No presente trabalho, espécimes de Mikania cordifolia coletados em Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos, Campos do Jordão e Monte Verde são analisados comparativamente por métodos cromatográficos (CG e CLAE) para a pesquisa de triterpenóides, lactonas sesquiterpênicas e flavonóides. Todos os espécimes de M. cordifolia analisados apresentaram os triterpenóides -Amirina, -Amirina, Lupeol, Lupenona, Taraxasterol, Pseudotaraxasterol, Acetato de -Amirina, Acetato de -Amirina, Acetato de Lupeol, Acetato de Taraxasterol, Campesterol, Estigmasterol e -Sitosterol, as lactonas sesquiterpênicas 14-hidroxi-15[2-hidroximetilacriloiloxi]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8-olídeo, 14-hidroxi-15[2-hidroxi,2-metilpropanoiloxi]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8-olídeo e 14-hidroxi-15[2,3-epoxi,2-metilpropanoiloxi]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8-olídeo, os flavónóides Quercetina-3-O--galactosídeo e Rhamnazina e o ácido 3,4-diidroxi-benzóico. Apenas os espécimes de Ribeirão Preto e São Carlos apresentaram Friedelina. O extrato aquoso de M. cordifolia foi avaliado para atividade antiofídica, mostrando-se efetivo na diminuição do edema de pata de camundongo induzido por veneno de Bothrops moojeni. / In the present work, specimens of Mikania cordifolia collected at Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos, Campos do Jordão and Monte Verde were analyzed comparatively for triterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids by chromatographic methods (GC and HPLC). All M. cordifolia specimens analyzed showed the triterpenoids -Amyrin, - Amyrin, Lupeol, Lupenone, Taraxasterol, Pseudotaraxasterol, -Amyrin Acetate, - Amyrin Acetate, Lupeol Acetate, Taraxasterol Acetate, Campesterol, Stigmasterol e -Sitosterol, the sesquiterpene lactones 14-hydroxy-15[2 -hydroxymethylacryloyloxygermacra- 1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8 -olide, 14-hydroxy-15[2 -hydroxy,2 - methylpropanoyloxy]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8 -olide e 14-hydroxy- 15[2 ,3 -epoxy,2 -methylpropanoyloxy]-germacra-1(10)E,4Z-11(13)-trien-12,8 -olide, the flavonoids Quercetin-3-O- -galactoside and Rhamnazyn and the compound 3,4- dihydroxy-benzoic acid. Only specimens collected at Ribeirão Preto and São Carlos showed Friedelin. The aqueous extract of M. cordifolia was evaluated for antiofidic activity and was found effective in reducing mice paw edema induced by venom of Bothrops moojeni

O trabalho buscou investigar as variações sazonais de metabólitos secundários em Eremanthus glomerulatus Less (Asteraceae). Embora não ser utilizada para fins medicinais esta espécie contem substâncias biologicamente ativas. Para este estudo, foram selecionados dez indivíduos de uma mesma população localizada na região do município de Ibiraci - MG, que durante um período de aproximadamente dois anos (06/2000 a 04/2002) tiveram um de seus ramos coletados mensalmente. Visando a análise das folhas destes ramos uma metodologia para extração e análise de seus metabólitos secundários majoritários por CLAE-UV foi desenvolvida e utilizada para determinação de suas variações sazonais. A identificação destes metabólitos se deu principalmente pelas técnicas hifenadas CLAE-DAD-EM e CLAE-DAD-EM/EM. Os metabólitos que não puderam ser identificados por estas ferramentas foram isolados do extrato etanólico foliar desta espécie e identificados por RMN de 1H e 13C e EM. Durante este estudo foi verificado que o envelhecimento das folhas resulta em uma significativa redução no conteúdo de todos os seus metabólitos secundários. Também foi possível identificar nove metabólitos secundários pertencentes as classes dos ácidos cafeoilquínicos, derivados fenólicos e flavonóides, dos quais foram isolados três, sendo dois ainda não relatados na literatura. Quanto a variação sazonal pode-se verificar que os indivíduos apresentam perfis metabólicos bem semelhante com diferenças quantitativas mas praticamente não apresentando variações qualitativas entre os indivíduos. Pode-se observar também que há um metabolismo bem diversificado no qual nem sempre todos os indivíduos apresentam aumento de produção de um mesmo metabólito em determinada estação do ano. Apesar das variáveis é possível definir o outono e a primavera como as estações que durante o estudo apresentaram os melhores índices de produção de