This dissertation explores how argumentation theory can supplement models of responsible persuasion in rhetoric and writing studies. In particular, it demonstrates how reasoning as envisioned in the pragma-dialectical approach of argumentation can provide an alternative to exclusionary, unethical operations of reason. Despite longstanding work with models of argument from Aristotle to Stephen Toulmin, rhetoric and writing has paid little attention to the potential uses of dialectical argumentation theory. Such theory deserves greater consideration given its ability to meet the ethical demands voiced by rhetorical critiques of traditional ways of arguing. Critiques of reason demonstrate how the abstractions necessary for logical certainty exist in tension with the inherent ambiguity of human arguments. In attempting to strip away that ambiguity, some discussants unfairly exclude relevant details from others and may exclude entire populations who should be included in a fair deliberation. Goals of understanding and inclusion unite the variety of calls for new ways of arguing made in rhetoric and writing under titles of Rogerian, non-agonistic, listening, and invitational rhetorics. Nevertheless, as Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca describe, even as our arguments involve irresolvable ambiguities, they must also function as stable and coherent viewpoints such that our interlocutors can hold us accountable to agreement or disagreement. In this way, we responsibly argue questions of ethics, politics and law. Though no final resolution of ambiguity is possible in such questions, we can reason together for a better understanding of each other's positions and craft pragmatic policies to deal with our disagreements. In order to explore the disciplinary questions about the relationship between rhetoric and argumentation, the dissertation examines a series of case studies drawn from judicial disputes over church-state separation in the United States. In examining problematic rhetoric of these disputes, the dissertation builds an understanding of responsible reason informed by dialectical argumentation and demonstrates its utility for both critical and pedagogical applications. / text

One of the main goals of the national curriculum is to encourage children’s personal opinion and support them in development of argumentation ability and communication skills. All this is very important for the children as members of the future society. The purpose of this essay is to investigate how primary school teachers estimate the meaning of the pupil’s argumentation as well as which methods and approaches are assumed by the teachers to be most appropriate for children’s argumentation development. The study also considers the questions how the teachers motivate their pupil has to argue in the classroom and how the students by themselves understand the concept of argumentation. The last important part of this investigation is related to the students' own argumentation in different school situations. In order to approach the main aim, one should formulate the following questions: How do the pedagogues reflect on the importance of the student’s argumentation? What methods and procedures of those that the teachers themselves use, do they consider being most beneficial both to motivate students for argumentation and to develop their ability to argue? How the pupils argue in some conversation situations during the lecture, after school recreation centre, and in the pupils’ council and what kind of knowledge do they have of concept of argumentation? To get a deeper understanding of my study I used the qualitative method as a general approach for data collection. The qualitative method is supplemented with a quantitative approach in form of a questionnaire survey. The study is based on interviews with the teachers and students separately, on observations and the questionnaire survey. There are in total five interviews with teachers from three different schools, grade P-3. The collected material is analyzed using Sociocultural Theory, which includes Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development. Both theory and concept are based on the idea that development and learning occurs by means of social interaction and collaboration. The result of this investigation shows that the pedagogues use different approaches for teaching argumentation. Some teachers prefer the implicit way of teaching argumentation, the rest of them believe that the explicit way is more effective. All teachers find argumentation to be an important aspect in the development of the student’s language. Moreover, the ability to argue is associated with democratic rights written in the national curriculum.

