the most immunogenic antigens which should be included in an efficacious vaccine

Les lymphocytes T (LT) CD4+ auxiliaires soutiennent l‘action des LT CD8+ cytotoxiques (LTC) au cours des réponses immunitaires anti-tumorales. Des protocoles d‘immunothérapie cellulaire adoptive (ICA) basés sur l‘injection d‘effecteurs T CD4+ ont donc été développés pour traiter les cancers, et ils ont montré une efficacité thérapeutique. Cependant, la difficulté de disposer de cellules présentatrices d‘antigène (CPA) autologues permettant de générer un nombre suffisant de LT CD4+ spécifiques fonctionnels in vitro dans un court délai représente un obstacle majeur au développement de telles approches. Pour contourner cette difficulté, notre groupe a précédemment développé des cellules présentatrices d‘antigène artificielles (CPAA) dérivant de fibroblastes murins NIH/3T3 et exprimant les molécules nécessaires pour activer des LT CD4+ humains : une molécule HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) de classe II (ici HLA-DR1), la molécule de costimulation CD80 et les molécules d‘adhérence CD54 et CD58. Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché à optimiser nos CPAA DR1+ (CPAADR1) en permettant une expression endogène et constitutive de l‘antigène d‘intérêt (ici l‘hémagglutinine, HA), sous forme de peptide ou de protéine, au niveau des compartiments cellulaires impliqués dans la présentation des antigènes par les molécules HLA-II. Nous avons montré que les CPAADR1 « endogènes » exprimant le peptide HA au niveau du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) ou la protéine HA à la membrane plasmique, possédaient les meilleures capacités de présentation de l‘antigène. En stimulation primaire, ces deux lignées de CPAADR1 activaient des LT CD4+ spécifiques de HA, mais avec une capacité moindre que des CPA autologues. En revanche, en restimulation, les CPAADR1 exprimant le peptide HA dans le RE étaient même plus efficaces pour amplifier des LT CD4+ spécifiques fonctionnels que des CPAADR1 ou des CPA autologues chargées avec le peptide d‘intérêt. Les LT obtenus étaient des cellules Th1 mémoires exprimant du granzyme B et produisant de l‘IFN-γ et du TNF-α. C‘est la première fois à notre connaissance qu‘un antigène exprimé de façon endogène dans une lignée cellulaire peut-être présenté de façon efficace sur une molécule HLA de classe II. Nos CPAA « endogènes » constituent donc un nouvel outil unique pour générer de façon reproductible et standardisable des réponses T CD4+ spécifiques, et pourraient déboucher sur le développement de nouvelles approches d‘ICA / CD4+ helper T lymphocytes (TLs) sustain CD8+ cytotoxic TL (CTL) activity during anti-tumor immune responses. Adoptive cell immunotherapy (ACI) protocols based on the injection of CD4+ T-effectors have therefore been developed to treat cancers, and they have proven therapeutic efficacy. However, the difficulty of obtaining autologous antigen presenting cells (APCs) for generating a sufficient number of functional specific CD4+ TLs in a short time in vitro is a major obstacle to the development of such approaches. To bypass this difficulty, our group has previously developed artificial antigen presenting cells (AAPCs) derived from NIH/3T3 murine fibroblasts expressing molecules necessary to activate human CD4+ TLs: an HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) class II molecule (in this study HLA-DR1), CD80 costimulatory molecule, and CD54 and CD58 adhesion molecules. In this work, we sought to optimize our DR1+ AAPCs (AAPCDR1) by allowing an endogenous and constitutive expression of the antigen of interest (in this study hemagglutinin, HA), as a peptide or a whole protein, in different cell compartments involved in antigen presentation by HLA-II molecules. We have shown that ―endogenous‖ AAPCDR1 expressing HA peptide in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or HA protein at the plasma membrane had the best antigen presentation abilities. In a first stimulation, both AAPCDR1cell lines activated HA-specific CD4+ TLs, but to a lower extent than autologous APCs. However, in a second stimulation, AAPCDR1 expressing HA peptide in the ER were even more effective for amplifying functional specific CD4+ TLs than AAPCDR1 or autologous APCs loaded with the peptide of interest. Obtained TLs were memory Th1 cells expressing granzyme B and producing IFN-γ and TNF-α. This is the first time to our knowledge that an antigen expressed endogenously in a cell line can be efficiently presented on an HLA class II molecule. Our ―endogenous‖ AAPCs represent therefore a new and unique tool for reproducible and standardizable generation of specific CD4+ T responses, and could lead to the development of new ACI approaches.