Complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) offer the unique ability to tune composition and microstructure to achieve a wide range of mechanical performance. Recently, the development of metastable CCAs has led to the creation of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) CCAs. Similar to TRIP steels, TRIP CCAs are more effective at absorbing high strain rate loads when TRIP is activated during the loading process. The objective of our study is to investigate the effect of copper on the critical pressure for activating TRIP and the high pressure stability of a Fe(40-X)Mn20Cr15Co20Si5CuX TRIP CCA, where x varies from 0 to 3 at.% Cu. To achieve this goal, diamond anvil cell testing during in-situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction was performed using both a monochromatic wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) beam and, for the first time ever, a polychromatic Laue diffraction beam on a CCA. Laue diffraction allows for real-time phase evolution tracking of the γ-fcc → ε-hcp transformation in a high pressure environment. Based on the results, a new method for processing and preparation of high pressure samples without changing the microstructure of sample was developed. This new method can be used to prepare any CCA samples for high pressure testing.

No description available.

Phase equilibria and volumetric properties in the system water-sodium chloride-carbon dioxide were determined experimentally for pressures between about 1 to 6 kbar, temperatures of 300° to 800°C, and fluid compositions up to 40 wt% NaCl and 20 mol% carbon dioxide, both relative to water. This was accomplished by using the synthetic fluid inclusion technique in conjunction with conventional microthermometry, a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell and Raman spectroscopy. At constant salinity, the high-pressure portion of the solvus migrates to higher pressures and temperatures with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. Immiscibility is possible in this ternary system over almost the entire range of crustal P-T conditions at salinities equal to or in excess of 20 wt% NaCl and carbon dioxide concentrations between about 30 and 70 mol% carbon dioxide. The dP/dT slopes of lines of equal homogenization temperature decrease nonlinearly with increasing homogenization temperature; at constant homogenization temperature, these slopes become steeper (higher) along pseudobinaries with addition of carbon dioxide and particularly with addition of sodium chloride. Up to concentrations of 20 wt% NaCl and 20 mol% carbon dioxide, a sharp rise in the critical temperature was observed with increasing salinity at a fixed water/carbon dioxide ratio. The critical point shifts rapidly towards higher pressures with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. Addition of carbon dioxide to an aqueous 40 wt% NaCl solution results in a slight elevation of the halite dissolution temperature under vapor-saturated conditions. A significant error can be associated with the calculation of molar volumes from measured densities of the carbonic phase of water-sodium chloride-carbon dioxide inclusions. To avoid such errors, phase diagrams were constructed based on the obtained lines of equal homogenization temperature for salinities between 6 and 40 wt% NaCl and carbon dioxide concentrations between 5 and 20 mol% relative to water. These diagrams are of direct applicability to the interpretation of natural fluid inclusions from a wide variety of geologic environments. / Ph. D.

It has been said that Pythagoras discovered the perfect musical intervals by chance when he heard sounds of hammers striking an anvil at a nearby smithy. The sounds corresponded to the same intervals Pythagoras had been studying. He experimented with various instruments and apparatus to confirm what he heard. Math, and in particular, numbers are connected to music, he concluded. The discovery of musical intervals and the icon of the musical blacksmith have been familiar tropes in history, referenced in literary, musical, and visual arts. Countless authors since Antiquity have written about the story of the discovery, most often found in theoretical texts about music. However, modern scholarship has judged the narrative as a myth and a fabrication. Its refutation of the story is peculiar because modern scholarship has failed to disprove the nature of Pythagoras’s discovery with valid physical explanations. This report examines the structural elements of the story and traces its evolution since Antiquity to the early modern period to explain how an author interprets the narrative and why modern scholarship has deemed it a legend. The case studies of Nicomachus of Gerasa, Claudius Ptolemy, Boethius, and Marin Mersenne reveal not only how the story about Pythagoras’s discovery functions for each author, but also how the alterations in each version uncover an author’s views on music. / text