praticamente todos os metabólitos analisados. Por fim pode-se concluir que as variações sazonais em E. glomerutalus são significativas e que são determinantes para definir a época de futuras coletas para posteriores estudos químicos ou farmacológicos. / This study was performed to investigate the seasonal intrapopulational variations of the secondary metabolites in Eremanthus glomerulatus Less (Asteraceae). Although this species is not used for medicinal purposes, it contains biologically active substances. For this study, ten individuals from the same population located in the region of Ibirici city, Minas Gerais state, had one of their lbranches collected monthly for about two years (from 06/2000 to 04/2002). Aiming the analysis of the leaves from the branches, a methodology on UV-HPLC was developed and used for the extraction and analysis of major secondary metabolites to determine the seasonal variations. The identification of the metabolites has occurred mainly by the HPLC-DAD-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS hyphenated techniques. The metabolites that could not be identified by these methods were isolated from ethanolic extract of leaves of these species and identified by NMR 1H and 13C and MS. During this study it was noticed that the aging of the leaves results in a significant reduction on the rate of all the secondary metabolites. It was also possible to identify nine secondary metabolites belonging to caffeoylquinic acids, phenolical derivatives and flavonoids, from which, three compounds were isolated, however two compounds wasnt described in the literature. Relating to the seasonal variation, it was possible to verify that the individuals present similar metabolic profiles with quantitative differences but practically without qualitative difference. It was also possible to observe that there is a diversified metabolism in which not all individuals present an increase in the production of the same metabolite on a specific season. Despite these variations, it is possible to define autumn and spring as the seasons that presented the best rates of production on practically all the analyzed metabolites. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the seasonal variation of E. glomerutalus is significant and decisive to define the right time for future collection for further chemical and pharmacological studies.

Cerca de 10% da flora mundial é representada pela família Asteraceae, uma das maiores famílias de Angiospermae, caracterizada não só pela diversidade morfológica e taxonômica, como também pela riqueza de metabólitos secundários apresentada pelas espécies estudadas dessa família. Lychnophora salicifolia Mart. é a espécie de maior distribuição geográfica do gênero (ocorrendo na Serra do Espinhaço na Bahia, em Minas Gerais e no sudeste de Goiás) e a mais polimórfica também. Entre seus usos etnobotânicos, destaca-se a ação anti-inflamatória e analgésica. Neste trabalho, realizamos o estudo da variação dos metabólitos polares dessa espécie, sendo que para isso foi utilizada a desreplicação do extrato bruto (metanol/água obtido a partir da folhas) através da análise por CLAE-DAD-EM, a qual permitiu a caracterização dos constituintes dessa mistura através da análise dos espectros de UV e dados de EM. Assim foi possível identificar 20 substâncias: ácido protecatecuico; ácido 3-O-E-cafeoilquínico; ácido 3-O-p-cumaroilquínico; ácido 4-O-E-cafeoilquínico; ácido 5-O-E-cafeoilquínico; ácido 4-O-p-cumaroilquínico; ácido 5-O-p-cumaroilquinico; ácido 5-O-feruloilquínico; vicenina-2 (6,8-di-C--glcosilapigenina); ácido 3,4-di-O-E-cafeoilquínico; ácido 3,5-di-O-E-cafeoilquínico; ácido 3-O-cumaroil 5-O-p-cafeoilquínico; ácido 3-O-cafeoil, 5-O-p-cumaroilquínico; ácido 4,5-di-O-E-cafeoilquínico; ácido 4-feruloil-5-O-E-cafeoilquínico; ácido 3,4 di-O-p-cumaroilquínico; ácido 3,5 di-O-p-cumaroilquínico; ácido 4,5 di-O-p-cumaroilquínico; ácido lychnofólico e o ácido 2-O-acetil lychnofólico. Para a validação da metodologia analítica foi utilizada uma substância pertencente a cada classe de compostos: ácido 5-O-E-cafeoilquínico, vicenina-2 e o ácido 2-O-acetil lychnofólico. Quanto à validação da metodologia analítica, esta garantiu a confiabilidade dos resultados e a credibilidade do método para os propósitos deste estudo, abrangendo a faixa de concentração necessária para as análises de variação populacional, além