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21	自由的束縛—伊朗革命前後的政治論述與被建構的穆斯林女性主體 / Bonds of freedom: pre- and post- revolutionary political discourses and the constructed subject of Muslim women in iran 鄭慧儀, Cheng, Huei Yi Unknown Date (has links) 伊朗自進入二十世紀遭受西方帝國的殖民後，穆斯林婦女的穿著問題一直成為殖民者與被殖民者討論的焦點。本文以「後殖民」理論學者Gayatri C. Spivak所認為主體與政治的關係，說明女性在歷史、文化論述之中所居「賤民」地位，實與知識暴力、文化霸權等議題相連結，從而影響女性地位的說法，試圖由伊朗在巴勒維時期過渡至伊斯蘭共和國此階段歷史（1953-1989）中對於穆斯林婦女穿著(hijab)論述，商榷或討論Spivak理論與實際上存有的差異。巴勒維國王延續其父改革意志，並欲以「白色革命」帶領伊朗進入現代之林，利用一系列現代化計畫與執行全國的波斯化鞏固其王權。其所提出的女性政策中，為朝向「偉大文明」之國發展，要求婦女為增加建設、擺脫國家落後形象、投入公共領域而脫下hijab。左派知識份子如Jalal Al- I Ahmad、Ali Shariati，以及宗教學者Murtaza Mutahhari等人，分別以「中西毒」概念，聖女法蒂瑪形象，以及伊斯蘭公、私領域的概念，批判時下盲目西化的人們，藉此釐清社會現象背後的帝國症狀，與有心人士摧毀伊斯蘭的詭計，他們共同指出復興伊朗的唯一途徑即在於伊斯蘭。經過其他知識份子的理念鋪陳，何梅尼所建構的「伊斯蘭政府」，其重心在於神聖的律法與合法的統治者，配合精神聖戰的呼籲，扭轉什葉派傳統權威者限制，將治國權威交付通曉伊斯蘭法、且具正義感的教法學者。順利推翻巴勒維政權、確立其個人無可取代領導地位的何梅尼所認定婦女於該理想國度的職責、行為舉止，皆必須與伊斯蘭共和國對於虔信、道德等訴求互為表裡。本文以殖民者與賤民史家對於女性的論述個別分析，並以何梅尼所建構的「教法學者權威」(wilayat al- faqih)作為「女性賤民可否發言？」此提問的重點，探視伊朗革命的發生，與女性參與此中所指涉的意涵。在後殖民研究的脈絡裡，由宗教角度的分析，能更清晰地描繪出在帝國主義與傳統父權勢力雙方交織下的個別論述，使婦女之聲顯得微弱的現實。 / The attire of Islamic women has been the point of concern for the colonist and the colonized since Iran has been colonized by Western Imperialism. Departing from the Postcolonial theorist Gayatri C. Spivak’s concern of the relationship between the subject and politics, this thesis intends to explicate that the issue of women as the subaltern in the historical and cultural discourses is closely associated with epistemic violence and cultural hegemony and this has greatly affected the status of women in Iran. I will then go to the discourses of Muslim women’s attire, hijab, from transitional Pahlavi regime to the Islamic Republic（1953-1989）to discuss Spivak’s theory and the actual condition. Mohammed Riza Pahlavi, King of Pahlavi regime, followed in his father’s footprints and led the White Revolution to modernize Iran. To consolidate his power, Pahlavi employed a series of modernization programs and carried out persianization. In terms of his policies toward women, he wanted women to take off their hijab and participate in public affairs so that they can help establish the State of Great Civilization. Leftists such as Jalal Al- I Ahmad, Ali Shariati and the ulama Murtaza Mutahhari applied the concept of occidentosis, the image of Saint Fatima, and the differentiation of public and private spheres in Islam to critique people’s blind westernization. They intended to uncover the Imperialist symptoms behind social phenomena and pro-westernizers’ schemes to destroy Islam and pointed out that the only way to revive Iran lies in Islam. Through the theories the various intellectuals proposed, the Islamic government propounded by Khomeini focuses on Divine Laws and legal rulers and through appeals to the spiritual jihad, he maintains that the power should be consigned to the al-faqih (jurist) who has not only excellent knowledge of Islamic law but also a sense of justice. After overthrowing the Pahlavi regime and establishing himself as political authority, Khomeini holds that in the Islamic Republic, the duty a woman needs to fulfill is to act according to what this ideal state requires: to be moral as well as pious. In this thesis, I will analyze respectively discourses on women from colonists and subaltern studies theorists and concentrate on Khomeini’s wilayat al- faqih (the governance of the jurist) in order to respond to the question: Can the Female Subaltern Speak? Therefore, we can take a closer look at the eruption of the Islamic Revolution and the significance of women’s participation in political activities. In postcolonial studies, a religious perspective can help us see even more clearly that women can hardly speak for themselves between Imperialism and traditional patriarchal powers. 後殖民什葉伊斯蘭伊朗革命穆斯林婦女服飾伊斯蘭政府 Postcolonialism Shia Islam Iranian Revolution Muslim Women’s Attire (hijab) Islamic Government
22	“ONE GOD, ONE AIM, ONE DESTINY”: THE RELIGIOUS RESPONSE TO COLONIAL POWER IN THE UNITED IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY McCormick, Philip Anthony 21 January 2011 (has links) No description available. African American Studies Black History Black Studies History Religion Religious History Marcus Garvey Cargo Cult movements Universal Negro Improvement Association Gender HIstory of Religions Methodology Africa UNIA Black Cross Nurses Marcus Garvey Attire The Black Star Line Water Symbolism The Black Body