Les minéraux nominalement anhydres du manteau terrestre (NAMs) contiennent de l’eau en faible quantité, dissoute sous forme de défauts ponctuels, et qui affecte de manière drastique les propriétés physico-chimiques du manteau supérieur terrestre. Afin de mieux comprendre cet effet, il est nécessaire d’estimer la capacité de stockage de l’eau des phases mantelliques et les mécanismes de solubilité. De nombreuses données expérimentales sur la solubilité de l’eau dans les NAMs tels que l’olivine, le pyroxène et le grenat, sont disponibles dans la littérature. Toutefois, la majorité de ces études ont été réalisées en système simple, et à des températures ou des pressions trop basses pour être représentatives du manteau supérieur terrestre. L’objectif de cette étude était de contraindre les effets combinés de la pression, de la température et de la composition sur la solubilité de l’eau dans l’olivine et le pyroxène dans les conditions du manteau supérieur terrestre. Les expériences ont été réalisées en condition de saturation en eau dans le système MSH enrichi en fer et en fer et aluminium, à 2,5 ; 5 ; 7,5 et 9 GPa, entre 1175 et 1400°C, à l’aide d’une presse multi-enclumes. Les teneurs en eau ont été mesurées par spectroscopie infrarouge en mode polarisé, à partir d’échantillons finement double polis, sur des cristaux orientés de manière aléatoire. Al est incorporé dans l’olivine et le pyroxène selon la réaction de type Tschermak, et diminue avec la pression dans les deux phases. L’ajout d’Al3+ dans le système favorise l’incorporation de H+ dans l’olivine et surtout dans le pyroxène, mais cet effet disparaît à mesure que la pression et la température augmentent. Dans ces conditions, la solubilité de l’eau dans les deux phases est contrôlée par l’activité de l’eau dans le liquide qui se charge de plus en plus en silicates. Le mécanisme majeur de l’incorporation de l’eau dans l’olivine se fait via le remplacement de sites métalliques par 2H+, impliquant que la solubilité de l’eau dans l’olivine est directement proportionnelle à la fugacité de l’eau dans le liquide. Le partage de l’eau entre pyroxène et olivine est toujours inférieur à 1, sauf à basse pression et basse température, quand Al aide à l’incorporation de l’eau dans le pyroxène par rapport à l’olivine. Dans les conditions du manteau convectif profond, l’eau va préférentiellement dans l’olivine. L’effet de la température sur le partage de l’eau entre les deux phases est négligeable. Ces données ont permis de construire un modèle de stockage de l’eau dans l’olivine à toutes pressions et toutes températures, dans le système MFASH. En combinant ce modèle au partage de l’eau entre pyroxène et olivine calculé dans notre étude, et aux données disponibles dans la littérature sur la solubilité de l’eau dans le clinopyroxène et le grenat, nous avons pu modéliser la capacité de stockage de l’eau dans le manteau supérieur terrestre. Ce modèle prédit que la couche de faible vitesse sismique, détectée à 350 km de profondeur par les observations sismiques, peut être expliquée par la fusion partielle de matériel hydraté provenant de la zone de transition et contenant initialement 750 ppm pds H2O. / Trace amounts of hydrogen dissolved as defects in nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) in the mantle are believed to play a key role in physical and chemical processes in the Earth’s upper mantle. Hence the estimation of water storage in mantle phases and solubility mechanisms are important in order to better understand the effect of water. Experimental data on water solubility in NAMs are available for upper mantle minerals such as olivine, pyroxenes and garnet. However, the majority of studies are based on single phases, and at temperatures or pressures that are too low for the Earth’s upper mantle. The aim of this study was to constrain the combined effects of pressure, temperature and composition on water solubility in olivine and pyroxene under upper mantle conditions. The solubility of water in coexisting pyroxene and olivine was investigated by simultaneously synthesising the two phases at high pressure and high temperature in a multi-anvil press. Experiments were performed under water-saturated conditions in the MSH systems with Fe and Al at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 9 GPa and temperatures between 1175 and 1400°C. Integrated OH absorbances were determined using polarized infrared spectroscopy on doubly-polished thin sections of randomly-oriented crystals. Al is incorporated in pyroxene and olivine via the Tschermak substitution and decreases rapidly as pressure increases in both phases. Addition of Al3+ into the system enhances water solubility notably in pyroxene and also in olivine. However, this effect tends to vanish as pressure and temperature increase. Under these conditions, water solubility in both phases is controlled by water activity in the fluid due to dissolution of silicate component. The main mechanism responsible for water incorporation in olivine is 2H+ substituting for metal sites, which indicates that water solubility in olivine is directly proportional to water fugacity. Water partitioning between pyroxene and olivine is always lower than unity except at low pressure and temperature, in which case Al favours water incorporation into pyroxene rather than into olivine. In the conditions of the deep convective mantle, water preferentially goes into olivine. The effect of temperature on water partitioning between the two phases is negligible. The newly collected data allowed the construction of a water storage capacity model in olivine at all pressures and temperatures in the MFASH system. Combining this model with the newly measured partitioning of water between olivine and pyroxene, as well as previous data on solubility in clinopyroxene and garnet, we are able to build a model of the water saturation curve in the upper mantle. This model predicts that the low velocity layer reported by seismic observations at a depth of 350 km depth can be explained by partial melting triggered by the rise of a hydrated mantle-transition-zone material containing 750 wt ppm H2O.

