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The Chinese community in Malaya, Singapore, and British Borneo, as in all of Southeast Asia, is in the early stages of a radical change. This ethnic group, which already holds virtual control of the economy of these three regions, is now finding it necessary to also reach out for political representation, or even political control, in order to preserve its place in local society. Such participation in local affairs constitutes a great change for a group which has always maintained an orientation toward China, socially and politically, wherever its individuals might happen to live. The process of change is bound to be a painful one, as any break away from jealously held traditional values must be. There is, however, no real alternative; the choice must be between this change and an even more radically changed China. ... Malaya, Singapore, and British Borneo were chosen as the locale of this study for two main reasons. First, the similarities of the three are marked. They have made· up the major British colonial area of Southeast Asia, and the original population of the region was basically Malay. Second, the concentration of Chinese. population there is greater than in any other area outside China. Malaya with nearly half its population Chinese; Singapore, with a population which is four-fifths Chinese; and British Borneo, with almost one third of its people Chinese, are certainly in the position of having their future decided by the direction taken in the development of their Chinese community. The importance of the Chinese is enhanced by their relatively better educational and economic standing. Thus, it can be seen that a knowledge of the Chinese community in Malaya, Singapore and British Borneo, is extremely important in developing an understanding of the probably future development of these countries. Moreover, such knowledge is even more important in gaining foresight of the future of the Chinese in all of Southeast Asia.

L’empereur japonais Naruhito est le descendant de la plus vieille lignée monarchique au monde. Encore aujourd’hui, la monarchie constitutionnelle japonaise est célébrée de manière à ce qu’on puisse y observer des rituels traditionnels vieux de 1300 ans. À travers les âges, la monarchie nippone aura grandement évolué en fonction des courants de pensée qui auront intégré les coutumes japonaises, mais l’essentiel des rituels tels qu’ils étaient pratiqués originellement est toujours observable de nos jours. Les plus importants rituels mis en œuvre par l’institution impériale sont au nombre de trois : le Senso, le Sokui rei et le Daijō-sai. Lors de ces trois rituels, on organise respectivement la nomination de l’empereur, son intronisation et sa communion avec Amaterasu-Ô-mikami, l’instance divine de la plus haute importance selon le shintoïsme, une religion japonaise ancestrale. Pendant ces rituels, trois trésors sacrés sont primordiaux puisqu’ils sont notamment consubstantiels à la position de l’empereur. En effet, selon la mythologie japonaise, ces trois objets sacrés, une épée, un miroir et un joyau, auraient été remis par Amaterasu-Ô-mikami à son descendant en des temps immémoriaux, au moment où celui-ci recevait l’ordre de régner sur terre comme empereur. Au moment de l’ordonnance, le miroir sacré, en tant que corps théophanique, aurait remplacé Amaterasu-Ô-mikami, corps par lequel seul l’empereur pourrait communier avec la déesse. L’empereur devra léguer les trois Trésors à son descendant afin que celui-ci puisse à son tour accéder au mandat céleste détenu par le miroir. Ainsi, depuis l’écriture de la mythologie en 712, l’institution impériale japonaise, les trois Trésors sacrés et Amaterasu-Ô-mikami sont indissociables. Les trois Trésors sacrés de la monarchie japonaise et l’histoire qui s’y rattache sont utilisés dans ce travail afin d’analyser une théorisation développée par Brian Schiffer et Lars Fogelin en 2015. Selon ces auteurs, les objets peuvent être perçus comme détenteurs d’agentivité par certaines personnes, du moment qu’on puisse démontrer que les objets sont passés par des rites de passage au long de leur histoire de vie. / Japanese Emperor Naruhito is the descendant of the oldest monarchical lineage in the world. Even today, the Japanese constitutional monarchy is celebrated in such a way that traditional rituals dating back 1,300 years ago can be observed. Through the ages, the Japanese monarchy has greatly evolved through different schools of thought that have integrated Japanese customs, but, essentially, rituals as they were practiced originally are still practiced today. Among the rituals of the imperial institution, three are crucial: the Senso, the Sokui rei and the Daijō-sai. These three rituals deal respectively with the nomination of the emperor, his enthronement and his communion with Amaterasu-Ô-mikami, the divine authority of the highest importance according to Shintoism, the ancestral Japanese religion. During these rituals, three sacred treasures are primordial since they are consubstantial to the position of the emperor. Indeed, according to Japanese mythology, these three sacred objects, a sword, a mirror and a jewel were given by Amaterasu-Ô-mikami to his grandchild during immemorial times when he received the order to reign over Japan as the emperor. At the time of the ordinance, the sacred mirror would have been a substitute for Amaterasu-Ô-mikami as the theophanic body through which the emperor alone could commune with the goddess. In time, the emperor is required to bequeath the three Treasures to his descendant so that he can in turn access the celestial mandate detained by the sacred mirror. Thus, since the writing of mythology in 712, the Japanese imperial institution, the three Sacred Treasures and Amaterasu-Ô-mikami are interrelated. The Three Sacred Treasures of the Japanese monarchy and the related history are analyzed through a theory developed by Brian Schiffer and Lars Fogelin in 2015. According to the authors, objects can be perceived as holders of agency as long as it can be demonstrated that they have gone through rites of passage throughout their life history.

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