apresentar valores de limites de detecção e limites de quantificação, precisão e recuperação adequados. Na análise intrapopulacional, verificou-se uma variabilidade quantitativa entre indivíduos da mesma população, porém, em média os indivíduos pertencentes à mesma população são parecidos quimicamente. Já em relação ao estudo da variação populacional, pudemos verificar diferenças tanto quanti como qualitativas entre populações coletadas em regiões distintas do Brasil, sendo que a partir da análise estatística, verificamos que há uma correlação entre isolamento geográfico e diminuição da semelhança do perfil de metabólitos polares entre as plantas de populações diferentes indicando que o padrão encontrado para concentração dos metabólitos é influenciado pela distribuição geográfica das amostras. Todavia, não é possível determinar a localização das amostras unicamente pelas variáveis metabólicas estudadas. Assim, a concentração e presença dos metabólitos são influenciadas pela distribuição geográfica das amostras. / About 10% of the world flora is represented by the Asteraceae family, which has been extensively studied since it is one of the largest families of Angiospermae, characterized not only by morphological and taxonomic diversity but also the wealth of secondary metabolites produced by the species studied of this family. Lychnophora salicifolia Mart. is the most widely distributed species of the genus (occurring in the Serra do Espinhaço in Bahia, Minas Gerais and in the southeast of Goiás) and also is the most polymorphic. Its popular use is due to the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. In this work, we studied the variation of polar metabolites of this species using the dereplication of the crude extract (methanol/water obtained from the leaves) by the HPLC-DAD-MS analysis, which led us to identify the constituents of this mixture by analyzing the UV spectra and MS data. Thus it was possible to identify 20 substances: protocatechuic acid; 3-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid; 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid; 4-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid; 5-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid; 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid; 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid; 5-O-feruloylquinic acid; vicenin-2 (6,8-di-C--glucosylapigenin); 3,4-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid; 3-O-coumaroyl-5-O-p-caffeoylquinic acid; 3-O-caffeoyl acid, 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid; 4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-feruloyl-5-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid; 3,4-di-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid; 3,5-di-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid; 4,5-di-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid; lychnofolic acid and 2-O-acetyl lychnofolic acid. To the validation of analytical methodology were used one substance belonging to each class of compounds: 5-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid, vicenin-2 and 2-O-acetyl lychnofolic acid. So, the validation of analytical method ensured the reliability and credibility of the results of the method for purposes of this study, covering the concentration range required for analysis of population variation and presents appropriates values of detection and quantification limits, precision and recovery. For intrapopulation analysis, there was a quantitative variability between individuals of the same population, but on average the individuals of the same population are similar chemically. In relation to the study of interpopulation variation, we could see quantitative and qualitative differences between populations collected from different regions of Brazil, and from the statistical analysis, we found that there is a correlation between geographic isolation and decrease of the similarity of the polar metabolites profile between plants of different populations. This indicated that the pattern found for the concentration of metabolites is influenced by the geographical distribution of samples. However, it is not possible to determine the location of the samples only by the metabolic variables studied. Thus, the presence and concentration of metabolites are influenced by the geographical distribution of samples.

