Orientadores: Antônio de Azevedo Barros Filho, Rubens Nelson Amaral de Assis Reimão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T20:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Turco_GiovinaFosco_M.pdf: 1554000 bytes, checksum: 7e248d27f4195b837e42fd75a9e2e214 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Introdução: O modo de vida imperativo na sociedade moderna, caracterizado particularmente pelo consumismo, impõe padrões de comportamento danosos, hábitos e crenças que, uma vez consagrados, depreciam a qualidade de vida, o bem estar e a saúde. Os distúrbios do sono (DS) assim como a alta prevalência da obesidade nos adolescentes estão associados diretamente nos problemas de saúde, sociais e psicossociais desta população. Objetivo: (1) Revisão bibliográfica dos artigos a cerca dos principais aspectos relacionados aos distúrbios do sono, à obesidade e à qualidade de vida na infância e adolescência. (2) Avaliar a qualidade de vida e a qualidade do sono em adolescentes obesos e eutróficos entre 10 e 14 anos. Método: Foi realizado estudo transversal, entre agosto/2009 e agosto/2010 com adolescentes acompanhados no Ambulatório de Obesidade na Infância e na Adolescência do H/C UNICAMP, Campinas/São Paulo. O grupo-controle foi constituído por estudantes de uma escola pública da cidade de Americana/ São Paulo, classificados como eutróficos. Foram utilizadas Ficha de Identificação dos Sujeitos e classificação socioeconômica, bem como Questionário sobre o Comportamento do Sono (SBQ), Questionário genérico sobre Qualidade de vida pediátrica (PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales), ambos nas versões específicas para adolescentes. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado Teste Não-Paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e adotada a significância de 5%. Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS for Windows versão 16.0. Resultados: Os estudos encontrados se relacionam à descrição do sono, obesidade e às interferências que causam no indivíduo, impactando a QV. Os adolescentes obesos apresentaram qualidade de vida inferior em três dos quatro domínios avaliados: físico (p<0, 001), emocional (p=0,03) e social (p=0, 002), não havendo diferenças em questões escolares (p=0,40). Na média geral dos itens avaliados, a qualidade de vida dos adolescentes obesos mostrou-se inferior aos eutróficos, sendo as pontuações 68,8(±15,2) e 78,4(±14,5) respectivamente (p<0, 001). No total geral da média psicossocial, também houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0, 009), os obesos obtiveram pontuação média de 68,5 (±16,0) enquanto os eutróficos 76,2 (±16,7). O grupo obeso apresentou maior número de problemas do sono e, conseqüentemente, pior qualidade do sono (p=0,03). Conclusão. Os DS devem ser diagnosticados e tratados precocemente, a fim de minimizar os impactos sobre o crescimento e o desenvolvimento desta população. Adolescentes obesos apresentaram prejuízo na qualidade de vida e mais problemas de sono quando comparados aos eutróficos / Abstract: Introduction: The imperative lifestyle in modern society characterized by consumerism imposes harmful behavioral patterns, habits and beliefs that once settle, affect the quality of life, well-being and health. The sleep distorders (DS) and the high prevalence of obesity in adolescents are directly associated with health, social, and psychosocial problems. Objective: (1) Review articles in the literature about the main aspects of sleep disorders, obesity, and the quality of life in childhood and adolescence. (2) Assess the quality of life and sleep, in obese and eutrophic adolescents ages 10 to 14. Method: A transversal study conducted between August /2009-2010 with adolescents attending the Childhood and Adolescence Obesity ambulatory at the H/C, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo. The control group was composed of students from the city of Americana/São Paulo, classified as eutrophic. An identification card, socioeconomic classification, a questionnaire about sleep behaviors (SBQ), and a questionnaire about pediatric quality of life (PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales) specific for teenagers were used. The statistical analysis used the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and adopted the significance of 5%. The data were analyzed in the program SPSS for Windows, version 16.0. Results: The identified studies described aspects of sleeping habits and sleep disorders, obesity, and their interference affecting the individuals' QL. The identified studies described aspects of