There has been considerable research into the teaching and learning of argumentation (e.g. Andrews, 2009; Sadler, 2004), focusing on strategies designed to help students to structure their written arguments. My study, however, focuses on the process of argumentation because I want to help sixth form students, aged 16-19 years old, improve the written argument in their A level History essays. The methodological approach followed was an adapted form of Design-based research, which incorporated an exploratory study, teacher trials and three case studies as part of the iterative design process. A classroom intervention was devised underpinned by design principles based in persuasive argumentation (Kuhn, 2005) and dialogic talk (Wegerif, 2012), derived from an extensive literature review, and the findings of the exploratory study. The exploratory study involved interviews with History education academics and examiners as well as classroom observations and semi-structured interviews conducted in collaboration with the teachers and students of four secondary History departments. Observations were taken of the teacher trials of the prototype intervention, whereas the data gathered from the case studies included pre and post intervention essays, audio and video recordings of the developed intervention in action, post intervention student interviews and questionnaires as well. In Case study 1 and 2, AS and A2 students’ post-intervention causation essays, when measured for argumentation, showed improvement but those whose written arguments improved the most were those students who had engaged in interactions rich in dialogic talk (Wegerif, 2012). The findings from Case study 3, which involved the integration of documentary evidence into AS History essays, were unexpected. Students found the integration of source-based evidence difficult not only during the course of the spoken argumentation but also in their written responses. Further development of the intervention is necessary to help students handle source material effectively in both the spoken and written forms of argument.

Zugl.: Kiel, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans un projet de cerner des modes d’expression de la quantification dont le statut paraît plus marginal que d’autres. À côté d’une abondante littérature sur les déterminants quantifieurs, par exemple, l’étude des locutions adverbiales quantifiantes et intensifiantes n’est pas encore très élaborée. La présente étude se consacre en conséquent à une locution adverbiale à la marge de l’analyse de la quantification : jusqu’à un certain point. Elle s’appuie sur un corpus (écrit) d’occurrences tirées de différentes sources. La première partie présente trois études individuelles sur les lexies qui constituent la locution, la préposition jusque, le déterminant complexe un certain et le nom point. La deuxième partie présente une vue d’ensemble des emplois contemporains de jusqu’à un certain point, démontre le figement de la locution en synchronie et dresse le tableau de son évolution depuis son apparition dans Frantext en 1671. Six emplois actuels se dégagent : endophrastique, jusqu’à un certain point fonctionne comme un adverbe de complétude, de degré ou « limitatif ». Exophrastique, la locution fonctionne comme un adverbe modal, une enclosure (shield ou approximator). Il existe des occurrences hybrides entre quantification et modalisation. Enfin, la locution peut fonctionner comme un pivot argumentatif qui a des propriétés d’un modalisateur déréalisant. La troisième partie examine le statut d’adverbial de jusqu’à un certain point, son interaction avec différents types de prédicats, le rôle que joue sa position dans l’énoncé, sa conceptualisation sur un mode cognitiviste et son rôle d’opérateur discursif participant à l’agencement de l’argumentation. / This thesis stems from a project aimed at exploring marginal quantifying expressions. Whereas there is an abundant literature on quantifying determiners, for instance, the study of quantifying/intensifying adverbial phrases is not very advanced yet. This thesis thus focuses on a quantifying adverbial phrase on the margins of quantification research: jusqu’à un certain point (to a certain extend/up to a certain point). The analysis is based on a written corpus using different sources. Part one offers three studies of the adverbial phrase’s constituents, the preposition jusque, the determiner un certain and the noun point. Part two introduces an overview of the current uses of jusqu’à un certain point, shows the adverbial phrase’s synchronic fixation and describes its evolution since its first appearance in Frantext in 1671. Six contemporary uses can be distinguished: endophrastic jusqu’à un certain point functions as an adverb of completion, degree or “limit”. Exophrastic jusqu’à un certain point functions as a modal, a hedge (shield or approximator). There are hybrid cases activating quantitative and modal values in parallel. Finally, the adverbial phrase can function as an argumentative pivot with properties of a modalisateur déréalisant of Ducrot. Part three examines the adverbial status of jusqu’à un certain point, its interaction with different predicate types, the role played by its syntactical position, its conceptualization within a cognitive semantic perspective and its role as a discourse operator participating in the articulation of argumentation.

