The aim of this study was to investigate the effect the plant matrix and the structure of the flavonoid (i.e. whether aglycone or glycoside) may have on the gastrointestinal uptake and metabolism of luteolin derivatives from Artemisia afra traditional plant medicine. Specifically, how these two factors influenced the intestinal uptake and disposition of luteolin derivatives in pure and in Artemisia afra plant extract forms were to be assessed by investigating the uptake and metabolism of the luteolin derivatives in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and the perfused rat intestinal loop. To realize this aim, the following were determined: (1) identification and characterization of major luteolin derivatives found in Artemisia afra, (2) the effect of the plant matrix on the uptake of luteolin derivatives in Artemisia afra aqueous-extract forms across the Caco-2 cell monolayer, (3) the effect of the plant matrix on the absorption and metabolism of luteolin derivatives in Artemisia afra aqueous-extract forms in the perfused rat small intestine, (4) the effect of gut contents on the uptake and metabolism of luteolin derivatives in intestinal loop and (5) the metabolic profiles of luteolin derivatives obtained for the pure solutions versus plant aqueous extract solutions in Caco-2 cells and the rat intestine. / Philosophiae Doctor - PhD

CAPES / Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) é uma herbácea anual altamente aromática, nativa da Ásia e aclimatada no Brasil. As folhas são fontes abundantes de artemisinina, uma lactona sesquiterpênica utilizada no preparo de drogas para o tratamento de malária, e também de óleo essencial, utilizado na composição de cosméticos e produtos higiênicos. O presente estudo objetivou estimar a variabilidade genética e as correlações existentes entre caracteres agronômicos, fisiológicos e fitoquímicos em variedades de A. annua, além de caracterizar o teor, o rendimento e a composição de seu óleo essencial. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos foram as variedades Artemis, 2/39x5x3M e 2/39x1V de A. annua, submetidas a avaliações agronômicas, fisiológicas e fitoquímicas. Para a realização das estimativas de distância genética foram geradas matrizes de dissimilaridade utilizando a distância Euclidiana e os métodos de agrupamento de Tocher e UPGMA. Além disso, avaliou-se a importância relativa dos caracteres para divergência genética pelo método de Singh. A relação existente entre os caracteres estudados foi estimada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e o nível de significância analisado pelo teste t. As análises foram realizadas pelo software Genes e os dendrogramas obtidos pelo NTSYS. A separação e quantificação das substâncias presentes no óleo essencial foram realizadas em cromatógrafo gasoso com detector de ionização de chama e a identificação das mesmas foi feita em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas. Os métodos de Tocher e UPGMA foram concordantes entre si na formação dos grupos e a presença de variabilidade genética dentro das variedades permitiu a identificação de acessos dissimilares e com média elevada para as características estudadas. O número de ramificações, concentração intracelular de CO2 e rendimento de óleo essencial foram os caracteres que mais contribuíram para a dissimilaridade genética de A. annua. Os acessos B24, C5 e C32 foram os mais promissores dentro das variedades e devem ser conservados para futuras hibridações, sendo que as hibridações mais promissoras na obtenção de populações segregantes desejadas são B24 x C5, B24 x C32 e C5 x C32. Encontrou-se correlação positiva e significativa entre os caracteres volume de dossel e rendimento de óleo essencial na variedade 2/39x5x3M, porém, esta correlação não foi encontrada na variedade 2/39x1V. Em ambas as variedades, observouse correlação negativa e significativa entre volume de dossel e teor de artemisinina. A variedade 2/39x1V produziu a maior massa seca de folhas, maior teor e o maior rendimento de óleo essencial. Cânfora, γ-muuroleno e 1,8 cineol foram os constituintes químicos encontrados em maiores teores no óleo essencial das variedades 2/39x5x3M e 2/39x1V de A. annua. / Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) is a highly aromatic annual herb, native from Asia and acclimated in Brazil. The leaves are a rich source of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone used in the preparation of drugs for the treatment of malaria, and also of essential oil used in cosmetics and hygienic products. This study aimed to estimate the genetic variability and correlation between agronomic, physiological and phytochemicals traits in varieties of A. annua, also to characterize the content, yield and essential oil composition. The design was completely randomized and treatments were the varieties Artemis, 2/39x5x3M and 2/39x1V of A. annua, submitted to agronomic, physiological and phytochemical evaluations. For the accomplishment of the genetic distance estimates dissimilarity matrices had been generated using the Euclidean distance and Tocher’s and UPGMA’s grouping methods. Moreover, relative importance of the characters for genetic divergence for the method of Singh was evaluated. The relationship between the studied characters was estimated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the significance level was analyzed by test t. The analyses were performed in the Genes software and the dendrograms obtained from the NTSYS program. The separation and quantification of substances present in the essential oil were performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and the identification of them were made in a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. Tocher’s and UPGMA’s methods agreed among themselves in the formation of groups and the presence of genetic variability within varieties allowed the identification of dissimilar individuals with high average for all traits. The number of branches, the intracellular concentration of CO2 and oil yield were the traits that contribuited most to the genetic dissimilarity of A. annua. The accesses B24, C5 and C32 were the most promising within populations and must be conserved for future crossings, and the most promising crosses for obtaining desired segregant populations B24 x C5, B24 x C32 e C5 x C32. Correlation met positive and significant between canopy volume of characters and essential oil yield in the variety 2/39x5x3M, however, this correlation was not found in the variety 2/39x1V. In both varieties, there was a negative and significant correlation between canopy volume and content of artemisinin. The variety 2/39x1V produced the greatest dry mass of leaves and consequently achieved the highest level and the highest yield of essential oil. Camphor, ymuuroleno and 1.8 cineole were the compounds found in higher concentrations in the essential oil of varieties 2/39x5x3M and 2/39x1V of A. annua.