sleeping habits and sleep disorders, obesity, and their interference affecting the individuals'QL. The obese adolescents presented lower quality of life in three of the four areas assessed: physical (p < 0.001), emotional (p = 0.03), and social (p = 0.002), with no differences related to school performance (p = 0.40). The general averages of the evaluated aspects showed that the quality of life of the obese was inferior compared to the eutrophic, with scores of 68.8 (± 15.2) and 78.4 (± 14.5), respectively (p < 0.001). In the total psychosocial averages, a significant difference between groups was also observed (p = 0.009), with average scores of 68.5 (± 16.0) for the obese and 76.2 (± 16.7) for the eutrophic group. The obese group presented greater number of sleep problems and consequently worse sleep quality (p = 0.03). Conclusion. The SD should be diagnosed and treated early, in order to minimize the impact on the growth and development of this population. Obese adolescents presented lower quality of life and more sleeping problems when compared to the eutrophic ones / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia. There is a need for new pharmacological treatment strategies since the current antiarrhythmic drugs have a modest efficacy and may have severe side effects. Cardioversion (CV) of AF offers an opportunity to study related conditions in sinus rhythm (SR) and during AF. Since catheter ablation of AF is a symptomatic treatment, it is important to have tools for measurement of arrhythmia-related symptoms. Aims: To evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on maintaining SR after CV of persistent AF. To assess if highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) predicts the recurrence of AF after CV in a population randomized to treatment with either atorvastatin or placebo. To quantify the symptomatic effect of left atrial catheter ablation of AF. To assess if the restoration of SR by CV, in a population with persistent AF, affects sleep apnea. Methods: Paper I: A total of 234 patients were randomized to treatment with either high dose atorvastatin or placebo prior to CV. Paper II: In a pre-specified substudy which included 128 of the patients in study I, hsCRP was analyzed before and after CV. Paper III: Umea 22 Arrhythmia Questions (U22) is a questionnaire that quantifies paroxysmal tachycardia symptoms. A total of 105 patients underwent first-time pulmonary vein isolation and answered U22 forms at baseline and follow-up 304 (SD 121) days after ablation. Paper IV: Polysomnography was performed before and after CV in 23 patients with persistent AF scheduled for elective CV. Results: Paper I: An intention-to-treat analysis with the available data, by randomization group, showed that 57 (51%) in the atorvastatin group and 47 (42%) in the placebo group were in SR 30 days after CV (OR 1.44, 95%CI 0.85–2.44, P=0.18). Paper II: HsCRP did not significantly predict recurrence of AF at 30 days. However, after adjusting for treatment with atorvastatin, hsCRP predicted the recurrence of AF (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01–1.27). Six months after CV, hsCRP at randomization predicted recurrence of AF in both univariate analysis (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.06–1.60) and in multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.06– 1.67). Paper III: The U22 scores for well-being, arrhythmia as cause for impaired well-being, derived timeaspect score for arrhythmia, and discomfort during attack detected relevant improvements of symptoms after the ablation. U22 showed larger improvement in patients undergoing only one procedure than in patients who later underwent repeated interventions. Paper IV: Obstructive sleep apnea occurred in 17/23 patients (74%), and central sleep apnea in 6/23 patients (26%). Five patients had both obstructive and central sleep apnea. SR at follow-up was achieved in 16 patients. The obstructive apnea-hypopnea index, central apneahypopnea index, and the number of patients with obstructive or central sleep apnea did not differ before and after restoration of SR. Conclusions: Atorvastatin is not a treatment option with regards to maintaining SR after CV in patients with persistent AF. HsCRP was associated with AF recurrence 1 and 6 months after successful CV of persistent AF. U22 quantifies the symptomatic improvement after AF ablation with adequate internal consistency and construct validity. Both obstructive and central sleep apneas are highly prevalent in patients with persistent AF. Obstructive sleep apneas are unaffected by the CV of AF to SR.