Faire écrire en classe du FLE est un travail très important et complexe. L’arrivée des approches communicatives a donné un nouveau sens à la communication,qui ne se limite pas uniquement à l’oral. En d’autres termes, écrire dans une langue étrangère signifie aussi écrire en situation. L'acte d'écrire suppose l'application des connaissances liées au code linguistique et des connaissances liées à la situation d'écriture.Après un survol historique de l’approche communicative, on établit la place de l’écrit dans cette approche. La comparaison des concepts de l’approche communicative avec celles de l’approche actionnelle se fait autour de la question d’écrit. Ensuite, certaines notions clés telles que la lecture, le texte et la littéracie se sont présentées. L’enjeu pédagogique de la rencontre texte/lecteur occupe dans cette recherche une place particulière. Après un aperçu général de la typologie des textes, la recherche, se focalise sur l’étude du type argumentatif,sur deux plans : d’abord au plan épistémologique de la notion d’argumentation et ensuite au plan organisationnel du texte argumentatif. L’étude des connecteurs correspond au plan organisationnel du texte.Une enquête auprès des professeurs des universités iraniennes révèle leurs différents points de vue sur la didactique de l’écrit comme les finalités, les moyens, les types d’écrits universitaires en Iran. Cette collecte d’information est suivie de la transposition didactique du discours argumentatif, illustrée par la réalisation d’une expérimentation de didactique des textes argumentatifs en Iran. / To write in class of FFL (French as a Foreign Language) is a very important issue. The arrival of communicative approaches has given a new meaning to the communication that is not limited only to the oral. In other words, writing in a foreign language also means writing in a context. The act of writing involves the application of the knowledge related to the linguistic code and the skills related to the context of writing. After a historical overview of the communicative approach, the place of writing is searched in this approach. Comparing the concepts of the communicative approach with those of action-oriented approach is around the question of writing. Then some key concepts such as reading, literacy and the text are presented. The pedagogical challenge of meeting of text / reader has a special place. After an overview of the types of texts, we try to develop the idea that concerns learning here, namely the study of argumentative type in two ways: firstly the epistemological concept of argumentation and then the organization of the argumentative text. A survey of Iranian professors will lead us to the pursuit of their different views on the subjects about writing like goals, resources and the types of writing in Iran.This survey lead finally to the concept of didactic transposition and then to the teaching of argumentative texts in Iran.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Esta pesquisa fundamenta-se em estudos da SemÃntica Argumentativa e da LingÃÃstica de Texto complementados por outros relativos aos gÃneros do discurso no Ãmbito teÃrico e pedagÃgico Com o foco na argumentaÃÃo e na organizaÃÃo textual objetiva analisar a apropriaÃÃo do gÃnero artigo de opiniÃo e de marcadores argumentativos por alunos do 3 ano do ensino mÃdio participantes e nÃo-participantes de uma seqÃÃncia didÃtica verificando especialmente a contribuiÃÃo dos marcadores e das relaÃÃes discursivas para a constituiÃÃo do sentido Nessa perspectiva trabalhamos com duas turmas do 3 ano do ensino mÃdio de uma escola pÃblica de Fortaleza adotando procedimentos de uma pesquisa semi-experimental com a finalidade de coletar um corpus composto por setenta e dois textos As turmas selecionadas funcionaram como grupo controle e experimental No primeiro a produÃÃo escrita ocorreu sob a Ãtica tradicional ou seja foi seguido o planejamento da escola e a nossa presenÃa ocorreu nos momentos de escrita inicialmente um texto dissertativo/argumentativo e por Ãltimo um artigo de opiniÃo No segundo para o texto inicial adotamos os mesmos procedimentos relativos ao grupo controle sendo o artigo de opiniÃo produzido apenas apÃs a intervenÃÃo a partir da adaptaÃÃo de uma seqÃÃncia didÃtica para o ensino/aprendizagem do gÃnero e dos marcadores argumentativos ApÃs as anÃlises quantitativa e qualitativa do corpus verificamos que os marcadores argumentativos e as relaÃÃes discursivas contribuÃram para a construÃÃo do sentido nas produÃÃes dos redatores do grupo experimental NÃo houve porÃm a apropriaÃÃo do gÃnero artigo de opiniÃo como prevÃamos mas apenas de elementos lingÃÃsticos