The aim of this diploma thesis "The determination of the production of seeds and their germination for selected species from the weedy family Asteraceae" is to find out the production of seeds and their germination of two selected weedy species from the family Asteraceae, depending on the location. The following were selected: Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris). Seed collection was done at seven locations with different habitat conditions (unmaintained hayfield, recultivated rubbish, garden, grass vegetation with grazing breeding of cattle, permanent grass vegetation, grasslands on arable land, forest land, other road, other area). After reviewing the available literature is discussed the biology and control of weeds and their significance. Furthermore is also characterized the family Asteraceae and selected representatives of this family . Subsequently is characterized the territory of interest. In addition is discussed the problematics of germination and seed production for Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris) depending on their habitats. The overall average HTS of Wormwood was 0.08 g, the average germination was 79%. The total average seed production of Creeping Thistle was 1 299 seeds, one plant had an average of 23 flowers and one flower had 51 seeds. Due to the very low number of sprouted seeds of this weed the germination parameter cannot be statistically evaluated.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-03-06T11:08:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1562369 bytes, checksum: edcd11edf91047121c7e2ebe87d90fed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T11:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1562369 bytes, checksum: edcd11edf91047121c7e2ebe87d90fed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As espécies de Artemisia são aromáticas e apresentam aplicações nas indústrias farmacêuticas, alimentícias, de cosméticos e perfumaria. Neste contexto, é importante a descoberta de novos usos destas plantas como também a otimização do seu processo de cultivo. Assim, este trabalho teve os objetivos de determinar o efeito de fertilizantes sobre o desempenho de cinco espécies de Artemisia e o efeito inseticida de seus óleos essenciais. As espécies de Artemisia estudadas foram A. annua, A. absinthium, A. camphorata, A. dracunculus e A. vulgaris. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi determinado o efeito de doses de adubação no desempenho das plantas cultivadas em casa de vegetação com quatro doses de N-P-K (D0 = 0, D1 = 50, D2 = 100 e D3 = 150%). Foram realizadas colheitas, com 60 e 125 dias após o transplante (DAT). Posteriormente, foi feita avaliação dos parâmetros altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, massa seca das folhas, massa fresca das folhas, rendimento e composição química do óleo essencial. Na segunda época de colheita, aos 125 DAT, foi observada uma tendência de redução da massa fresca e da massa seca das folhas na dose D3 em relação à dose D2. Além disso, as espécies A. camphorata (2,27%) e A. dracunculus (1,84%) tiveram maior rendimento de óleo essencial quando cultivadas em solos com adição de fertilizantes na dose D1 aos 125 DAT. As cinco espécies de Artemisia apresentaram constituintes químicos diferentes, destacando os majoritários: cânfora, germacreno D e 1,8-cineol (A. annua); Z- isocitral, β-pineno e mirceno (A. absinthium); metileugenol e β-pineno (A. dracunculus); germacreno D-4-ol, borneol e ascaridol (A. camphorata) e trans- tujona e 1,8-cineol (A. vulgaris). Na segunda etapa foi realizado o efeito inseticida dos óleos essenciais das cinco espécies de Artemisia a praga de cucurbitáceas Diaphania hyalinata, a sua seletividade a formiga predadora Solenopisis saevissima, a abelha Tetragonisca angustula e a ação sobre as larvas de Aedes aegypti. O óleo essencial de A. annua teve alta ação inseticida sobre as larvas de D. hyalinata (mortalidade > 96%) e foi seletivo ao predador S. saevissima (44%) e a abelha T. angustula (38%). A mistura de cânfora + 1,8-cineol foi responsável pela ação inseticida do óleo essencial de A. annua sobre D. hyalinata. O óleo essencial de A. camphorata teve boa atividade larvicida (mortalidade > 80%) sobre A. aegypti. Portanto, os óleos essenciais de A. annua tem potencial de uso contra D. hyalinata enquanto o óleo de A. camphorata é promissor no controle de larvas de A. aegypti. / In this context, it is important to discover new uses of these plants as well as the optimization of their cultivation process. Thus, this work had the objectives of determining the effect of fertilizers on the performance of five species of Artemisia and the insecticidal effect of their essential oils. The species of Artemisia studied were A. annua, A. absinthium, A. camphorata, A. dracunculus and A. vulgaris. The work was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the effect of fertilization doses on the performance of plants cultivated in greenhouse with four doses of N-P-K (D0 = 0, D1 = 50, D2 = 100 and D3 = 150%) was determined. Harvests