Orientador: Thomas Michael Lewinsohn / Texto em português e inglês / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge_LeonardoRe_D.pdf: 3849903 bytes, checksum: 25f081be452b20c896ee7884cb1f9a07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Nesta tese propomos um desenvolvimento do conceito de especialização no uso de recursos, de forma a incluir aspectos pouco considerados, principalmente no contexto de interações: afinidades entre os tipos de recursos, sua disponibilidade e padrões de coocorrência. Por meio da incorporação de avanços recentes em estudos ecofilogenéticos e em modelos nulos, propomos novas métricas para a especialização de espécies e comunidades, e aplicamos esses avanços para responder a questões particulares. No primeiro capítulo, o arcabouço conceitual é apresentado de forma mais geral, e uma métrica para a especialização de espécies é proposta e exemplificada. O segundo capítulo, de natureza metodológica, estende essa métrica para comunidades e propõe uma partição da variação em especialização entre espécies e entre locais de forma hierarquizada. O terceiro capítulo investiga a capacidade destas ferramentas de evidenciar relações entre a especialização e a distribuição geográfica de espécies de insetos endófagos de capítulos de Asteraceae no Brasil. Por fim, o quarto capítulo utiliza o mesmo conjunto de dados para investigar o papel da diversidade filogenética de recursos na determinação da riqueza de insetos que os utilizam / Abstract: In this thesis we propose a development of the resource specialization concept to include aspects usually not taken into account, especially for trophic interactions: affinities among resource types, their availabilities and cooccurrence patterns with consumers. By incorporating recent advances in ecophylogenetics and null modelling, we propose new metrics for the specialization of species and communities and apply these advances to address particular questions. In the first chapter the general conceptual framework is presented and a metric for the specialization of species is proposed and exemplified. The second chapter, mostly methodological, expands this metric for communities and proposes a hierarchical partitioning of the variation in specialization among species and locations. The third chapter tests this toolset in showing the relationship between specialization and geographic distribution ranges of endophagous insects feeding in Asteraceae flowerheads in Brazil. Finally, the fourth chapter uses the same dataset to investigate the role of phylogenetic diversity of resources in determining the richness of insect herbivores using them / Doutorado / Ecologia / Doutor em Ecologia

Orientadores: Beatriz Appezzato da Glória, Fernando Batista da Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T23:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lusa_MakeliGaribotti_D.pdf: 111212555 bytes, checksum: dcca67728c1e6b3b3529dd3542283773 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Asteraceae é uma das maiores famílias entre as angiospermas, possuindo de 24.000 a 30.000 espécies, o que representa, aproximadamente, 10% da flora mundial. Atualmente são reconhecidas 21 subtribos pertencentes à Vernonieae. Entre elas, Lychnophorinae tem uma distribuição quase restrita ao Brasil, ocorrendo nos campos rupestres e cerrados do Planalto Central. A subtribo apresenta 18 gêneros e 104 espécies, distribuídos entre os mais variados hábitos: ervas perenes, arbustos, subarbustos, arvoretas, árvores e caulirosuletum. Estudos filogenéticos recentes indicam que a subtribo é monofilética. As linhagens mais basais e mais derivadas são bem sustentadas, contudo, as relações entre os demais clados persistem apenas parcialmente resolvidas. Por esse motivo, nesse estudo são investigadas espécies da subtribo em relação à morfoanatomia e à química dos principais metabólitos de caules aéreos e folhas, buscando-se novos caracteres que possam ser úteis para um melhor entendimento evolutivo do grupo, inclusive possíveis sinapomorfias. Para tanto, foram eleitas espécies chaves dentro de Lychnophorinae, representantes das principais linhagens. Para as análises estruturais e histoquímicas, amostras de caules e de folhas foram processadas de acordo com as técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. Para as análises fitoquímicas, os extratos foram analisados por cromatografia liquida e espectrometria de massas. As reconstruções dos estados ancestrais dos caracteres foram efetuadas em uma filogenia baseada em dados morfológicos e moleculares. Em Lychnophorinae, os principais locais de síntese dos metabólitos secundários são: tricomas glandulares, idioblastos epidérmicos e tecidos parenquimáticos das folhas e dos caules. As análises fitoquímicas evidenciaram a presença de flavonoides, derivados do ácido trans-cinâmico, lactonas sesquiterpênicas e poliacetilenos. A reconstrução dos estados ancestrais dessas substâncias na filogenia da subtribo indicam possíveis sinapomorfias químicas. No decorrer das análises morfoanatômicas foram observadas duas importantes novidades em Lychnophorinae. A primeira relata a ocorrência de fitomelanina em caules aéreos e folhas de Lychnophorinae. As reconstruções dos estados ancestrais dos caracteres sugerem que o ancestral comum mais recente das Lychnophorinae já apresentava fitomelanina no caule espessado. A segunda novidade morfoanatômica diz respeito