composicionais e funcionais que podem levar à sua apropriaÃÃo / This research is based on studies of Argumentation Semantics and Textual Linguistics complemented by others studies interconnected to discourse genres under a theoretical and pedagogical perspective Focusing on argumentation and textual organizations this research aims at analyzing the act of ownership in the genre opinion article and the use of argumentation markers by students enrolled in the last year of a public high school in Brazil(3 ano do ensino mÃdio) participants or not of a given didactic sequence in order to verify the contribution of markers and discourse relations in the constitution of meaning Through this perspective two classes of the last year of high school were investigated and procedures of a semi-experiential research were adopted with the purpose of data collection with a corpus composed of 72 texts The two classes functioned as control and experiential group respectively The oral production occurred under a traditional perspective in the former group that is the school schedule was kept with our presence in the moments of production initially an argumentation text and secondly an opinion article In the second group as for the initial text we adopted the same procedures used in the control group with the opinion article being produced only after the intervention from the adaptation of a didactic sequence adapted to the teaching/learning of a genre and its argumentation markers After the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the collected corpus we found that the argumentation markers and discursive relations contributed to the formation of meaning in the production of the writers of the experimental group However there was not the ownership of an opinion article genre as expected but only of linguistic compositional and functional elements that may lead to their ownership

Au confluent de nombreux domaines, notre recherche a des préoccupations à la fois linguistiques, didactiques et professionnelles. Le postulat de base est que l’acte d’argumenter est omniprésent dans la communication professionnelle de type formel. Pourtant, peu de travaux se sont préoccupés de cette dimension technique de l’argumentation. Le premier objectif de la recherche est de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la place donnée et du rôle effectif de l’argumentation dans la communication professionnelle. Les données pratiques sont recueillies à travers une enquête, constituée d’entretiens et d’un questionnaire, auprès des intervenants aussi bien dans le monde professionnel que dans le champ du Français sur Objectifs Spécifiques (FOS). Cela amène à une réflexion didactique sur l’acquisition de cette compétence spécifique en FOS dans le contexte éducatif et sociolinguistique tunisien conférant au français un statut de langue seconde, en prenant comme exemple illustratif l’enseignement supérieur. Les implications didactiques de ce contexte justifient le second objectif de la recherche consistant en une réflexion prospective et innovante, espérons-le, sur les pratiques de formation à la communication professionnelle, spécifiquement argumentative. Cette réflexion cherche à opérer une conciliation entre les objectifs classiques des curricula du FOS et les objectifs pratiques de la communication professionnelle, au moyen de la confection d’un référentiel de compétences argumentatives en communication professionnelle à faire acquérir aux apprenants et d’un traitement didactique spécifique pour l’une des compétences sous forme de contenus de formation adéquats. / At the confluence of many fields, our research has at the same time linguistic, didactic and professional preoccupations. Its basic premise is that the argumentation act is omnipresent in formal professional communication. Yet, few works were interested in this technical dimension of argumentation. The first objective of the research is to contribute to a better knowledge of the place given to argumentation and its efficient role in professional communication. The practical data are collected through an investigation, consisting of interviews and a questionnaire, with the concerned parties in the professional world as well as in the field of French for Specific Purposes (FSP). This leads to a didactic study of the acquisition of this specific competence in FSP in the Tunisian educational and sociolinguistic context that confers to French a status of Second Language, taking higher education as an illustrative example. The didactic implications of this context justify the second objective of our research consisting of a prospective and innovative thinking about the training practices for the professional communication, specifically the argumentative one. This study tries to strike conciliation between the classic objectives of the FSP curriculum and the practical objectives of professional communication. This conciliation is achieved through the production of an argumentative competences framework in professional communication to be acquired by learners and through a specific didactic treatment for one of the competences, which consists in adequate training contents.