Bakgrund – Stress påverkar kroppen både fysiskt och psykiskt, för att stressen inte ska ge negativa effekter är det viktigt med återhämtning. Stress i arbetet är vanligt förekommande framförallt inom sjukvården och kan uppstå då det ställs höga krav på individen. För att undvika att stressen ska påverka individen används olika former av hanteringsstrategier, det kan vara allt från problemlösande- till emotionellstrategier. Syfte – Att beskriva vårdpersonalens hanteringsstrategier vid arbetsrelaterad stress. Metod – En litteraturstudie med elva kvalitativa studier inkluderades, dessa analyserades med hjälp av Forsberg och Wengström, inspirerad av metod för innehållsanalys. Resultat – Författarnas resultat visade på två kategorier, ”problemlösande hanteringsstrategier” och ”känslomässiga hanteringsstrategier”, samt åtta underkategorier, ”att söka, ge och erhålla stöd”, ”att prioritera och planera arbetet”, ”att utföra aktiviteter”, ”reflektion och pauser”, ”att använda humor”, ”ilska och undvikande”, ”substansanvändning” och ”andlighet och tro”. Konklusion – Omvårdnadsyrket är ett krävande område där stress är oundvikligt, därför är det viktigt att hantera den stress som uppkommer i arbetet för att kunna bibehålla fokus. Mer forskning på effektiva strategier för stresshantering krävs. / Background - Stress affects the body both physically and mentally, to avoid negative effects of stress, it’s important with recovery. Occupational stress is common especially in health care personal and can occur when there are high work demands on the individual. To avoid occupational stress affect on the individual the use of various forms of coping strategies, it can vary from problemsolving- to emotional coping strategies. Purpose - To describe healthcare personnel management of occupationalstress. Method - A Literaturereview with eleven qualitative studies were included, these were analyzed by Forsberg and Wengströms, inspired by the method of content analysis. Results - The authors' results demonstrated in two categories, "problemsolving coping strategies" and "emotional coping strategies" and eight subcategories, "to seek, give and receive support", "to prioritize and plan work", "to perform activities", "reflection and breaks","use of humor", "anger and avoidance", "substance use" and "spirituality and faith". Conclusion – The nursing profession is a demanding area where stress is inevitable, therefore it is important to manage the stress that arises in the workplace in order to maintain focus. More research on effective strategies for stress management is required.

The problem of this study was the status of administrative assistants in higher education with special emphasis on (1) the role of the administrative assistant, (2) the internship aspects of the position, as perceived by college and university presidents throughout the United States, and (3) the professional qualifications held by persons filling positions as administrative assistants.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of high school assistant principals as perceived by principals, assistant principals, and teachers. The population in this study consisted of the principals, assistant principals, and teachers in Class 5A high schools in Texas during the 1985- 86 school year. One hundred and twenty of the Class 5A high schools were randomly selected to participate in the study. One principal, one assistant principal, and one teacher from each school were asked to respond to the survey. A questionnaire was designed to measure the perception of the three groups under study and contained seventy-seven job responsibilities which were divided into six major areas. The six areas were school management, staff personnel, community relations, student activities, curriculum and instruction, and pupil personnel. Eighteen items were eliminated through clarity, appropriateness, and reliability studies. Each respondent was asked to rate the degree of involvement of assistant principals for each job responsibility listed in two columns labeled current and ideal. Five hypotheses were developed for the study. Three hypotheses were tested by a multivariate one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, and two were tested using a univariate one-way analysis of variance. The .05 level of significance was used to determine if any significant differences existed. This study concluded that currently assistant principals have had moderate to considerable involvement in all six areas of job responsibility. The three groups in the study differed significantly in their perceptions about the current role of assistant principals. The four areas that showed a significant difference were staff personnel, student activities, curriculum and instruction, and pupil personnel. Results from the study indicated that principals and teachers agreed that ideally assistant principals should have more involvement in all six areas of job responsibility. Assistant principals indicated that ideally they should have more involvement in school management, curriculum and instruction, and staff personnel. When the ideal role was further analyzed, the three groups only showed a difference in the area of student activities.