The focus of this research was the reappraisal in physiological and psychophysical terms of current equivocal theories regarding the onset, course and termination of apneic bradycardia. Sixteen healthy male subjects participated in four separate testing sessions . Maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max) was measured on land and underwater using an identical direct, continuous progressive cycle ergometer test. On each of two other occasions subjects exercised in either environment at 50, 70 and 90% of the appropriate VO₂ max, during which time heart rate was continuously recorded. An initial apneic bout at each exercise intensity was followed by performance of the same workload without apnea for an equivalent period of time. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also monitored. While apneic bradycardia occurred at each exercise intensity studied underwater, it was apparent only at 50% VO₂ max on land. With the exception of between 50 and 90% VO₂ max on land, the mean apneic heart rates did not differ with varying exercise intensity (p<0.05); nor did the lowest heart rate recorded, although this was lower underwater than on land. Apart from 70% VO₂ max on land, apneic heart rates were lower than the equivalent values measured during exercise without apnea. Land and underwater heart rates during apneic and non-apneic conditions did not differ until 90% VO₂ max. The effects of increasing exercise intensity upon the onset of bradycardia were evident in that it occurred earlier at 50% VO₂ max underwater than at the heavier workloads, and only at 50% VO₂ max on land. The mean breath-hold duration did not differ between the land and underwater environments, nor was it affected by increasing exercise intensity. The order in which breath-holds was performed did not alter the length of apnea. Land and underwater RPE did not differ and increased with increasing exercise intensity in both environments. During apneic exercise RPE was greater than the equivalent exercise without apnea. Twelve of the original 16 subjects were divided equally into two groups on the basis of vital capacity expressed relative to body surface area. Vital capacity was measured during the first laboratory session. Neither the mean heart rate response to apneic exercise at 50% V0₂ max in both environments, nor the lowest heart rates recorded differed between groups, prompting the conclusion that lung volume did not affect apneic bradycardia. Despite a longer breath-hold duration for Group A (large relative lung volume) than Group B (small relative lung volume), the onset point of bradycardia was the same for either group when expressed relative to total breath-hold duration

Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con Síndrome isquémico coronario agudo (SICA) de dos hospitales del Perú. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Participaron 100 pacientes hospitalizados con SICA, en quienes se exploraron factores de riesgo cardiovascular. También se utilizó la escala ronquido somnolencia y escala de somnolencia de Epworth (versión peruana) para evaluar síntomas relacionados a apnea de sueño. Resultados: la frecuencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más prevalentes entre los participantes fueron: obesidad según índice cintura cadera 98,86% (87/88), edad mayor a 55 años en varones y 65 años en mujeres, 78% (78/100), hipertensión arterial 71% (71/100), Dislipidemia 55,67% (54/97), sedentarismo 50,51% (49/97). La frecuencia de roncadores crónicos fue de 85,56% (83/97). Conclusiones: el factor de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuente fue la obesidad según Índice cintura-cadera y el menos frecuente fue el tener antecedente familiar de SICA. La frecuencia de ronquido en estos pacientes fue elevada. / Tesis

The spleen has been shown to contract in apneic situations in humans as well as in other diving mammals, expelling its stored red blood cell content into circulation. This natural blood boosting may increase the circulating hemoglobin concentration (Hb) by up to 10%, which would enhance the oxygen carrying capacity and likely increase performance. However, the triggers of this response in humans have not been fully clarified. Study I was therefore focused on the effect of hypoxia as a trigger of spleen contraction. It was found that 20 min of normobaric hypoxic breathing evoked a substantial reduction in spleen volume showing that hypoxia is an important trigger for spleen contraction. Knowing the role of hypoxia, Study II compared two different hypoxic situations – a 2 min apnea and 20 min normobaric hypoxic breathing – which resulted in the same level of arterial hemoglobin desaturation. Apnea evoked a twice as great spleen volume reduction, implying that variables other than hypoxia were likely involved in triggering spleen contraction. This may be hypercapnia which is present during apnea but not during normobaric hypoxic breathing. Study III therefore investigated the effects of breathing gas mixtures containing different proportions of CO2 prior to maximal apneas. Pre-breathing mixtures with higher percentages of CO2 resulted in greater spleen contraction, thus demonstrating hypercapnia's likely role as a trigger in addition to hypoxia. Study IV explored whether an all-or-nothing threshold stimulus for triggering spleen contraction existed, or if contraction was graded in relation to the magnitude of triggering stimuli. Exercise was therefore performed in an already hypoxic state during normobaria. Rest in hypoxia produced a moderate spleen volume reduction, with an enhanced spleen contraction resulting after hypoxic exercise, with a concomitant increase in Hb. This implies that spleen contraction is a graded response related to the magnitude of the stimuli. This could be beneficial in environments with varying oxygen content or work loads. Study V examined the possibility that spleen contraction is part of the acclimatization to altitude, during an expedition to summit Mt Everest. The long-term high altitude exposure, combined with physical work on the mountain, had no effects on resting spleen volume but resulted in a stronger spleen contraction, when provoked by apnea or exercise. This indicates that acclimatization to altitude may enhance the contractile capacity of the spleen, which may be beneficial for the climber. From these studies I concluded that hypoxia is an important trigger for spleen contraction but that hypercapnia also contributes in apneic situations. The spleen contraction likely provides a graded expulsion of erythrocytes in response to these stimuli, causing a temporary increase in gas storage capacity that may facilitate activities such as freediving and climbing. The storage of erythrocytes during rest serves to reduce blood viscosity, which would also be beneficial for the climber or diver. The human spleen contraction appears to become stronger with acclimatization, with beneficial effects at altitude. Such an upgraded response could be beneficial both in sports and diseases involving hypoxia.