were performed at 60 and 125 days after transplantation (DAT). Afterwards, the plant height, stem diameter, leaf dry mass, fresh leaf mass, yield and chemical composition of the essential oil were evaluated. In the second harvest season, at 125 DAT, a trend of reduction of fresh mass and leaf dry mass was observed at D3 dose in relation to dose D2. In addition, A. camphorata (2.27%) and A. dracunculus (1.84%) had a higher yield of essential oil when cultivated on soil with fertilizer addition at D1 dose at 125 DAT. The five species of Artemisia presented different chemical constituents, highlighting the majorities: camphor, germacreno D and 1,8-cineol (A. annua); Z-isocitral, β-pinene and myrcene (A. absinthium); Methyleugenol and β-pinene (A. dracunculus); Germacrene D-4-ol, borneol and ascaridol (A. camphorata) and trans-tujone and 1,8-cineol (A. vulgaris). In the second stage the work was divided into two parts. In the first part we studied the insecticidal effect of the essential oils of the five species of Artemisia, the pest of cucurbitaceae Diaphania hyalinata and its selectivity the predatory ant Solenopisis saevissima and the bee Tetragonisca angustula. In the second part the larvicidal action of the essential oils was studied to the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The A. annua essential oil had high insecticidal action on D. hyalinata larvae (mortality >96%) and was selective to the predator S. saevissima (44%) and the bee T. angustula (38%). The camphor + 1,8-cineol mixture was responsible for the insecticidal action of the A. annua essential oil on D. hyalinata. The essential oil of A. camphorata had good larvicidal activity (mortality >80%) on A. aegypti. Therefore, A. annua essential oils have potential use against D. hyalinata while A. camphorata oil is promising in the control of A. aegypti larvae.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RoseanePS_Dissert.pdf: 3732658 bytes, checksum: 742911363ad84dd9ebc1a2c58e9d1d3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / Artemisia vulgaris (AV) is an antihelmintic and antimalarial drug; Aloe vera(babosa) acts as antidiabetic, laxative and anti-inflammatory; Benznidazole (BZ) is a trypanocidal of Trypanosoma cruzi (TC). Technetium-99m (99mTc) has been used in nuclear medicine to obtain diagnostic images. This study evaluated the plant effects in TC parasitemia and in the biodistribution of 99mTc in mice. Twenty mice were infected by TC. At the peak of parasitemia, 5 mice received babosa; 5 received AV and 5 received BZ. The parasitemia was determined in 0, 2, 4 and 6 h of drugs administration. Five infected mice without drugs, 5 mice without TC and the group treated with AV, received 99mTc. The radioactivity was calculated. Infected mice that received babosa reduced significantly (p<0.05) the parasitemia. The percentage of activity (%ATI) decreased significantly in the AV group. These results indicate that babosa possibly is an anti-TC drug and AV reduces the %ATI probably due to its biological effects / Artemisia vulgaris (AV) ? um vegetal com propriedades antihelm?ntica e antimal?rica; Aloe vera (babosa) tem ??o antidiab?tica, laxante e anti-inflamat?ria; Benzonidazol (BZ) ? um tripanomicida. O tecn?cio-99m (99mTc), na forma de pertecnetato de s?dio (Na99mTcO4), tem sido usado na medicina nuclear para obten??o de imagens diagn?sticas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de plantas na parasitemia do T. cruzi e na biodistribui??o do 99mTc em camundongos. Vinte camundongos foram infectados por T. cruzi. No pico da parasitemia, 5 camundongos foram tratados com extrato aquoso de babosa, 5 AV e 5 BZ. A parasitemia foi determinada durante os tempos 0, 2, 4 e 6 horas ap?s administra??o das drogas. Cinco camundongos infectados e que n?o receberam drogas, 5 camundongos n?o infectados e o grupo tratado com AV receberam Na99mTcO4. O percentual de Atividade Total Injetada nos ?rg?os (%ATI/g), correspondente ? energia gama emitida ou radioatividade, foi calculada no contador gama. Os camundongos infectados que receberam babosa reduziram significativamente (p<0,05) a parasitemia. A porcentagem da radiatividade total (%ATI/g) diminuiu significativamente no grupo tratado com AV. Estes resultados indicam que a babosa possivelmente ? uma droga anti-T. cruzi e a AV reduz a %ATI/g provavelmente devido seus efeitos biol?gicos. Este trabalho teve a participa??o de pesquisadores das ?reas de Parasitologia, Estat?stica, Cirurgia, Medicina Nuclear e An?lises Cl?nicas, atestando seu car?ter multidisciplinar