Home care is a vital component of the United States healthcare delivery system. The demand for home care has steadily increased over the past decade and it is projected that this increase will continue over the next several decades. Moreover, the utilization of Medicaid waiver home and community-based care services has expanded to provide an alternative to the more costly institutional placement. In order to meet this growing demand while maintaining the cost-savings, the system relies primarily on the minimally trained, healthcare paraprofessionals known as Personal Care Assistants (PCAs). The present study examined the career commitment and job satisfaction of PCAs who provide Medicaid waiver home and community-based care services and participated in a 40-hour training intervention. Specifically, the study evaluated differences in pre- and post-training levels of career commitment as measured by the Career Commitment Measure (CCM), in terms of overall career commitment and the three subscales: career identity, career planning, and career resilience; and job satisfaction as measured by the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), in terms of overall job satisfaction and the two subscales: extrinsic job satisfaction and intrinsic job satisfaction, between age groups and groups based on extrinsic job satisfaction. Additionally, the study examined the interaction of age and extrinsic job satisfaction as a moderator on the influence of the training intervention to produce a change in career commitment and the three subscales of career commitment, career identity, career planning, and career resilience job satisfaction. The results of analyses were varied across groups and measures. Specifically, there were no statistically significant differences across age group in terms of changes in career commitment or job satisfaction as a consequence of the training; however, post-hoc examinations revealed statistically significant within group changes. A decrease in the overall, intrinsic, and extrinsic job satisfaction score from pre- to post-training for the 40-49 age group was found. Likewise, the 50-59 age group showed a statistically significant decrease in the extrinsic job satisfaction scores from pre- to post-training. The PCA’s level of extrinsic job satisfaction did have a statistically significant differential effect on changes in overall career commitment and career planning scores as a consequence of the training. The exploration of the interaction of age and extrinsic job satisfaction to influence changes in career commitment as a consequence of the training found statistically significant main effects with respect to levels of extrinsic job satisfaction for overall career commitment, career identity, career planning, and career resilience. However, no main effects for age and no interaction effects were obtained. These study findings have important implications for future research, and the development of training curricula and evaluation. Results provide critical information about this largely overlooked group of healthcare paraprofessionals, which have practical application in more effectively improving job satisfaction through training initiatives, thereby increasing the recruitment and retention of the paraprofessional healthcare workforce.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de produire un environnement permettant de raisonner formellement sur la correction de systèmes de calculs locaux, ainsi que sur l'expressivité de ce modèle de calcul. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons l'assistant de preuve Coq. Notre première contribution est la formalisation en Coq de la sémantique des systèmes de réétiquetage localement engendrés, ou calculs locaux. Un système de calculs locaux est un système de réétiquetage de graphe dont la portée est limitée. Nous proposons donc tout d'abord une implantation succincte de la théorie des graphes en Coq, et utilisons cette dernière pour définir les systèmes de réétiquetage de graphes localement engendrés. Nous avons relevé, dans la définition usuelle des calculs locaux, certaines ambiguïtés. Nous proposons donc une nouvelle définition, et montrons formellement que celle-ci capture toutes les sous-classes d'algorithmes étudiées. Nous esquissons enfin une méthodologie de preuve des systèmes de calculs locaux en Coq.Notre seconde contribution consiste en l'étude formelle de l'expressivité des systèmes de calculs locaux. Nous formalisons un résultat de D. Angluin (repris par la suite par Y. Métivier et J. Chalopin): l'inexistence d'un algorithme d'élection universelle. Nous proposons ensuite deux lemmes originaux concernant les calculs locaux sur les arêtes (ou systèmes LC0), et utilisons ceux-ci pour produire des preuves formelles d'impossibilité pour plusieurs problèmes: calcul du degré de chaque sommet, calcul d'arbre recouvrant, etélection. Nous proposons informellement une nouvelles classes de graphe pour laquelle l'élection est irréalisable par des calculs locaux sur les arêtes.Nous étudions ensuite les transformations de systèmes de calculs locaux et de leur preuves. Nous adaptons le concept