Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-01T16:42:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1745548 bytes, checksum: 95ec06c6249bf989e1fa84c8f2d5b00b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T16:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1745548 bytes, checksum: 95ec06c6249bf989e1fa84c8f2d5b00b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / Rape has been an outstanding feature of various armed conflicts throughout history, but it started to be seen as a relevant subject by the international community only from the 90s, with the creation, pressured by the feminist movements, of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and for Rwanda (ICTR). With a fruitful engagement established between International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Criminal Law (ICL) on one side and feminist discourses on the other, this dissertation investigates what type of subject is produced by gender norms operated by Law and aims to show whether regulations consolidate women’s political and sexual agency or, on the contrary, intensify their victimization. Accordingly, the feminist Law as a technology of gender approach, the feminist theories of rape and the specialized literature are used as the theoretical foundation to analyse the ad hoc tribunals’ jurisprudence and the pertinent rules from the 1949 Geneva Conventions and its 1977 Additional Protocols. Thus, the text is divided in four parts: 1) feminist theoretical framework that will guide the analysis of the research’s subject; 2) historical context of the international criminalization of rape; 3) IHL, especially the main rules regarding rape, the gendered construction of the distinction principle and the diversity of women’s experiences during conflicts; 4) ad hoc tribunals’ rulings, including the conflicting rape definitions, the coercion presumption during armed conflicts, the convictions of women who committed rape and the recognition of men as rape victims. It concludes by pointing at the worrying trend, within International Law, of constructing the “raped Woman” subject as inexorably marked by passivity, powerlessness and victimization. / O estupro é característica marcante em diversos conflitos armados ao longo da história, porém somente passou a ser visto como temática relevante pela comunidade internacional a partir da década de 1990, com a instalação, sob forte pressão dos movimentos feministas, dos Tribunais Penais Internacionais para ex-Iugoslávia (TPII) e para Ruanda (TPIR). Estabelecida uma relação profícua entre, de um lado, o Direito Internacional Humanitário (DIH) e o Direito Internacional Penal (DIP) e, de outro, os discursos feministas, este trabalho propõe investigar que tipo de sujeito é produzido pelas normas de gênero operadas pela estrutura jurídica a fim de demonstrar se a regulação consagra a agência política e sexual das mulheres ou, pelo contrário, acirra ainda mais sua vitimização. Para tanto, utiliza-se como supedâneo teórico a teoria feminista do Direito enquanto tecnologia de gênero, as teorias feministas do estupro e a literatura especializada para analisar a jurisprudência dos tribunais ad hoc e as disposições pertinentes nas Convenções de Genebra de 1949 e seus Protocolos Adicionais de 1977. Destarte, a dissertação divide-se em quatro partes: 1) referencial teórico feminista que norteia a análise do objeto da pesquisa; 2) contexto histórico da criminalização internacional do estupro; 3) DIH, com ênfase nas principais disposições voltadas para o estupro, na construção generificada do princípio da distinção e na diversidade de experiências das mulheres durante conflitos; 4) jurisprudência dos tribunais ad hoc, englobando as definições conflitantes de estupro, a presunção de coerção em conflitos armados, a condenação de mulheres perpetradoras de estupro e o reconhecimento de homens enquanto vítimas de estupro. A dissertação conclui apontando a tendência preocupante, no Direito Internacional, de construção do sujeito “Mulher estuprada” enquanto marcada inexoravelmente pela passividade, impotência e vitimização.

L’étude comparative des normes du droit islamique et du DIH révèle de nombreux points de convergences aussi bien en ce qui concerne le droit de La Haye que le droit de Genève. De plus, les Etats musulmans membres de l’OCI qui sont tous parties aux conventions de Genève de 1949 et en majorité aux PA de 1977, sont impliqués dans les actions de mise en œuvre du DIH initiées ou dirigées par le CICR, que ces actions relèvent de l’article 1 commun des Conventions de Genève ou du contrôle a priori et/ou a posteriori de la mise en œuvre du DIH. En outre, ces Etats ont adopté des textes favorisant l’application conjointe des droits de l’homme et du DIH tels que la Déclaration du Caire sur les droits de l’homme en Islam de 1990. La contribution des Etats musulmans concerne les mécanismes de mise en œuvre en période de paix et de conflits armés et se matérialise aussi bien par la coopération interétatique qu’à travers celle avec les ONG et notamment le CICR. Bien que le concept de jihad puisse soulever des difficultés, les motifs politiques, davantage que religieux, expliquent certaines réticences des Etats musulmans en matière de mise en œuvre du DIH. / The comparative study of the norms of the Islamic Law and the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) reveals numerous points of convergences with regards to both The Hague Law and Geneva Law, as it can be noticed in the works of the major authors of the Muslim Law of war. Furthermore, the Muslim member States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, member States of the 1949 four Geneva Conventions or/and the 1977 Additional Protocols, are involved in actions initiated or regulated by ICRC, whether these actions fall under the common Article 1 of the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, or concern the monitoring a priori or a posteriori of the IHL implementation. Besides, many instruments such as the 1990 Declaration of Cairo on Human Rights in Islam have been adopted by the Muslim States, thus favoring the simultaneous implementation of IHL and Human Rights. The contribution of the Muslim States concerns the mechanisms of implementation in periods of peace and armed Conflicts and is realized through both interstate and NGOs cooperation, in particular with ICRC. Although the concept of jihad can raise some difficulties, political motives, more than religious, give explanations for reluctances of the Muslim States as far as the Implementation of IHL is concerned.