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse a un double objectif : d’un côté, l’élaboration d’une séquence d’apprentissage-enseignement d’une question socioscientifique, dédiée à l’argumentation et intégrée à un curriculum traditionnel français ; et d’un autre côté, l’examen de l’argumentation et de la mobilisation de connaissances (par exemple, conceptuelles scientifiques et techniques) et de l’interrelation éventuelle entre elles, lors du choix, en classe, d’un système de chauffage pour une habitation dans le cadre de débats sur le(s) changement(s) climatique(s) par des lycéens en Première scientifique. La conception de l’environnement (ou l’écologie) d’enseignement-apprentissage contextualisé et des moyens pour soutenir cet environnement se base sur deux cadres de référence : l’ « Experimental Design-based Research », un cadre général de conduite de recherche en éducation des sciences et le « Modèle d’une Écologie d’une controverse socioscientifique » un modèle spécifique à l’éducation des controverses socioscientifiques et par les controverses socioscientifiques. L’analyse de l’argumentation et de la mobilisation de connaissances (soient conceptuelles scientifiques et techniques) est organisée tout autour de l’étude de la structure (soient mobilisation de réfutations et d’arguments élaborés (mobilisation de qualification(s) avec au moins cinq bases)) et du contenu (soient des domaines d’abstraction, les thèmes, les sources et la validité) de l’argument, le produit de l’argumentation. Les résultats indiquent la mobilisation par les élèves d’arguments de qualité (de réfutations et d’arguments élaborés).et de contenus et de domaines d’abstractions élevés, mais tous les deux restent rares. Les élèves mobilisent aussi des contenus conceptuels scientifiques et techniques tout au long de la séquence. Cependant, ces contenus qu’ils soient de thèmes scientifiques , techniques ou autres, peuvent être de domaines d’abstraction faible, moyen ou élevé, et provenant des documents distribués, du curriculum prescrit ou d’autres sources. Un lien est établi entre la mobilisation de réfutations (rencontrées seulement lors des discussions des élèves en groupe et lors du débat de toute la classe) et la mobilisation de contenus valides avec une explication partielle ou convenable. Toutefois, aucun lien n’est établi entre les arguments élaborés (intégrant de(s) qualification(s) avec au moins cinq bases) mobilisés lors de la présentation des groupes et lors du pré-test et du post-test, et les contenus qu’ils soient de thèmes scientifiques, techniques ou autres ; erronés comme valides ; de domaines d’abstraction faible, moyen ou élevé ; et issus des documents distribués, du curriculum prescrit ou d’autres sources. Une discussion des résultats obtenus est réalisée. En plus, une analyse rétrospective de nos résultats obtenus à la lumière de nos cadres de références et de nos buts de recherche nous mène, entre autres, à proposer des ajustements de la séquence d’enseignement-apprentissage élaborée et de la méthodologie adoptée. / The work presented in this thesis has two objectives: on the one hand, the development of a teaching-learning sequence of a socio-scientific issue, dedicated to argumentation and integrated to a traditional French Curriculum; and on the other, the examination of the argumentation and knowledge use (e.g. conceptual scientific knowledge and technical knowledge) and the possible link between them, when high school students in grade 11scientific curriculum (16-17 years old) choose, in the classroom, a heating system for a residence, in the context of debates on climate change. The design of a contextualized teaching-learning environment (or ecology) and means to support this environment is based on two frameworks: the « Experimental Design-based Research », a general framework for conducting research in Science education and the “Modèle d’une écologie d’une controverse socioscientifique » a specific model for the education of socio-scientific controversies. The analysis of argumentation and knowledge use (e.g. conceptual scientific knowledge and technical) is organized around the