Artemisia annua L. é uma espécie vegetal herbácea nativa da Ásia que possui folhas aromáticas que contém artemisinina, uma lactona sesquiterpênica que tem demonstrado eficácia contra doenças como câncer e malária. Para atender a demanda pela molécula, técnicas de manejo e melhoramento genético podem ser utilizadas para obtenção de genótipos superiores. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: obter genótipos de A. annua de alto rendimento de artemisinina e biomassa por meio da indução de poliploidia utilizando colchicina; analisar a expressão de genes relacionados com as vias de biossíntese em artemisina em plantas sob diferentes níveis nutricionais; realizar um ensaio a campo visando identificar genótipos de alto rendimento para artemisinina e biomassa. A indução de poliploidia foi realizada em sementes de A. annua e na cultivar Artemis (F2) com solução de colchicina 1% nas doses de 0%, 0,05%, 0,1%, 0,15% e 0,2% durante 0, 6, 12,18, 24 e 30 horas, totalizando 25 tratamentos. Para análise da expressão gênica foi utilizada a técnica de RT-PCR semiquantitativa onde os genótipos B23, B24, C23, C32 foram submetidos, em casa de vegetação, a diferentes doses de solução nutritiva, sendo utilizados 25%, 50% e 100% da dose completa (solução de Hoagland), com 3 repetições em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Para o ensaio a campo, os mesmos genótipos e a cultivar Artemis (F2) foram analisados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas, em todos os experimentos, avaliações agronômicas, fisiológicas e fitoquímicas. Foi constatado efeito da colchicina no teor de artemisinina, sendo o valor máximo 0,60% para a dose de 0,10% sendo que não foi possível afirmar se houve poliploidização. Na avaliação da produção de metabólitos secundários e a expressão dos genes de enzimas envolvidas na síntese de artemisinina dos genótipos de A. annua submetidos a diferentes níveis de nutrição observou-se que a aplicação de doses crescentes de solução nutritiva para plantas de A. annua possibilita incremento linear para produção de biomassa, com relação contrária na produção de artemisinina. Genótipos submetidos à níveis nutrição de 50% apresentam melhor relação para a produção de biomassa e artemisinina e óleo essencial. Os genes ADS1 e CYP71AV aumentam a transcrição em plantas submetidas a níveis de 50% de solução nutritiva. No experimento de seleção de genótipos superiores a campo, foi possível observar que a variedade Artemis (F2) apresentou melhor desempenho em produtividade de biomassa e óleo essencial que os demais genótipos. A maior produção de biomassa para Artemis (F2) justifica o maior rendimento de óleo essencial. Essa variedade possui arquitetura de planta diferenciada das demais, apresentando maior estatura e maior adensamento entre ramos. / Artemisia annua L. is a native herbaceous plant species from Asia that has aromatic leaves containing artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that has shown efficacy against diseases such as cancer and malaria. To meet the demand for the molecule, management techniques and genetic improvement can be used to obtain superior genotypes. The objectives of this study were: to obtain A. annua genotypes with high yield of artemisinin and biomass by inducing polyploidy using colchicine; to analyze the genes expression related to artemisin biosynthesis pathways in plants under different nutritional levels; to perform a field assay to identify high yield genotypes for artemisinin and biomass. The polyploidy induction was tested in A. annua seeds and Artemis F2 variety with colchicine solution in 1% on doses of 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% for 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 hours, totaling 25 treatments. For gene expression analysis, a semi-quantitative RT-PCR technique was used, where the B23, B24, C23, C32 genotypes were submitted to different doses of nutrient solution in a greenhouse, using 25%, 50% and 100% of the complete dose (Hoagland's solution), with 3 replicates in a completely randomized design. To the field assay the same genotypes and variety Artemis F2 were tested in randomized block design with four replications. Agronomic, physiological and phytochemical evaluations were performed in all experiments. It has been found colchicine effect on artemisinin content, with maximum 0.60% for 0.10% dose, and it was not possible to confirm if polyploidization occurred. In the assessment of the production of secondary metabolites and the genes expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis of artemisinin from A. annua genotypes submitted to different levels of nutrition, it was observed the application of increasing doses of nutrient solution to A. annua plants allows linear increase for the production of biomass, with a contrary relation in the artemisinin production. Genotypes submitted to nutrition levels of 50% present better relation for the production of biomass, artemisinin and essential oil. The genes ADS1 and CYP71AV increase transcription in plants submitted to 50% levels of nutrient solution. These enzymes are directly involved in the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. In the experiment of selecting superior genotypes, it was observed the variety Artemis F2 showed better performance in productivity of biomass and essential oil than other genotypes. The increased production of biomass for Artemis F2 justifies the higher oil yield. This variety has a differentiated plant architecture from the others, with greater height and greater density of branches.