de Forward Simulation de N. Lynch aux systèmes de calculs locaux et utilisons ce dernier pour démontrer formellement l'inclusion de deux modes de détection de terminaison dans le cas des systèmes LC0. La preuve de cette inclusion estsimplifiée par l'utilisation de transformations "standards" de systèmes, pour lesquels des résultats génériques ont été démontrés. Finalement, nous réutilisons ces transformations standards pour étudier, en collaboration avec M. Tounsi, deux techniques de composition des systèmes de réétiquetage LC0. Une bibliothèque Coq d'environ 50000 lignes, contenant les preuves formelles des théorèmes présentés dans le mémoire de thèse à été produite en collaboration avec Pierre Castéran (dont environ 40%produit en propre par V. Filou) au cours de cette thèse. / The goal of this work is to build a framework allowing the study, in aformal setting, of the correctness of local computations systems aswell as the expressivity of this model. A local computation system isa set of graph relabelling rules with limited scope, corresponding to a class of distributed algorithms.Our first contribution is the formalisation, in the Coq proofassistant, of a relationnal semantic for local computation systems.This work is based on an original formal graph theory for Coq.Ambiguities inherent to a "pen and paper" definition of local computations are corrected, and we prove that our definition captures all sub-classes of relabelling relations studied in the remainder. We propose a draft of a proof methodology for local computation systems in Coq. Our second contribution is the study of the expressivity of classes of local computations inside our framework. We provide,for instance, a formal proof of D. Angluin results on election and graph coverings. We propose original "meta-theorems" concerningthe LC0 class of local computation, and use these theorem to produce formal impossibility proofs.Finally we study possible transformations of local computation systemsand of their proofs. To this end, we adapt the notion of ForwardSimulation, originally formulated by N. Lynch, to localcomputations. We use this notion to define certified transformationsof LC0 systems. We show how those certified transformation can be useto study the expressivity of certain class of algorithm in ourframework. We define, as certified transformation, two notions ofcomposition for LC0 systems.A Coq library of ~ 50000 lines of code, containing the formal proofs of the theorems presented in the thesis has been produced in collaboration with Pierre Castéran.

Bakgrund – Stress påverkar kroppen både fysiskt och psykiskt, för att stressen inte ska ge negativa effekter är det viktigt med återhämtning. Stress i arbetet är vanligt förekommande framförallt inom sjukvården och kan uppstå då det ställs höga krav på individen. För att undvika att stressen ska påverka individen används olika former av hanteringsstrategier, det kan vara allt från problemlösande- till emotionellstrategier. Syfte – Att beskriva vårdpersonalens hanteringsstrategier vid arbetsrelaterad stress. Metod – En litteraturstudie med elva kvalitativa studier inkluderades, dessa analyserades med hjälp av Forsberg och Wengström, inspirerad av metod för innehållsanalys. Resultat – Författarnas resultat visade på två kategorier, ”problemlösande hanteringsstrategier” och ”känslomässiga hanteringsstrategier”, samt åtta underkategorier, ”att söka, ge och erhålla stöd”, ”att prioritera och planera arbetet”, ”att utföra aktiviteter”, ”reflektion och pauser”, ”att använda humor”, ”ilska och undvikande”, ”substansanvändning” och ”andlighet och tro”. Konklusion – Omvårdnadsyrket är ett krävande område där stress är oundvikligt, därför är det viktigt att hantera den stress som uppkommer i arbetet för att kunna bibehålla fokus. Mer forskning på effektiva strategier för stresshantering krävs. / Background - Stress affects the body both physically and mentally, to avoid negative effects of stress, it’s important with recovery. Occupational stress is common especially in health care personal and can occur when there are high work demands on the individual. To avoid occupational stress affect on the individual the use of various forms of coping strategies, it can vary from problemsolving- to emotional coping strategies. Purpose - To describe healthcare personnel management of occupationalstress. Method - A Literaturereview with eleven qualitative studies were included, these were analyzed by Forsberg and Wengströms, inspired by the method of content analysis. Results - The authors' results demonstrated in two categories, "problemsolving coping strategies" and "emotional coping strategies" and eight subcategories, "to seek, give and receive support", "to prioritize and plan work", "to perform activities", "reflection and breaks","use of humor", "anger and avoidance", "substance use" and "spirituality and faith". Conclusion – The nursing profession is a demanding area where stress is inevitable, therefore it is important to manage the stress that arises in the workplace in order to maintain focus. More research on effective strategies for stress management is required.