Since the inception of the modern state, civil-military relationships have been an important and critical factor of stability for the state. The nature and quality of the relationship between the civilian and military leaders can assist a state with bringing forth a peaceful environment or plaguing the citizens of that state with endless suffering which is synonymous with armed conflicts. As we can witness in our world, in Africa, Europe, Latin America or the Middle East armed conflicts have been an integral part of politics and international relations between states    In this thesis, I shall examine the civil-military relationship within the Eritrean armed forces. I will use the state of Eritrea as my case study. The fundamental rationale for me selecting Eritrea as my case for this study is based upon the miniscule amount of academic research regarding the civil-military relationship within the Eritrean armed forces. This thesis will strive to generate a broader understanding of the relationship between the civilian leaders and military leaders of the state of Eritrea and how that relationship affects the Eritrean armed forces on the battlefield. The theoretical framework I shall apply to inquire into the civil-military relationship within the Eritrean armed forces, will be the theories of Objective civilian control and Subjective civilian control. While applying a qualitative case study method for this thesis. The thesis finds that the civil-military relationship structure within the Eritrean armed forces have been revolving around the president, Isaias Afwerki. Afwerki routinely micromanages the affairs of the military.

1 When sexual violence is weaponised: CRSV as a violation of international criminal law Abstract The aim of this thesis is to describe the legal regime of sexual violence in armed conflicts, with a special focus on international criminal law provisions. This work is divided into six parts that focus especially on legal provisions of the statutes of the International Criminal Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda as well as on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and decisions of those international judicial bodies in cases involving sexual violence. The first part introduces to the reader basic terms and concepts that will follow them throughout this work. Additionally, a small subpart is dedicated to the Women, Peace and Security agenda introduced by the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 that, among other themes, highlights the necessity of strengthened international focus and cooperation in fighting sexual violence in armed conflicts. The second part deals mainly with the historical context of the adoption of the prohibition of sexual violence in armed conflicts and describe the development in approach of international law towards this crime, from general prohibitions of rape to specific enumeration of norms prohibiting sexual violence in...

The involvement of multinational corporations, international traders, transporters, processors, and retailers has a crucial significance in high-risk contexts there is a wide range of commercial activities that can make economic actors criminally responsible for gross violations of international humanitarian law and human rights: this includes the sale of weaponry, pillaging or commercial transactions unrelated to war. Allowing companies and their managers to shield themselves is harmful to the development of international law. Despite the fact that international criminal law does not foresee the criminal responsibility of legal entities, international criminal law does envisage the criminal responsibility of individuals, including those in charge of large-scale commercial activities. This thesis examines the manner in which international law regulates the complicity of business executives (in their capacity as company directors/officials) managing firms within the context of an armed conflict. Complicity is a subset of culpability that connects an accomplice to a primary actor's crime. This thesis examines the framework for evaluating complicity standards and suggests alternatives to normative prosecution of company leaders. I demonstrate that international criminal law regulates individual involvement in a comprehensive manner, employing the theories of incitement and aiding and abetting to inculpate complicit actors in international crimes, and these theories are differentiated by the extent of involvement in an unlawful complicitous activity, a threshold of knowledge of the fault needed of the accomplice, and a connection requirement between the accomplice's activities and the principal’s wrong. Similarly, it investigates the evolution of the concept of complicity in customary criminal law via tribunals and hybrid courts. It examines the evolution of complicity in light of social media, war sponsorship, and profit-motivated support provided to governments

The title of the thesis is forbidden means and ways of conducting armed conflicts. Obviously, this topic is too broad, so thesis is focused on the issue of chemical and biological weapons. These devices are among the weapons of mass destruction and undoubtedly pose one of the major dangers of the contemporary world. The overall goal of this work is to provide perspective on the issue of chemical and biological weapons from a historical perspective and particularly from a perspective of the international law. International legal documents are viewed in historical and political context. Through this analysis of international treaties, we can "effectively" consider their impacts and responses in a "real world". The first part of the thesis serves as a historical introduction with some interesting chapters from early history of chemical and biological weapons. The second part deals with the birth of these weapons in a new and modern form in the 19th century. Great attention is paid to the period of the World War I. It was in this global conflict in which chemical weapons were used in their modern form and in the most massive form at the same time. In next chapters, this thesis examines how chemical and biological weapons and their international legal regulation evolved during the 20th century,...