Plant secondary metabolites (SM) are widely used by humans in many ways (pharmacy, biotechnology etc.). For making their use even more effective, it is important to know the seasonality of these chemicals in plants and what affect those changes. Three Artemisia species (Artemisia annua, A. absinthium, A. vulgaris) were cultivated during one vegetation season (from April to September 2016). Plant growth parameters and the beginning of their generative stages were observed, and leaf samples were collected regularly. Samples of some plants were collected repeatedly. A generalist herbivore (migratory locust), was used as a proxy for studying changes in plant secondary metabolism during the vegetation season. The results proved presence of defence secondary metabolites in plants except A. vulgaris species where the role of SM in defence was not shown. Levels of SM changed nonlinearly during the vegetational season and were time-dependent. Plant size did not influence the levels of SM in plants. Levels of SM were low at the beginning of the experiment followed by rapid increase and remaining on maximal levels. The plants which lost their biomass repetitively grew slowly and bloomed later than the plants which were clipped only once. A delay trend showing seasonality of the plant SM was not proved. In...

Orientadores: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles, Paulo de Tarso Vieira e Rosa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T11:45:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 QuispeCondori_Socrates_D.pdf: 2798950 bytes, checksum: 0b1d9044fdb82444a8064327ee12685a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: No presente trabalho é apresentado um estudo global do processo de extração de produtos naturais usando dióxido de carbono supercrítico como solvente. As duas etapas do processo foram estudadas usando diversas matrizes vegetais. Na Etapa de Extração (Artemisia annua, Cordia verbenacea e Ocimum selloi) foram medidos dados de rendimento global para os três sistemas. Para os sistemas CO2 + A. annua e CO2 + C. verbenacea foram calculados os parâmetros cinéticos do processo de extração e um modelo matemático foi selecionado para representar as curvas globais de extração. A técnica de extração fracionada foi aplicada para os sistemas CO2 + C. verbenacea e CO2 + Ocimum Selloi. A determinação do rendimento global permitiu visualizar o efeito da temperatura e pressão sobre a solubilidade do extrato, além de proporcionar informações necessárias para modelagem do processo de extração. A condição que maximizou o rendimento em extrato nos sistemas CO2 + A. annua e CO2 + C. verbenacea foi 300 bar / 50 °C. Entretanto, foi demonstrado que o extrato de C. verbenacea obtido nesta condição apresenta menor atividade anticâncer àquele obtido a 200 bar / 40 °C. Para o sistema CO2 + Ocimum Selloi o maior rendimento foi obtido a 200 bar / 40 °C. No estudo da cinética do processo de extração foi verificado que para o sistema CO2 + A. annua a vazão do solvente foi o único fator significante sobre os parâmetros cinéticos. No estudo do efeito da altura do leito para o sistema CO2 + C. verbenacea, verificou-se que os parâmetros cinéticos aumentam com a altura do leito. Na modelagem matemática das curvas globais de extração (OEC) dos sistemas CO2 + A. annua e CO2 + C. verbenacea verificou-se que os modelos de Naik et al. [1989] (empírico), Sovová [1994] e Goto et al. [1993] apresentaram os melhores ajustes aos dados experimentais. Do estudo do efeito da altura do leito na SFE a partir de C. verbenacea, verificou-se que a seleção de um modelo para aumento de escala é difícil de ser realizada, uma vez que o modelo selecionado nem sempre é válido para todos os ensaios. Na Etapa de Separação (Foeniculum vulgare) foi realizado o estudo da influência das condições operacionais (temperatura, pressão e vazão do solvente) na recuperação do extrato. As condições de temperatura e pressão de separação foram determinadas através de modelagem termodinâmica usando-se a equação de estado de Peng-Robinson. A determinação do comportamento da solubilidade dos componentes majoritários do extrato de F. vulgare (anetol e ácido oléico) em CO2 supercrítico permitiu obter uma aproximação das condições ótimas de separação. No estudo da influência das condições operacionais (temperatura e pressão) determinou-se que o aumento da pressão no primeiro separador permite a solubilização do compostos de maior massa molecular, os quais são transferidos para o segundo separador. Entretanto, se o objetivo for o fracionamento do extrato de F. vulgare, observou-se que a melhor condição operacional para separação da fração rica em componentes de óleo volátil foi 80 bar / 40 °C no primeiro separador. Foi verificado também que o aumento da vazão de solvente diminui o rendimento