a um modo não usual de retenção de água sobre ápices caulinares, onde uma substância hialina é resultado da degradação parietal de tricomas não glandulares, tendo natureza hidrofílica. Essa substância possivelmente apresenta a função de proteger os órgãos jovens contra dessecação. Durante as investigações anatômicas de caules e folhas de Lychnophorinae, nós observamos características peculiares, frequentemente relatadas como xéricas, e procuramos entender se tais características mostravam algum padrão que agrupava as espécies. Nós realizamos análises multivariadas levando em consideração tais características. Os resultados indicaram quatro grupos funcionais em Lychnophorinae e sinalizaram que as espécies agrupadas, ocupavam os mesmos nichos, os quais refletiam condições específicas nos diferentes ambientes. Finalmente, após a conclusão das análises anatômicas, as características foram mapeadas na filogenia de Lychnophorinae e geraram importantes informações, como a identificação de oito possíveis sinapomorfias. As informações geradas nesse estudo sugerem que a evolução da diversidade morfológica e anatômica em Lychnophorinae pode ter sido direcionada por pressões adaptativas, derivadas de fatores ecofisiológicos dos ambientes restritos em que habitam a maioria das espécies / Abstract: Asteraceae is one of the largest flowering plants families, with 24,000-30,000 species, representing approximately 10% of the world's flora. Currently, 21 subtribes are recognized in Vernonieae. Among them, Lychnophorinae is nearly endemic to Brazil, occurring in campos rupestres areas and savannas of Central Plateau. The subtribe has 18 genera and 104 species distributed among the various habits: perennial herbs, shrubs, subshrubs, treelets, trees and caulirosuletum. Recent phylogenetic studies show that the subtribe is monophyletic. The most "basal" and more "derived" strains are well supported, however, relationships between the remaining clades persist partially unresolved. Therefore, in this study, species of the subtribe are investigated in relation to morphoanatomy and chemistry of the main metabolites of aerial stems and leaves, searching for new characters that might be useful for a better understanding of the group evolution, including possible synapomorphies. To this aim, key species were chosen in Lychnophorinae, representing the principal lineages. For structural and histochemical analyzes, samples of leaves and stems were processed according to usual plant anatomy techniques. For phytochemical analysis, the extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Reconstructions of ancestral states of the characters was performed using parsimony in a phylogeny based on morphological and molecular data. In Lychnophorinae, the major sites of synthesis of secondary metabolites are: glandular trichomes, epidermal idioblasts and parenchyma of the leaves and stems. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid, sesquiterpene lactones and polyacetylenes. The reconstruction of ancestral states of these substances in the phylogeny of the subtribe indicate possible chemical synapomorphies. During the morphoanatomic analyzes two important events in Lychnophorinae were observed. The first reports the occurrence of phytomelanin aerial stems and leaves of Lychnophorinae. Reconstructions of ancestral states of the characters suggest that the most recent common ancestral of Lychnophorinae presented phytomelanin in thickened stem. The second morphoanatomical novelty relates to a method of unusual water retention of apexes, where a substance hyaline is a result of parietal degradation of non glandular trichomes, and it has hydrophilic nature. This substance probably has the function to protect young organs from desiccation. During the anatomical investigations of stems and leaves of Lychnophorinae, we observed frequently reported as xeric peculiar characteristics, and seek to understand whether these characteristics showed some pattern that grouped species. We performed multivariate analysis taking into account the peculiar characteristics. The results indicated four functional groups Lychnophorinae and signaled that grouped species occupy the same niche, which reflect specific conditions in different environments. Finally, after completing the anatomical analyzes, the features were mapped on the phylogeny of Lychnophorinae and generated important information such as the identification of eight possible synapomorphies. The information generated in this study suggest that the evolution of morphological and anatomical diversity in Lychnophorinae may have been driven by adaptive pressures, derived from ecophysiological factors of restricted environments in which most species inhabit / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutora em Biologia Vegetal

Orientadores: João Semir, Rosangela Simão Bianchini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:49:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza-Buturi_FatimaOtavinade_D.pdf: 24026013 bytes, checksum: 69729f83ea6d5822fa5398a9ab70820d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutora em Biologia Vegetal

