Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur lärare som undervisar i årskurs 3-6 i grundskolan bedömer elevers multimodala texter i ämnet svenska, för att belysa vilka semiotiska modaliteter som framhålls som betydelsefulla och varför. Studien utgår ifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna i studien användes en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fem lärare som undervisar i årskurs 3-6 intervjuades om sina erfarenheter av att bedöma multimodala texter i ämnet svenska. Resultatet visar att det är viktigt för lärarnas bedömning att elever kan skapa texter som kombinerar typografisk text och bild. Bedömningen av elevernas bilder varierar eftersom vissa av lärarna har bedömningskriterier för den semiotiska modaliteten bild medan andra inte har det.  När elever skapar multimodala texter som innehåller typografisk text blir den typografiska texten oftast den semiotiska modaliteten som är viktigast i lärarnas bedömning. Däremot när elevers multimodala texter kombinerar muntligt framförande och typografisk text är det den muntliga förmågan som får störst betydelse. Det stöd som lärarna beskriver sig få från läroplanen i svenska härrör främst till kriteriet att eleverna ska kunna kombinera typografisk text med bild och ljud. / The aim of this study is to investigate how teachers who teaches in grades 3-6 assess students' multimodal texts in the school subject Swedish, to highlight which semiotic modalities are emphasized as important in teacher assessments of students' multimodal texts and the reasons behind it. The study is based on a socio-cultural perspective. To answer the research questions of the study, a qualitative method was used in form of semi-structured interviews. Five teachers who teach in grades 3-6 were interviewed about their experiences of assessing multimodal texts in the school subject Swedish. The result shows that it is important for the teachers' assessments that the students could create texts that combine typographic texts and images. The assessment of the students' images varies, as some of the teachers have assessment criteria for the picture itself and others do not.  When students are instructed to create multimodal texts that contain typographical text, the typographic text is usually the semiotic modality that is most important in teacher assessments. However, when students' multimodal texts combine spoken language and typographical text, the oral ability is considered the most significant. The support that the teachers describe they receive from the Swedish curriculum derives from the criteria that students should be able to combine typographical texts with images and sounds.

The study is about how social workers perceive their power to be partly expressed and partly handled in the meeting with guardians in advance assessments in child welfare cases. The data collection was done through eight semi-structured interviews, which were done with a question guide. The question guide was designed so that we could answer our study´s questions. The analysis was done using a qualitative content analysis. As a theoretical framework we used Foucault's theory regarding power. The results of the study showed that the power expresses itself by sending summons to guardians. But also through the law and the guardian's fear of social workers' knowledge, as well as due to the guardian's ignorance regarding advance assessments. The results of the study also showed that social workers manage power by helping the guardian create trust in the social worker, motivating the guardian. Social workers also manage power by explaining the situation, listening, changing the focus and being clear through, for example, threats about their power to open a childcare investigation.

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento manipulador relacionado à aplicação de instrumentos de mensuração de competências socioemocionais no ambiente escolar estimulado por duas abordagens que configuram contextos low-stake: o efeito da disseminação da informação sobre essas competências e suas relações com bem-estar e progresso social e da possibilidade dos professores receberem as respostas individuais dos alunos. Para isso, realizou-se um experimento com 2853 alunos de 10 escolas públicas da rede estadual de São Paulo. Os resultados indicam que os alunos são capazes de inflar suas respostas no sentido da desejabilidade social e que as duas abordagens fazem com que os alunos se sintam mais motivados em manipular suas respostas. Além disso, os resultados mostram que a inclusão de uma notificação sobre um mecanismo de detecção de respostas falsas no questionário cria uma barreira e desestimula o comportamento manipulador. / This dissertation aims to examine faking behaviour in personality assessments at schools. Two approaches that create low-stakes environments are investigated: information spreading about non-cognitive skills and their impact on well-being and social progress and the fact that teachers would receive individual students\' answers. Using a CRT technique with 2853 students from 10 São Paulo state public schools, we find that students are capable to fake their answers and these two approaches turn them more motivated to engage in faking. Moreover, we show that a warning about untruthful answers attached to the questionnaire imposes a cost, discouraging faking behaviour

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento manipulador relacionado à aplicação de instrumentos de mensuração de competências socioemocionais no ambiente escolar estimulado por duas abordagens que configuram contextos low-stake: o efeito da disseminação da informação sobre essas competências e suas relações com bem-estar e progresso social e da possibilidade dos professores receberem as respostas individuais dos alunos. Para isso, realizou-se um experimento com 2853 alunos de 10 escolas públicas da rede estadual de São Paulo. Os resultados indicam que os alunos são capazes de inflar suas respostas no sentido da desejabilidade social e que as duas abordagens fazem com que os alunos se sintam mais motivados em manipular suas respostas. Além disso, os resultados mostram que a inclusão de uma notificação sobre um mecanismo de detecção de respostas falsas no questionário cria uma barreira e desestimula o comportamento manipulador. / This dissertation aims to examine faking behaviour in personality assessments at schools. Two approaches that create low-stakes environments are investigated: information spreading about non-cognitive skills and their impact on well-being and social progress and the fact that teachers would receive individual students\' answers. Using a CRT technique with 2853 students from 10 São Paulo state public schools, we find that students are capable to fake their answers and these two approaches turn them more motivated to engage in faking. Moreover, we show that a warning about untruthful answers attached to the questionnaire imposes a cost, discouraging faking behaviour