em anetol e funchona e, conseqüentemente, no rendimento global. A otimização das condições de separação da mistura extrato + solvente é uma etapa importante do processo de extração de produtos naturais usando fluidos supercríticos, uma vez que permitirá uma ótima recuperação e/ou fracionamento do extrato / Abstract: In the present work a global study of the extraction of natural products using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent is presented. The two steps of the SFE process were studied using several raw materials. In the Extraction Step (Artemisia annua, Cordia verbenacea and Ocimum selloi), global yield data for the three plants were determined. Kinetic parameters of the extraction process were calculated for the CO2 + A. annua and CO2 + C. verbenacea systems and a mathematical model to represent the overall extraction curves was selected. The fractional extraction technique was applied for the CO2 + C. verbenacea and CO2 + Ocimum Selloi systems. The determination of the global yield allowed to identify the effect of the temperature and pressure on the solubility of the extract, besides providing necessary information for the modeling of the extraction process. The operational condition that maximized the global yield in the systems CO2 + A. annua and CO2 + C. verbenacea was 300 bar / 50 °C. However, it was demonstrated that the C. verbenacea extract obtained at this condition shows a lower anticancer activity than that obtained at 200 bar / 40 °C. The higher global yield for the CO2 + Ocimum Selloi system was obtained at 200 bar / 40 °C. In the study of the kinetic of the extraction process for the CO2 + A. annua system, it was verified that the flow rate was the only significant factor on the kinetic parameters. In the study of the effect of the extraction bed height for the CO2 + C. verbenacea system, it was verified that the kinetic parameters increase with the bed height. The Naik et al. [1989] (empirical), Sovová [1994] and Goto et al. [1993] models presented the best fittings to the experimental overall extraction curves (OEC) for the CO2 + A. annua and CO2 + C. verbenacea systems. From the study of the effect of the height of the bed for the C. verbenacea, it was verified that the selection of a mathematical model to scale-up is difficult to be accomplished, because the selected model is not always valid for all experiments. In the Separation Step (Foeniculum vulgare) the study of the influence of the operational conditions (temperature, pressure and flow rate) in the recovery of the extract was carried out. The temperature and pressure of the separation step was calculated through thermodynamic modeling using the equation of state of Peng-Robinson. The determination of the solubility behavior of anethole and oleic acid (major compounds of the F. vulgare extract) with supercritical CO2 allowed to obtain an approximation of the optimal condition of the separation step. In the study of the influence of temperature and pressure, it was determined that the increase of pressure in the first separator allows the solubilization of high molecular mass compounds that are transferred to the second separator. However, if the objective is the fractionation of the fennel extract, it was observed that the best operational condition to separate a rich fraction in volatile oil compounds was 80 bar / 40°C. Additionally, it was verified that the increase of flow rate diminishes the anethole and fenchone yields and, consequently, the global yield. The optimization of the operational conditions in the separation of the mixture extract + solvent is an important step in the supercritical extraction of natural products, because it will allow an optimal recovery and/or fractionation of the extract / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:23:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristine_Tedesco_Dissertacao.pdf: 5352495 bytes, checksum: 1ebfc27f56ccd3f024b5214c988d7fdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-18 / This research has as main objective understand the complex relation between the life and the work of Artemisia [Lomi] Gentileschi (1593 -1654). The study privileges the firsts years of the young painter‟s career, mainly in Rome and Florence. We selected two mainly types of sources for this work: written and imagetic. The analysis of the pictures was made at the same time we studied the interrogations in the criminal proceeding Stupri et lenocinij Pro Curia et Fisco, where Agostino Tassi is accused for forced desvirgination of Artemisia, during the year of 1611. We made an investigation connected to the discussions of gender, since we understand that the feminine and the masculine are built by the culture and the subjective identities of men and women have social origins, which relate with each other