<p>The high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) behavior of Ti_1-xAl_xN coatings on cutting tool inserts have been of interest for this diploma work. A literature study of HPHT techniques as well as measurement methods has been done. A diamond anvil cell (DAC) would be a good device to achieve high pressure and high temperature conditions on small samples. Another way to obtain these conditions would be a cutting test, which has been performed on a Ti_1-xAl_xN coated cutting tool insert with x = 0.67. Also a cubic press could be used to apply HPHT on a     Ti_1-xAl_xN sample or a large volume press on a whole cutting tool insert. To measure hardness on thin coatings a nanoindentor could be used, which have been done on heat-treated Ti_0.33Al_0.67N and TiN samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a suitable method to measure phase composition of a sample and was performed on the cutting tested insert as well as on an untreated reference insert. Three ways to continue this project have been outlined all starting with more comprehensive cutting tests.</p>

The high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) behavior of Ti1-xAlxN coatings on cutting tool inserts have been of interest for this diploma work. A literature study of HPHT techniques as well as measurement methods has been done. A diamond anvil cell (DAC) would be a good device to achieve high pressure and high temperature conditions on small samples. Another way to obtain these conditions would be a cutting test, which has been performed on a Ti1-xAlxN coated cutting tool insert with x = 0.67. Also a cubic press could be used to apply HPHT on a     Ti1-xAlxN sample or a large volume press on a whole cutting tool insert. To measure hardness on thin coatings a nanoindentor could be used, which have been done on heat-treated Ti0.33Al0.67N and TiN samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a suitable method to measure phase composition of a sample and was performed on the cutting tested insert as well as on an untreated reference insert. Three ways to continue this project have been outlined all starting with more comprehensive cutting tests.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung und Anwendung der Kernmagnetresonanz (NMR) unter extremen Drücken bis 101 kbar. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Empfindlichkeit von NMR Experimenten unter hohen Drücken in Diamantstempel- und ähnlichen Hochdruckzellen im Vergleich zu früheren experimentellen Versuchsanordnungen durch Verwendung von Mikrospulen um mehrere Größenordnungen verbessert werden kann. Die neue Versuchsanordnung wird dann zum einen bei der Untersuchung der Druckabhängigkeit elektronischer Eigenschaften von metallischem Aluminium bis 101 kbar verwendet. Zum anderen wird damit der Pseudogap des Hochtemperatursupraleiters YBa2Cu4O8 bei Drücken bis zu 63 kbar untersucht.

No description available.

This document will present the work done on BN under high pressure conditions, both at room temperatures and at high temperatures under laser heating conditions. These experiments are performed to identify possible phase transitions within the BN system and characterize the materials present under the given conditions using a mixture of X-ray diffraction and Raman and infrared spectroscopies are employed. A review of the background and motivations for studies of BN under extreme conditions, as well as the techniques employed, is given as an introduction. A phase transition from hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to wurtzite boron nitride (wBN) is observed beginning at 9 GPa and room temperature, with coexistence of the two phases until 14 GPa for hydrostatic conditions and to above 20 GPa for non-hydrostatic conditions. This transition is partially reversible below 2 GPa. The formed wBN has a high concentration of defects. For recovered samples, defects couple with the 532.18 nm excitation laser producing a heating effect, observed as a Raman downshift with increasing laser power. The bulk modulus B0 and pressure derivative of the bulk modulus B0′ of hBN are estimated to be 30.6 ± 0.5 GPa and 8.7 ± 0.7, respectively. The bulk modulus of wBN is estimated to be 392 ± 5 GPa, leading to a Vickers hardness of 68 ± 1 GPa. Extra diffraction lines are observed for hBN samples loaded with N2, indicating a potential new structure arising from a reaction of N2 with hBN, but Raman spectroscopy fails to corroborate this finding. The crystallinity of the hBN samples and the choice of pressure transmitting medium are shown to have little to no effect on the estimated physical properties of hBN. Laser heating is performed on hBN with various sample assemblies. The effectiveness of different assemblies is discussed. NaCl is used as a pressure and temperature gauge local to the X-ray probe to contrast the stationary ruby pressure gauge and the non-local black body temperature measurement. A large contrast between the two temperature measurements yields doubt that the intended temperatures of around 2000 K are produced in the sample. Observation of the proposed high-pressure high-temperature transition to body-centered tetragonal BN or intercalated BN cannot be confirmed, likely due to insufficient heating. The prospects for studying Li-BN intercalation compounds under extreme conditions is discussed. An initial experiment on the system studied with X-ray diffraction is unable to confirm heating of the material nor the presence of intercalation compounds.