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-01-19T23:08:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DOUTORADO VERS?O FINAL.pdf: 3041272 bytes, checksum: e0025693076836f6a3804cc2aaf6a529 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-19T23:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DOUTORADO VERS?O FINAL.pdf: 3041272 bytes, checksum: e0025693076836f6a3804cc2aaf6a529 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / Essential oils are complex mixtures of various isolates of plant secondary metabolites. Due to the increased use of these aromatic compounds, research has been developed, and the development of new products. This study analyzed the antimicrobial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities in addition to the phytochemical profile of essential oils Achyrocline satureoides and Ageratum conyzoides. The micro-organisms most sensitive to oils were Staphylococcus aureus CCMB 262 and Candida kruzei CCMB 287. The essential oil of A. conyzoides was considered non-toxic in the tested conditions. In the assessment of the immune response induced by oils, although they were not statistically significant differences between the concentrations tested and control, it was observed that the essential oils inhibited the production of IL-8 and IL-12 cytokines with exception of the species A. satureoides at a concentration of 100 mg / mL. This behavior may suggest the capacity reduction of the inflammatory response. The chromatographic analysis of essential oils of A. satureoides demonstrated a chemical profile consistent with the literature where the major components were ?-Pinene, E-caryophyllene, ?-copaene, ?-humulene, d-cadinene. Since the analysis of oils A. conyzoides showed conflicting results in the literature which suggests a new chemotype, since the presence of precocenos the chemical analysis was not observed. / Os ?leos essenciais s?o misturas complexas de metab?litos secund?rios isolados de diversas plantas. Devido ao aumento do uso destes compostos arom?ticos, pesquisas v?m sendo desenvolvidas, al?m do desenvolvimento de novos produtos. O presente trabalho analisou as atividades antimicrobiana, citot?xica e imunomoduladora, al?m do perfil fitoqu?mico de ?leos essenciais de Achyrocline satureoides e Ageratum conyzoides. Os micro-organismos mais sens?veis aos ?leos foram Staphylococcus aureus CCMB 262 e Candida kruzei CCMB 287. O ?leo essencial de A. conyzoides foi considerado at?xico nas condi??es testadas. Em rela??o ? avalia??o da resposta imune induzida pelos ?leos, apesar de n?o terem sido encontradas diferen?as estatisticamente significantes entre as concentra??es testadas e o controle, p?de-se observar que os ?leos essenciais inibiram a produ??o das citocinas IL-8 e IL-12, com exce??o da esp?cie A. satureoides na concentra??o de 100 ?g/mL. Este comportamento pode sugerir a capacidade de redu??o da resposta inflamat?ria. As an?lises cromatogr?ficas dos ?leos essenciais de A. satureoides demonstrou um perfil qu?mico em concord?ncia com a literatura onde os componentes majorit?rios foram ?-Pineno, E-Cariofileno, ?-Copaeno, ?-Humuleno, d-Cadineno. J? as an?lises dos ?leos de A. conyzoides apresentou resultados divergentes da literatura o que nos sugere um novo quimiotipo, uma vez que n?o foi observada a presen?a de precocenos nas an?lises qu?micas.

Thesis (MSc (Botany and Zoology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Sequence data from the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to study the phylogenetic relationships in the genus Ursinia Gaertn. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) in the southern African region. Closely related genera, i.e. Cotula L., Osteospermum L. and Agoseris Raf., were used as outgroups. The study also included maximum parsimony and principal component analyses. The taxa within the genus Ursinia had previously been classified into two subgenera, Ursinia and Sphenogyne R.Br., mainly on the basis of distinct cypsela characters. The maximum parsimony, principal component and the phylogenetic analyses revealed two subgenera, corresponding to the existing subgeneric classification. Principal component analysis shows that the pappus, the number of pappus bristles and the colour of the cypsela are the most informative characters. However, the low number of phylogenetically informative characters of the ITS sequences, the poor resolution in the consensus tree, and low branch support values indicate that the ITS data contain weak phylogenetic signals. The low bootstrap values for many nodes suggest that one should be cautious in using the ITS region alone to make final conclusions about the origin and evolution of taxa. In maximum parsimony analysis, the RI, CI and bootstrap values are low; principal component analysis values are also low. Furthermore, there is a lack of resolution in subgenus Sphenogyne. In the literature, Ursinia is divided into seven series but they were not retrieved as monophyletic in this study, probably because of short branch lengths in the phylogeny. Further molecular data are therefore required to be able to support or reject the present classification. Maximum parsimony, principal component and molecular analyses show that U. trifida f. calva Prassler and U. trifida (Thunb.) N.E.Br. f. trifida are not sister taxa, supporting the recognition of these two taxa as separate species. The Ursinia taxa from the summer-rainfall region are not monophyletic and are sister to a clade of Cape species. This supports a hypothesis that Ursinia migrated from the Cape into the Drakensberg which has been shown for a number of other Cape groups that have Drakensberg relatives.