Bakgrund: Obstruktiv sömnapné en är sjukdom som innebär att man under nattsömnen drabbas av perioder då andningen upphör helt. För den drabbade kan detta leda till konsekvenser för den somatiska hälsan såväl som den psykiska. Tidigare forskning har även kunnat påvisa påverkan på patienternas livskvalité. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka vilken inverkan obstruktivt sömnapnésyndrom har på hälsorelaterad livskvalitémen också psykisk hälsa hos patienter i Sverige samt om det finns skillnader mellan olika undergrupper Metod: Studien var en deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie men kvantitativ ansats. I studien deltog 19 patienter med obstruktiv sömnapné och data samlades in via en enkät där det förutom ålder, kön, längd, vikt och dagsömnighet (Epworth sleepiness scale; ESS) också samlades in data om hälsorelaterad livskvalité (SF-12) och psykisk hälsa (HADS). Inklusionskriterier var patienter med obehandlad sömnapné som kom till Sömn- och andningcentrum på Akademiska sjukhuset för att prova ut en CPAP. Materialet analyserades med deskriptiv statistik genom bearbetning i datorprogrammet SPSS och jämförelser mellan grupper gjordes med hjälp av Mann Whitney U-test. Huvudresultat: I resultatet framkom att majoriteten av deltagarna i studien hade en sämre fysisk och psykisk hälsorelaterad livskvalité och att majoriteten upplevde att de hade ångestsymtom. Kvinnor med obstruktiv sömnapné visade mer depression- och ångestsymtom och patienter med sömnapné med samtidig fetma hade sämre fysisk hälsorelaterad livskvalité. Slutsats: Obstruktiv sömnapné är kopplat till både sämre hälsorelaterade livskvalité och psykiska symtom. Vidare forskning och ytterligare arbete med patientgruppen krävs för att förbättra vården för patienter med obstruktiv sömnapné. / Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea is an illness which means that during nighttime-sleep, the patient experiences episodes in which she cease to breath. To the affected this can result in implications for both the somatic and the mental health. Earlier research also points towards the patient’s quality of life. The aim of this study was to examine how obstructive sleep apnea affect quality of life among patients in Sweden and if these patients experience effect on their mental health and if it’s differences between subgroups. Method: A quantitative cross sectional study was made. 19 patients with obstructive sleep apnea was participating and data was collected via forms that, beside age, sex, height, weight and day-sleepiness (Epworth sleepiness scale; ESS), also was based on the health related quality of life (SF-12) and mental health (HADS). Inclusion criteria was patients with nontreated sleep apnea that attended The Center for Sleep and Breathing at Akademiska sjukhuset to try out a CPAP. Collected data was analyzed with descriptive statistics by processing it in the computer program SPSS and comparisons between groups was made with Mann Whitney U-tests. Result: In the result it became apparent that the majority of the participants of the study had an inferior physical and mental health related quality of life and that the majority experienced anxiety. Women with obstructive sleep apnea showed more depression- and anxiety symptoms and patients with obesity had an inferior physical health related quality of life. Conclusion: Obstructive sleep apnea is tied to both health related quality of life and mental health. Further research and additional work with this patient group is needed to enhance the care of patients with obstructive sleep apnea.Keywords: Obstructive sleep apnea, quality of life, mental hea

A apnéia central do sono (ACS) está associada à insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Objetivos: analisar o comportamento do sono em pacientes com IC e ACS com IAH>15 por hora e a influência dos betabloqueadores sobre o sono. Métodos: os pacientes realizaram duas polissonografias, com nitroglicerina e placebo, ambos transdérmicos. Resultados: em média, houve aumento da saturação de oxigênio e redução dos despertares e da frequência cardíaca, quando os pacientes fizeram uso de nitroglicerina. A prevalência de ACS no grupo betabloqueador foi menor do que relata a literatura. Conclusão: a nitroglicerina teve impacto positivo sobre variáveis polissonográficas. O betabloqueador reduziu a prevalência de apnéia. / The central sleep apnea (CSA) is associated to heart failure (HF). Objectives: Analyze sleeping behavior in patients with HF and CSA with AHI > 15 per hour, and the influence of beta-blocker on the sleep. Methods: patients were submitted to two sleep studies, with transdermic nitroglycerine and placebo. Results: On the average, we observed improvement in oxygen saturation and reduction in awakening episodes and in heart rate when patients slept with nitroglycerin compared to placebo. The prevalence of CSA in patients taking beta-blocker was inferior to that described in medical literature. Conclusion: Nitroglycerin had positive impact on sleep variables. Beta-blocker reduced CSA prevalence.