Problematization: Earlier research on brand communication emphasize the importance of communicating a brand consistently throughout all marketing channels and media. Virtual assistants (VAs) are a new marketing media and a relatively new technology with which a brand can communicate with customers. However, the theory and knowledge about how to use it as a communication tool for a brand is limited. With human communication attributes being a unique characteristic of VAs as a marketing medium, it is suggested that these can be used to clarify and supplement the traits of a brand’s personality. Research Questions: How is brand personality communicated via integrated marketing communications? How does communication with VAs affect the consumers’ perception of a brand’s personality? Purpose: This report investigates, through theories on integrated marketing communication, brand and communication, how brand personality can be communicated through a voice. The study also shows how human conversation attributes are of importance in conversation with virtual assistants, and how these affect brand personality. Conclusion: The study has shown that virtual assistants could provide the opportunity to augment a brand’s personality as a result of their ability to adopt human communication attributes. If the conversational expectations are not fulfilled, the impression of the VA, and therefore the brand it represents, will be negatively affected. If VAs overcome the communication and social obstacles, of which some are presented in this study, they can become a valuable medium for communicating brand personality. Knowledge Contribution: This study has given an understanding for human-to-brand conversation through voice and what aspects that may be considered when developing a VA for marketing purposes. A theoretical model has been developed to show how brand personality and communication attributes can affect the brand communication through virtual assistants.

Background: E-commerce is widespread in today’s shopping routines and conversational commerce (CC) as an expansion, aims at integrating customers and businesses on a whole new level. Through the application of chatbots fueled by artificial intelligence, a more personal and individual way of remote shopping is offered. Purpose: Our research question What potential attributes of AI-fueled CC applications and their possible inherent characteristics are determining the willingness to use them and to what extent, in the context of digital natives living in Sweden and Germany? aims at identifying the demanded attributes of conversational commerce from a consumer perspective. Method: We facilitate a quantitative questionnaire with 118 valid answers to administer a traditional full-profile conjoint analysis. Conclusion: Our results indicate that German digital natives deem a CC application’s behavior as the most important attribute, followed by payment method, personality and communication form (voice or text). The Swedish digital natives however, attach the most importance to the payment method, followed by behavior, communication form and personality. Both have in common that they prefer a rather passive behavior over being actively approached, a personality that is balanced between humor and seriousness and text-based communication over voice. A difference is the Swedish preference for direct in-app payment while German digital natives would select a redirection to a secondary payment provider (e.g. PayPal).

As progressivas inovações tecnológicas na área de engenharia mecânica contribuem para a adoção de novos procedimentos terapêuticos para programas de reabilitação. Este trabalho trata do projeto e desenvolvimento de um auxiliar deambulatório para ser utilizado como uma forma de dar continuidade à reabilitação clínica de pessoas com dificuldade ou incapacidade na marcha independente. Nesse sentido, procurou-se desenvolver um deambulador incorporando novas abordagens ao seu projeto mecânico básico, tais como novos materiais, fabricação e conformação da estrutura mecânica, bem como possíveis controles de mobilidade articulares. Nesse contexto, a relação peso-volume foi cuidadosamente explorada de forma a tornar um auxiliar eficiente na marcha de crianças e adultos com paralisia cerebral. Os deambuladores convencionais hodiernos são fundamentalmente caracterizados pelo nível de segurança proporcionada aos usuários em movimento, todavia não oferecem condições para o treino do autoequilíbrio, o que os torna dependentes de ferramentas de auxílio para a realização correta da marcha. Portanto, é importante desenvolver um deambulador autotransferente que satisfaça as restrições de projeto, com volume e peso mínimos, e que seja essencial para a reabilitação de pacientes com paralisia cerebral, sem torná-los dependentes pela ausência do autoequilíbrio. Esse equipamento promove a autotransferência e o treinamento do autoequilíbrio do usuário seja ele adulto ou criança. Neste projeto, o deambulador foi denominado de Auxiliar Deambulatório Autotransferente - ADA devido à ação recíproca da marcha que transfere o torque muscular do tronco inferior para a mobilização dos membros inferiores. Assim, o ADA poderá fornecer situações sinestésicas nas quais o autoequilíbrio do paciente será estimulado a se manifestar. Com isso, o paciente poderá estar apto para adquirir ou recuperar o autoequilíbrio e a confiança para efetuar o treino da marcha. / The progressive technological innovations in mechanical engineering contribute to the adoption of new therapeutic procedures for rehabilitation programs. This work addresses the design and development of an ambulatory aid to be used as a way to continue the clinic rehabilitation for people with difficulty or inability in walking independently. Accordingly, we sought to develop a deambulador incorporating new approaches to its basic mechanical design, such as new materials, manufacturing and conformation of the mechanical structure and possible controls of joint mobility. In this context, the volume-weight ratio has been carefully explored in order to make an assist in the efficient running of children and adults with cerebral palsy. The conventional modern-day ambulatory are fundamentally characterized by the level of security provided to users on the move, but do not offer conditions for the auto balance training, which makes them dependent on aid tools to achieve the correct gait. It is therefore important to develop an autotransfer deambulator satisfying the design constraints, with minimum volume and weight, and with the essential characteristic for the rehabilitation of patients with cerebral palsy, without making them dependent on the absence of auto balance. This apparatus that promotes autotransfer and training of auto balance for the user whether adult or child. In this project the deambulador was named Assistant Deambulator Autotransfer (Auxiliary Ambulation Autotransfer) - ADA due to the interplay of movement, which transfers the torque of the lower trunk muscles for the mobilization of the lower limbs. Thus, the ADA may provide situations in which the synaesthetic auto balance the patient will be encouraged to carry out. Thus, the patient may be able to acquire or retrieve the auto balance and confidence to make the training of the march.