La question du terrorisme international retient l’attention constante des juristes et de la communauté internationale de manière plus grande encore depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. A cette occasion, la doctrine de la « guerre contre le terrorisme » a prévalu. Cette doctrine tend à effacer la distinction entre l’état de guerre au sens du droit des conflits armés et le terrorisme régi traditionnellement par les règles du droit de la paix. Cette doctrine symbolise l’entrée de la lutte contre le terrorisme dans une ère nouvelle, celle du droit de la guerre qui conduirait à l’adoption de nouvelles règles du droit international humanitaire destinées à remplacer le droit existant, qui serait aujourd’hui dépassé. L’objet de cette thèse est de vérifier l’hypothèse d’une telle rupture et d’évaluer ce possible changement de paradigme sur les règles du droit international humanitaire. Dans cette perspective, la question de l’applicabilité du droit international humanitaire à la lutte contre le terrorisme ainsi que sa mise en œuvre dans la lutte contre le terrorisme seront étudiées. Pour chaque question, il sera nécessaire de faire le point sur le droit international humanitaire existant pour se demander si, et dans quelle mesure, la lutte contre le terrorisme met à l’épreuve ce corpus juris. / The question of international terrorism continually catches the attention of jurists and the international community since the attacks of September 11th, 2001. On this occasion, the doctrine of “war on terror” prevailed. This doctrine strives to remove the distinction between state of war in the sense of law of armed conflict and terrorism traditionally governed by the rules of law of peace. This doctrine symbolizes the entry of the fight against terrorism in a new era, that of the law of war which will bring to the adoption of new rules of international humanitarian law intended to replace existing law, that is said to be out-of-date. The purpose of this research is to check the assumption of such a break and evaluate this possible change of paradigm in the rules of international humanitarian law. From this perspective, the question of the applicability of international humanitarian law to the fight against terrorism as well as its implementation in the fight against terrorism will be examined. For each question, it will be necessary to study the international humanitarian law available to find out if, and to what extent, the fight against terrorism puts this corpus juris to the test.

A partir de la reconstruction et de l’analyse du processus d’apparition de la question des femmes victimes du conflit armé en Colombie comme une cause de mobilisation féministe, cette recherche rend compte du rôle structurel du droit dans sa gestation et sa consolidation. Grâce à une approche qui articule les perspectives de la sociologie du droit, de la sociologie des mouvements sociaux, ainsi que de la critique féministe du droit, l’analyse met en exergue les conditions d’émergence des dénonciations publiques et juridiques des femmes affectées par les violences armées, qu’elles se mobilisent d’elles-mêmes ou que la mobilisation se fasse en leur nom. A partir d’une enquête empirique fondée principalement sur des entretiens, l’analyse des discours et l’observation du fonctionnement des instances judiciaires, outre la compréhension du rôle axial du recours au droit et à la justice dans ces processus, l’analyse de la cause permet d’enquêter sur la place de la question des femmes et des victimes dans l’action publique en Colombie, notamment dans les politiques qui visent la « sortie du conflit ». Des concepts tels que « justice transitionnelle », « droits humains des femmes » ou les « politiques constitutionnelles » sont aussi revus conformément à une perspective constitutive du droit. L’histoire contemporaine du conflit armé colombien, des mobilisations sociales pour la paix ou contre la guerre, ainsi que des efforts institutionnels pour gérer les effets des violences se trouvent ainsi interpelées. D’une part, du fait de la perspective doublement genrée que les objets « femme victime » et « mobilisation féministe » introduisent. D’autre part, en raison des dynamiques générées par le surgissement de la question des femmes victimes comme étant à la fois un objet de mobilisation, un sujet de dénonciation, et une « sujette de droits ». / This research focuses on the reconstruction and analysis of the process of the emergence of the issue of women victims of the armed conflict in Colombia, as a result of feminist mobilization. The research shows the structural role of law and legal mobilization in its birth and consolidation. With an approach that articulates the perspectives of sociology of law, sociology of social movements, and the feminist critique of law, the analysis highlights the conditions for the emergence of legal and public denunciations of women affected by armed violence. Grounded on an empirical research based primarily on interviews, discourse analysis and observation of court proceedings, the analysis of the cause allows to investigate the place of the issue of women and victims in public policies, including the efforts for achieve the "end of the conflict", in addition to understanding the pivotal role of recourse to law and justice in these processes. Concepts such as "transitional justice", "the human rights of women" or "constitutional politics" are also reviewed and discussed through a "constitutive" law perspective. In this way, the contemporary history of the Colombian armed conflict, and of the social mobilization for peace and against war, and also the history of institutional efforts to manage the effects of violence, are also revisited. On one hand, the discussion of those topics is determined by the fact that they can be thought as an effect of the double gendered perspective that topics such as "women victims" and "feminist mobilization" introduce. On the other hand, they are also part of a more global discussion due to the dynamics generated by the public emergence of the issue of women victims, who are simultaneously an object of mobilization, a subject of denunciation, and a "subject of rights".