study of the structure (e.g. mobilization of rebuttals or elaborated arguments (qualifiers mobilization (s) with at least five bases)) and content (e.g. abstraction areas, themes, sources and validity) of the argument, the artifact constructed. The results indicate mobilization by students of quality arguments (rebuttals and elaborated arguments) and content of high abstraction areas, but both remain rare. Students also mobilize conceptual scientific contents and technical one throughout the sequence. However, these contents whether scientific topics, technical or mother, may be of low, medium or high abstraction areas; and drawn from handouts, prescribed curriculum or other sources. A link is established between the mobilization of rebuttals (only encountered during students ‘group discussions and during all class debate) and the mobilization of valid content with at least partial explanation. However, no link is established between the elaborated arguments mobilized during groups presentation and during the pre-test and post-test, and the content, whether scientific, technical or other; wrong or valid; with areas of low abstraction, medium or high; and drawn from handouts, prescribed curriculum or from other sources. A discussion of results is done. In addition, , a retrospective analysis of our results in light of our frames of reference, and of our research objectives, leads us among other things, to propose adjustments to the elaborated methodology and teaching-learning sequence.

Traditionnellement, en raison du caractère « abstrait » du contrôle de la loi, le Conseil constitutionnel n’est pas censé s’intéresser aux conséquences de sa décision pour le choix de la solution. En effet, selon la conception classique, le juge confronte la loi à la Constitution en suivant un syllogisme : le contrôle est ainsi « pur » de toute considération extra-juridique. Et pourtant… l’étude révèle que le « conséquentialisme » – entendu comme un jugement fondé sur les effets et non sur les fondements qui soutiennent la décision – est omniprésent dans la jurisprudence constitutionnelle. Les conseillers prennent en compte les conséquences politiques, économiques, sociales, institutionnelles de leurs décisions, notamment pour prévenir les conséquences néfastes d’une solution vis-à-vis des droits et libertés. L’ouverture des délibérations, en 2009, confirme que le « réflexe conséquentialiste » existedepuis les débuts de l’institution. Et l’entrée en vigueur de la QPC, en 2010, a renforcé et banalisé l’usage de l’analyse conséquentialiste, devenue plus précise, plus technique. En tournant son regard vers le futur, le juge constitutionnel participe à l’adaptation contemporaine du contrôle aux besoins du droit constitutionnel, qu’il s’agisse de maîtriser les effets dans le temps d’une déclaration d’inconstitutionnalité ou d’intégrer les nouveaux rapports de systèmes. Cette recherche révèle combien le conséquentialisme constitutionnel est inévitable dans le contrôle de constitutionnalité, bien qu’il reste aussi nécessairement inachevé. / Given the « abstract » nature of the judicial review, the Constitutional Council is not supposed to take an interest in the consequences of its decision when choosing a solution. In the traditional conception, the judge uses a syllogism to compare the law and the Constitution: the review is therefore “pure” of any extrajudicial consideration. Yet the study shows that the “consequentialism” – in the sense of a ruling based on the consequences rather than on the founding principles underpinning a decision – can be found in every aspect of the case law. The constitutional judges take into account the political, economic, social and institutional consequences of their decisions, particularly in order to prevent negative effects on rights and liberties. The publication of the deliberations of the Council decided in 2009 confirms that the “consequentialist reaction” has existed since the creation of the institution. In 2010, the coming into force of priority preliminary rulings on the issue of constitutionality (QPC –questions prioritaires de constitutionalité) has strengthen and made commonplace the consequentialist analysis, which has become more precise and more technical. By taking into account the future, the constitutional judge contributes to the adaptation of the review to the needs of the law, whether one is talking about dealing with the effects in time of a constitutional invalidity or integrating the new systems linkages. From then on, this study shows the unavoidable nature of constitutional consequentialism in the judicial review, though the notion stays inevitably incomplete.