As progressivas inovações tecnológicas na área de engenharia mecânica contribuem para a adoção de novos procedimentos terapêuticos para programas de reabilitação. Este trabalho trata do projeto e desenvolvimento de um auxiliar deambulatório para ser utilizado como uma forma de dar continuidade à reabilitação clínica de pessoas com dificuldade ou incapacidade na marcha independente. Nesse sentido, procurou-se desenvolver um deambulador incorporando novas abordagens ao seu projeto mecânico básico, tais como novos materiais, fabricação e conformação da estrutura mecânica, bem como possíveis controles de mobilidade articulares. Nesse contexto, a relação peso-volume foi cuidadosamente explorada de forma a tornar um auxiliar eficiente na marcha de crianças e adultos com paralisia cerebral. Os deambuladores convencionais hodiernos são fundamentalmente caracterizados pelo nível de segurança proporcionada aos usuários em movimento, todavia não oferecem condições para o treino do autoequilíbrio, o que os torna dependentes de ferramentas de auxílio para a realização correta da marcha. Portanto, é importante desenvolver um deambulador autotransferente que satisfaça as restrições de projeto, com volume e peso mínimos, e que seja essencial para a reabilitação de pacientes com paralisia cerebral, sem torná-los dependentes pela ausência do autoequilíbrio. Esse equipamento promove a autotransferência e o treinamento do autoequilíbrio do usuário seja ele adulto ou criança. Neste projeto, o deambulador foi denominado de Auxiliar Deambulatório Autotransferente - ADA devido à ação recíproca da marcha que transfere o torque muscular do tronco inferior para a mobilização dos membros inferiores. Assim, o ADA poderá fornecer situações sinestésicas nas quais o autoequilíbrio do paciente será estimulado a se manifestar. Com isso, o paciente poderá estar apto para adquirir ou recuperar o autoequilíbrio e a confiança para efetuar o treino da marcha. / The progressive technological innovations in mechanical engineering contribute to the adoption of new therapeutic procedures for rehabilitation programs. This work addresses the design and development of an ambulatory aid to be used as a way to continue the clinic rehabilitation for people with difficulty or inability in walking independently. Accordingly, we sought to develop a deambulador incorporating new approaches to its basic mechanical design, such as new materials, manufacturing and conformation of the mechanical structure and possible controls of joint mobility. In this context, the volume-weight ratio has been carefully explored in order to make an assist in the efficient running of children and adults with cerebral palsy. The conventional modern-day ambulatory are fundamentally characterized by the level of security provided to users on the move, but do not offer conditions for the auto balance training, which makes them dependent on aid tools to achieve the correct gait. It is therefore important to develop an autotransfer deambulator satisfying the design constraints, with minimum volume and weight, and with the essential characteristic for the rehabilitation of patients with cerebral palsy, without making them dependent on the absence of auto balance. This apparatus that promotes autotransfer and training of auto balance for the user whether adult or child. In this project the deambulador was named Assistant Deambulator Autotransfer (Auxiliary Ambulation Autotransfer) - ADA due to the interplay of movement, which transfers the torque of the lower trunk muscles for the mobilization of the lower limbs. Thus, the ADA may provide situations in which the synaesthetic auto balance the patient will be encouraged to carry out. Thus, the patient may be able to acquire or retrieve the auto balance and confidence to make the training of the march.