Les troubles respiratoires du sommeil, notamment le syndrome d’apnée du sommeil, représentent un problème de santé publique. Ils contribuent aux symptômes diurnes comme la somnolence sévère et sont associés à des maladies chroniques.Depuis quelques années, une variété d’appareils de traitement ventilatoire a été développée pour traiter les troubles respiratoires du sommeil, principalement les maladies liées à l’obstruction de la voie aérienne supérieure (apnée obstructive) ou à la commande centrale (apnée centrale). Ces appareils fonctionnent suivant des principes différents, en raison de leurs propres algorithmes, qui sont souvent mal connus et protégés par les fabricants. Les évaluations des appareils de ventilation sont effectuées pendant les traitements cliniques chez des patients. Il est donc difficile de comparer ces différents appareils dans les mêmes conditions à cause des variabilités inter- et intra-patient. Un banc d’essai pourrait permettre de tester les réponses des appareils dans les conditions standardisées et reproductibles.Cette thèse a consisté à construire un banc d’essai qui permet de reproduire les signaux de patients et de respecter de la physiologie humaine. La réaction du banc d’essai prend aussi en compte la réaction de l’appareil à tester sur le système, i.e., ce modèle fonctionne en « boucle fermée ». Avec le banc d’essai construit, les différentes machines de pression positive continue (PPC) autopilotée disponibles sur le marché ont été évaluées pour leurs algorithmes ainsi pour leurs modes confort. De plus, trois machines de ventilation auto-asservie (ASV) ont été soumises aux différents événements respiratoires du sommeil créés par un autre modèle d’un principe similaire. Nous avons montré que les machines de PPC autopilotée ne sont pas équivalentes pour l’efficacité du traitement et la précision des données du rapport. Les modes confort pourraient éventuellement dégrader l’efficacité du traitement de PPC si la pression thérapeutique n’est pas ajustée lors de leur introduction au traitement. Pour les machines ASV, leurs réponses ne sont pas suffisantes pour normaliser la respiration et les réglages des machines peuvent influencer l’efficacité du traitement. Les résultats pourraient compléter les données cliniques et fournir une option complémentaire pour le processus futur de certification de ces dispositifs médicaux. / Sleep disordered breathing including sleep apnea is a major public health problem. It contributes to daytime sleepiness and is associated with chronic diseases. In recent years, a variety of ventilation devices have been developed with the objective of treating sleep disorders related to the upper airway obstruction (obstructive apnea) or the central command (central apnea). These devices operate with different algorithms, which are little known and protected by the device manufacturers. Since most devices are evaluated during patient treatment, it is difficult to compare them in the same conditions due to inter- and intra-patient variability. Bench test has been proposed to evaluate the device responses in standardized and reproducible conditions. This thesis was aimed to develop a respiratory bench model able to reproduce patients’ signals and also in concordance with human physiology. The bench model can take into account the pressure responses of tested devices and works in a “closed loop” setting.With this bench model, several commercially available auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure devices were evaluated for their auto-titration algorithms as well as their pressure-relief modes. Also, three adaptive servo-ventilation devices were evaluated by subjecting various sleep disordered breathing events that were generated by another bench model of a similar principle. We demonstrated that eleven auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure devices were not equivalent in terms of their treatment efficacy and the data accuracy in the device report. The pressure-relief modes may attenuate the efficacy if not adjusted at the time of their introduction. The responses of adaptive servo-ventilation devices were not sufficient to normalize the breathing flow and their efficacy depended on the initial settings.The current certification process of these ventilatory devices, which focus mainly on clinical aspects, may be completed by the results of our bench.