Yip Nga-lam. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-164). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Medicinal Plants and Herbs --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Antitumor activities --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Successful examples - Camptothecin --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Successful examples - Taxol --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Compositae and its Traditional Functions --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Antitumor Activity of Compositae --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Emilia sonchifolia --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Silymarin --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Wedelia Species --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Hepatoprotective effect --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Hypoglycemic effect --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Antimicrobial activity --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Antinociceptive activity --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Antifeedant and antifungal activities --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Trypanosomicidal effect --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Chemical constituents --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5 --- Sesquiterpene lactone --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6 --- Cell Cycle Control and Apoptosis --- p.30 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Cell cycle and its control in cancer therapy --- p.30 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Apoptosis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.7 --- Four Selected Compositae Species Used in the Study --- p.42 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Dendranthema indicum (野菊花) --- p.42 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Dendranthema morifolium (菊花) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Taraxacum mongolicum --- p.44 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Wedelia trilobata (三裂葉蟛蜞菊） --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.1 --- Extraction --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Water extraction --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- NaOH extraction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Ethanol precipitation --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Bioactivity guided fractionation --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.4.1 --- Macroporous resin column (D101) --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.4.2 --- Silica gel 60 column --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Characterization --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Chemical tests --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Alkaloids --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1.1.1 --- Mayer reagent --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1.1.2 --- Dragendorff reagent --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1.1.3 --- Wagner reagent --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Lactones and coumarins --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1.2.1 --- Ferric hydroxamine acid test --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1.2.2 --- Emersen reagent --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Flavonoids --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1.3.1 --- Shinoda test --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1.3.2 --- Aluminum chloride reagent --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Sterols --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.1.4.1 --- Liebermann-Buchard test --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1.4.2 --- Salkowski reaction --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1.5 --- Saponins --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1.6 --- Carbohydrates --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.6.1 --- Molisch reagent --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.6.2 --- Aniline acetate reaction --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.7 --- Terpenoids --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.7.1 --- Vanillin reagent --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.7.2 --- Carr-price reagent --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1.8 --- Anthraquinone --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1.8.1 --- Borntrager reaction --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1.8.2 --- Magnesium acetate reagent --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- X-ray crystallography --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3 --- In vitro Assay --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Cell lines --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Maintenance of cell lines --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- In vitro antitumor assay --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Trypan blue exclusion method --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- MTT assay method --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Determination of IC50 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Cytotoxicity assay on normal cell lines --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4 --- In vivo Assay --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Animals --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Maintenance of Sarcoma 180 cell line --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Tumor inoculation --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Preparation of samples --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- In vivo antitumor assay --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Antitumor effect of WT4-4 on Sarcoma 180 solid tumor --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Effect of 5% DMSO in sterile PBS --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Body weight change --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5 --- DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results / Chapter 4.1 --- Extraction and characterization of Wedelia trilobata (WT) --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Percentage of yield in extraction and fractionation of WT --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- HPLC chromatograms of WT fractions and the purified component (crystal) --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Phytochemical groups of WT4-4 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Results on X-ray crystallography of the isolated crystal from WT4-4 A --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2 --- In vitro Antitumor Assay --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Effects ofDIl, DM1, TM1 and WT1 on suspension cancer cell line" --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effects of WT fractions and the purified component (crystal) on suspension cell lines --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effects of WT fractions on adhesive cancer cell lines --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effects of WT4-4 on normal cell lines --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3 --- In vivo Antitumor Effect of WT4-4 --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results of DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis --- p.130 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion / Chapter 5.1 --- Characterization of Antitumor Fraction and Compound of Wedelia trilobata (WT) --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2 --- Antitumor Effects of WT Fractions and Purified Component (Crystal) --- p.137 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- In vitro assay --- p.137 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- DNA agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.143 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- In vivo assay --- p.144 / Chapter 5.3 --- Further Study --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.148 / References --- p.151

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