23	Aspects of moral education in Bhaca mamtiseni and nkciyo initiation rituals / Makaula P.N Makaula, Phiwe Ndonana January 2010 (has links) The main objective of this mini–dissertation is to investigate the basic form and content of moral education as it manifests itself in the mamtiseni and nkciyo female initiation rituals of the Mount Frere region of the Eastern Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. The main theoretical position taken is the reemergent African Renaissance coupled with African indigenous knowledge systems, first revived by (former) President Thabo Mbeki. Accordingly the main purpose of this study is to address the transmission of moral aspects of female Bhaca initiation inherent in behavioural/cultural educational enculturation. The main findings of the mini–dissertation constitute the following: 1. Mamtiseni and nkciyo rituals play a major role in the enculturation of young Bhaca girls. 2. The song texts carry strong messages of how to go about achieving a healthy and surviving society. There are further opportunities for research in the following aspects: 1. Nkciyo initiation schools are very exclusive, involving many secret codes. The fact that I am a male put me at a disadvantage. 2. There are many more points of difference between the two rituals than meets the eye. / Thesis (M.Mus.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011. Adam Kok Abstinance African Tradition African renaissance AIDS Attire Bhaca Communal Colonialism Culture Dance Dingane Disobedience Eatern Cape Province Education Elugangeni Enculturation Ethnomusicology Gcaleka HIV Identity Indigenous Knowledge Systems Immoral Initiation School Initiation ritual Intangible cultural heritage Intombi KwaZulu Natal Literate Madzikane Mamtiseni Mandlwane Mas'khozi Mariage Missionary Moshoeshoe Moral education Morality Moral regeneration Mount Frere Mthatha Nkciyo Obedience Politics Qaba Respect Sex Sexualy transmitted diseases Shaka Singing Song text Teenage pregnancy Thembu Ubuntu Uhlolo lwamantombazana UNESCO Virginity testing Village Xhosa Zulu
24	Aspects of moral education in Bhaca mamtiseni and nkciyo initiation rituals / Makaula P.N Makaula, Phiwe Ndonana January 2010 (has links) The main objective of this mini–dissertation is to investigate the basic form and content of moral education as it manifests itself in the mamtiseni and nkciyo female initiation rituals of the Mount Frere region of the Eastern Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. The main theoretical position taken is the reemergent African Renaissance coupled with African indigenous knowledge systems, first revived by (former) President Thabo Mbeki. Accordingly the main purpose of this study is to address the transmission of moral aspects of female Bhaca initiation inherent in behavioural/cultural educational enculturation. The main findings of the mini–dissertation constitute the following: 1. Mamtiseni and nkciyo rituals play a major role in the enculturation of young Bhaca girls. 2. The song texts carry strong messages of how to go about achieving a healthy and surviving society. There are further opportunities for research in the following aspects: 1. Nkciyo initiation schools are very exclusive, involving many secret codes. The fact that I am a male put me at a disadvantage. 2. There are many more points of difference between the two rituals than meets the eye. / Thesis (M.Mus.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011. Adam Kok Abstinance African Tradition African renaissance AIDS Attire Bhaca Communal Colonialism Culture Dance Dingane Disobedience Eatern Cape Province Education Elugangeni Enculturation Ethnomusicology Gcaleka HIV Identity Indigenous Knowledge Systems Immoral Initiation School Initiation ritual Intangible cultural heritage Intombi KwaZulu Natal Literate Madzikane Mamtiseni Mandlwane Mas'khozi Mariage Missionary Moshoeshoe Moral education Morality Moral regeneration Mount Frere Mthatha Nkciyo Obedience Politics Qaba Respect Sex Sexualy transmitted diseases Shaka Singing Song text Teenage pregnancy Thembu Ubuntu Uhlolo lwamantombazana UNESCO Virginity testing Village Xhosa Zulu

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