L’hypertension artérielle est un problème de santé publique majeur, au centre de nombreuses pathologies. En étudiant la prévalence de l’hypertension, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux points en particulier que nous abordons dans ce manuscrit de thèse. Le premier est l’existence d’une relation bidirectionnelle entre l’hypertension et le syndrome de l’apnée du sommeil (SAS), maladie encore sous-diagnostiquée de nos jours. Le second concerne le fait que les hommes sont plus touchés par ces deux pathologies que les femmes, mais que cette tendance s’inverse au moment de la ménopause, suggérant un rôle protecteur des hormones ovariennes. Les mécanismes sous-jacents de la mise en place de l’hypertension ont été étudiés dans différentes maladies associées (athérosclérose, obésité, diabète), mais ils restent encore méconnus dans le SAS chez la femme ménopausée. Le travail de cette thèse vise à comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de l’hypertension artérielle chez les femmes ménopausées atteintes du SAS. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé un modèle animal d’hypoxie intermittente (HI; 21%-10% O2 ; 10cycles/h ; 8h/jour). Ce modèle simule le profil physiopathologique observé chez les patients apnéiques, en particulier avec le développement de l’hypertension artérielle. La particularité de nos travaux de recherche est l’utilisation de rats femelles ovariectomisées (OVX), permettant ainsi de mimer la ménopause, contrairement à de nombreux modèles d’HI qui utilisent le rat mâle. Par ailleurs, nous avons également regardé le rôle de l’estradiol (E2) dans le développement de l’hypertension et sur les mécanismes sous-jacents induits par l’HI. Nos principales conclusions sont que l’HI engendre une élévation de la pression artérielle et de la concentration en endothéline-1 (un vasoconstricteur), mais que ceci est réversible avec le traitement à l'E2. Au niveau de l'aorte, l'OVX engendre une augmentation du stress oxydatif, mais, de nouveau, la supplémentation en E2 renverse cet effet. Les mécanismes de réponse à l'E2 sont différents selon le protocole suivi par l’animal ; après l’HI, l’E2 réduit l'activité des enzymes pro-oxydantes alors qu’en condition de normoxie (21% O2), l’E2 augmente l'activité des enzymes anti-oxydantes. Au niveau des poumons, l’HI augmente le stress oxydatif mais l’OVX a un effet chez les animaux en normoxie uniquement. Les effets de l'E2 sur le stress oxydatif sont tissu-dépendants. Le traitement à l'E2 permet de pallier les dysfonctions vasculaires / Arterial hypertension is a major public health problem, which is at the heart of many diseases. In studying the prevalence of hypertension, we focused in two specific points that we address in this thesis manuscript. The first one is the existence of bidirectional relationship between hypertension and sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), a disease that is still underdiagnosed today. The second is that men are more affected by these two conditions than women, but this trend reverses at the time of menopause, suggesting a protective role of ovarian hormones. The underlying mechanisms of the establishment of hypertension have been studied in various associated diseases (atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes), but they are still unknown in SAS in menopausal women. This work aims to understand the mechanisms underlying high blood pressure in postmenopausal women with SAS. For this, we used an animal model of intermittent hypoxia (IH, 21% -10% O2, 10cycles/h, 8h/day). This model presents the same pathophysiological profile observed in apneic patients, in particular with the development of arterial hypertension. The unusual feature of our study is the use of ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, thus allowing to mimic the menopause, contrary to many models of IH which use the male rats. In addition, we also looked at the role of estradiol (E2) in the development of hypertension and on the underlying mechanisms induced by IH. Our main conclusions are that although IH causes elevation of blood pressure and endothelin-1 concentration (a vasoconstrictor), it is reversible with E2 treatment. In aorta, OVX generates an increase of oxidative stress, but, again, the supplementation in E2 reverses this effect. The mechanisms of response to E2 are different according to the protocol followed by the animal; after IH, E2 reduces the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes whereas in normoxia condition (21% O2), E2 increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In the lungs, IH increases oxidative stress, but OVX has an effect only in female rats exposed to normoxia. The effects of E2 on oxidative stress are tissue-dependent. E2 treatment overcomes IH-induced vascular dysfunction and may be clinically relevant in the treatment of SAS in postmenopausal women

Title: The influence of spinning on a time extension in the static apnea during free diving Objectives: The objective of this work was to find out whether even a short and intensive training can have an affect on the increase of a vital lung capacity, on a time extension in the static apnea, and on a performance improvement during free diving. Methods: The search of available literature and its recherche. Measurement methods determination: digital stopwatch for the apnea, spirometer for the vital lung capacity, and a Sport-tester and a Borg scale for the spinning program. Data collection. Results: The statistical analysis of the values of a vital lung capacity and a static apnea before and after sports training Keywords: diving, vital lung capacity, spinning, apnea, free diving