in a complex and tense way (SCOTT, 1990). We point that this research is guided by the method of reduction of scales in the historiography analysis, used by Michel Foucault (1991) and Carlo Ginzburg (2006) as well. About the analysis of images we joined the methodology of Luigi Pareyson (1997). According to the author, [ ] the work reemerge in the history: far from the reduction to a simple moment of temporal flow, it is capable, by its own, to produce history [ ] . (PAREYSON, 1997, p. 133). Even silenced by an androcentric historiography, Artemisia had painted human figures that overcame not just her father, but many others artist of her time. The forced desvirgination, the gynecologist exams, the torture, the arranged marriage between and indebted man and her father, the obstacles of a woman who longs for insertion in a masculinized world of art are important issues of Artemisia‟s life and of the circumstances analyzed by this research. Artemisia built a figurative and stylistic anti-conformist language, painted in the majority of her works the intensity of a patriarchal network power that the artist noticed in her everyday life / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal entender a complexa relação entre a vida e a obra de Artemísia [Lomi] Gentileschi (1593-1654). O estudo privilegia os primeiros tempos de atuação da jovem pintora, principalmente em Roma e Florença. Selecionamos dois principais tipos de fontes para fazer este trabalho, escritas e imagéticas. A análise das imagens foi realizada ao mesmo tempo em que estudamos os interrogatórios do processo c rime Stupri et lenocinij Pro Curia et Fisco, em que Agostino Tassi é acusado de desvirginar forçadamente Artemísia, durante o ano de 1611. Realizamos uma investigação atrelada às discussões de gênero, pois entendemos que o feminino e o masculino são construídos pela cultura e que as identidades subjetivas de homens e mulheres possuem origens sociais, as quais se relacionam de forma complexa e tensa. (SCOTT, 1990). Destacamos que a presente pesquisa é norteada pelo método de redução de escala na análise historiográfica, empregada por Michel Foucault (1991) e também muito trabalhada nos estudos de Carlo Ginzburg (2006). Sobre a análise das imagens, nos filiamos à metodologia de Luigi Pareyson (1997). Segundo o autor, [...] a obra reimerge na história: longe de reduzir-se a um simples momento do fluxo temporal, é capaz de, ela própria, produzir história [...] . (PAREYSON, 1997, p. 133). Mesmo silenciada por uma historiografia androcêntrica, Artemísia pintou figuras humanas que superam não só o pai, mas muitos outros artistas de seu tempo. O desvirginamento forçado, os exames ginecológicos, a tortura, o casamento arranjado entre um homem endividado e seu pai, os percalços de uma mulher que anseia a inserção no mundo masculinizado das artes são questões importantes da vida de Artemísia e da conjuntura analisada pela pesquisa. Artemísia construiu uma linguagem anticonformista do ponto figurativo e estilístico, pintou na maioria de suas obras a intensidade de uma rede de poder patriarcal que a artista percebia em seu cotidiano

L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier la biogéographie et l'évolution de deux groupes de plantes en Iran: Verbascum et Artemisia. Pour réaliser cet objectif, plusieurs phylogénies moléculaires ont été construits pour chacun de ces deux genres, et plusieurs caractères morphologiques ont été analysés. Les échantillons pour cette thèse ont été collectés en Iran au cours de mission de terrain et comparés aux spécimens d'herbier de plusieurs herbiers en Europe et en Iran. Cette étude a permis la collecte de presque toutes les espèces d'Iran. Pour les études moléculaires des feuilles ont été prélevées et conservées dans du silica-gel, à partir duquel l'ADN a été extrait et séquencé pour plusieurs régions. Pour Verbascum nous avons construit une phylogénie moléculaire comprenant 77 taxons représentant 38 espèces, à l'aide de la région nucléaire (ITS) et de quatre régions chloroplastiques (trnL-F, trnS-G, trnH-psbA et matK en partie). Les caractères morphologiques utilisés pour délimiter les groupes taxonomiques dans ce grand genre ont été examinées attentivement et comparées à la phylogénie moléculaire. Nous avons construit une autre phylogénie pour Artemisia avec seulement deux régions nucléaires ITS et ETS, en raison de l'insuffisance de résolution des marqueurs chloroplastiques pour ce genre. Nous avons pu inclure 48 taxa dans notre analyse, 22 en provenance d'Iran et 26 en provenance de Turquie. Comme de nombreuses études ont déjà été menées sur Artemisia, nous avons inclus nos séquences dans une grande phylogénie, incluant presque toutes les séquences publiées lors d'études précédentes en vue de construire un cadre phylogénétique robuste pour notre