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 1257192 bytes, checksum: 61bc92d741b899fe160e5a3aef08fc87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The object of this work is the problem of the effectiveness of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) rules regarding the protection of the environment in times of armed conflict. The phenomenon of the deliberate destruction of natural environment to meet military decisions in war scenarios is being used as a battle strategy that affects the nature, makes it a silent victim and endangers a healthy quality of life for this and future generations. These are graves breaches that face difficult legal enforcement, which were chronicled in recent years, for example, in conflicts in the Gulf (1992), Kosovo (1999), Lebanon (2006) and Palestine (2009). Despite the regulations produced by the instruments of IHL, the effectiveness of these normative acts just hampered by the lack of definition of the legal requirements for establishing the environmental damage resulting from military maneuvers, or the difficulty in meeting the high threshold of existing requirements. The problem arises when part of international literature takes humanitarian system for closed and self-contained, while other authors conceive the possibility of, given its ineffectiveness in protecting nature during hostilities, making it permeable to other special legal regimes such as Human Rights and Environmental Law. For the purposes of this study, given the absence of express incompatibility between the humanitarian and environmental special branches, facing the problem means stimulating greater interaction between the leges speciales of IHL and International Environmental Law, as a way of expanding the canons of nature conservation. Therefore, it sustains the viability of both formal and substantive interaction between these systems in the process of "greening" of humanitarian law, for the purpose of carrying out the protection of the physical environment during armed conflict. / O presente trabalho tem por objeto o problema da eficácia das normas de Direito Internacional Humanitário (DIH), em confronto com a proteção ao meio ambiente, no contexto de conflitos armados. O fenômeno do aniquilamento intencional do meio ambiente para cumprir metas e decisões militares, em cenários bélicos, vem sendo usado como estratégia de batalha que afeta a natureza tornando-a vítima silenciosa e comprometendo a sadia qualidade de vida para esta e futuras gerações. Tratam-se de delitos de requintada crueldade e de difícil enfrentamento legal, que foram historiados, nos últimos anos, por exemplo, nos conflitos do Golfo (1992), Kosovo (1999), Líbano (2006) e Palestina (2009). Apesar da regulamentação produzida pelos instrumentos de DIH, a eficácia normativa desses atos acaba prejudicada pela ausência de definição dos requisitos legais para a fixação do dano ambiental resultante de manobras militares, ou pela dificuldade em cumprir o rigor dos requisitos existentes. O problema surge quando correntes doutrinárias enxergam o sistema humanitário como regime jurídico fechado e autossuficiente (self-contained regime), ao passo que outras concebem a possibilidade de, diante da ineficácia em proteger a natureza durante hostilidades, torná-lo permeável a outros regimes especiais, como os Direitos Humanos e o Direito Ambiental. Para os fins deste trabalho, ante a inexistência de incompatibilidade entre os ramos especiais humanitário e ambiental, o enfrentamento do problema passa pela maior interação entre as leges speciales do DIH e do Direito Internacional Ambiental, como modo de ampliar os cânones de conservação natural. Sendo assim, sustenta-se a viabilidade formal e material de interação entre esses sistemas, em processo de ecologização do direito humanitário, com o propósito de efetivar a proteção do meio ambiente físico durante conflitos armados.

(English) The thesis focuses on the issue of humanitarian assistance under international humanitarian law. The topic was chosen based on the personal interest of the author of the thesis and also based on the fact that it is a current and very discussed issue. The thesis is concerned with the legal sources governing the concept of humanitarian assistance. It also focuses on the history of the concept paying special attention to its modern development and to the principles on which it is based. Individual chapter is dedicated to the issue of providers and beneficiaries of humanitarian assistance. Special attention is also given to the issue of consent with the facilitation of humanitarian assistance, whether it is necessary to sough such a consent and from whom. Significant part of the thesis focuses on the facilitation and distribution of humanitarian assistance and the obligations of the third states. The first chapter of the thesis is dedicated to the introduction, definition of the term "humanitarian assistance", aims and goals of the thesis, and also to the methods and sources. The second chapter focuses in a great detail on legal sources relevant to the thesis. First, it pays attention to the treaty law. Thus, it describes the relevant provisions of the Geneva Convention IV, the Additional...