étude et de juger de l'apport des espèces turques et iraniennes à la phylogénie d'Artemisia. Les résultats de la phylogénie moléculaire de Verbascum montrent qu'il s'agit d'un genre monophylétique, mais n'a pas permis de proposer de classification infra-générique en accord avec la classification de Murbeck (1933) ou d'Huber-Morath (1981). Certains des caractères clés proposées par ces auteurs sont plésiomorphes et seule une combinaison de caractères peut aider à faire quelques regroupement. Au cours de cette étude deux espèces nouvelles ont été décrites: V. shahsavarensis et V. parsana et des espèces sont notées pour la première fois en Iran. L'inclusion des espèces iranienness et turques d'Artemisia a permis d'élargir les études existantes particulièrement pauvres en espèces provenant de ces deux régions. Les résultats phylogénétiques pour Artemisia ont montré que la région ETS fournit plus de sites variables et potentiellement informatifs qu'ITS. Cependant l'ajout de taxons iraniens et turcs n'a pas résolu les problèmes de délimitation des lignées majeures d'Artemisia et les résultats largement congruents avec les études précédentes. En outre, nos résultats confirment la décision d'inclure dans Artemisia certaines espèces comme Sphaeromeria capitata (A. capitata) et Sphaeromeria argentea (A. macarthuri) dans le genre Artemisia. En conclusion ce travail apporte des données nouvelles pour un genre peu étudié comme Verbascum et pour Artemisia des données sur des espèces non incluses précédemment dans les phylogénies d'Artemisia. Globalement cette étude a aussi démontré que les caractères morphologiques ne suffisent pas à définir de classification sub-générique dans ces deux genres et indiquent clairement que certains sous-genres ou des sections d'Artemisia comme Verbascum , exigent des changements dans leur délimitation. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis was to investigate the biogeography and evolution of two groups of plants in Iran: Verbascum and Artemisia. To fulfill this objective, molecular phylogenies were built for these two genera and morphological characters were analyzed. Samples were collected in Iran during field trips and compared to herbarium specimens from several herbaria in Europe and Iran. During this survey nearly all species from Iran were collected. For molecular studies they were collected in silica-gel, from which DNA was extracted and sequenced for several regions. For Verbascum we constructed a phylogeny with 77 taxa representing 38 species and sequenced them with Nuclear (ITS) and four chloroplastic regions (trnL-F, trnS-G, trnH-psbA and partial matK). Morphological characters used to delimits taxonomic groups in this large genus were closely examined and compared to the molecular phylogeny. We built another phylogeny for Artemisia with only nuclear regions ITS and ETS due to the lack of resolution of chloroplastic markers for this genus. We were able to include 48 taxa in our analysis, 22 from Iran and we added 26 from Turkey. As many studies have already been conducted on Artemisia, we also included them into a large phylogeny, with almost all the previous published sequences of Artemisia to establish a robust phylogenetic framework. The results from Verbascum's molecular phylogeny showed this is a monophyletic genus, but it cannot confirm the previous sub-genera classification provided by Murbeck (1933) and Huber-Morath (1981). Our result showed that some of the key characters proposed by those authors are plesiomorphic and probably only a combination of character states can help to do some grouping. During the survey of Verbascum species, some new records for Iran and two news species were encountered: V. shahsavarensis and V. parsana. The inclusion of Iranian and Turkish species of Artemisia widened the existing studies particularly poor in species from both regions. The phylogenetic results of Artemisia showed that partial ETS could provide more variable and potentially informative sites than the whole ITS. However the addition of Iranian and Turkish taxa did not produce topology conflicts among the major Artemisia lineages and results largely agreed with previous studies with a few exceptions. Also, our results confirm the decision to sink some species like Sphaeromeria capitata (A. capitata) and Sphaeromeria argentea (A. macarthuri) into the genus Artemisia. This work brought new data to a poorly known genus, Verbascum in that region and added species not included previously in phylogenies for Artemisia. Overal this study showed that morphological characters alone are not enough to define subgeneric classification. The result of Verbascum pave the way for future investigations, and Artemisia analysis clearly states that some subgenus or sections of Artemisia, require changes in their delimitation.