The number of individuals aged more than 65 years in the United States and their life expectancy has been increasing in the past decades. In spite of the presence of federal and accreditation policies recommending completion of advance directive documents by patients admitted to health care settings, advance directive completion rates are low in most health care organizations. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of advance directive completion among home health patients. The health belief model provided the theoretical framework that guided this study. A retrospective chart review was carried out in a home health agency with about 51 patients. Demographic details, including age, gender, ethnicity, nature of illness and type of health insurance were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the percentage of home health patients with existing advance directives and those who do not have an advance directive. The study revealed that only 25% of the patients in the home health care agency had a completed advance directive. The finding indicate a disconnect between the recommended and the actual practice with regards to end of life issues. There is a pressing need for more complete documentation of the patient's desires and wishes regarding end of life care at home health care facilities. Documenting the patient's end of life preferences and wishes may potentially ease the decision-making process, making the end of life days less stressful for the patients and their families at the same time promoting the provision of personalized health care at the end of life.

La réputation institutionnelle est un capital précieux pour les organismes publics, et il est essentiel de la cultiver pour en récolter les conséquences positives. La gestion de la réputation implique de façonner les attentes des diverses parties prenantes, et la communication est un outil efficace pour y parvenir. Ce mémoire présente une étude de cas des stratégies de gestion de la réputation du bureau du procureur de l'État du Rio Grande do Sul (Brésil) au cours des années 2016 à 2021, lorsqu'il a été confronté à des attaques contre sa réputation morale de la part des représentants et des médias. La réputation de l'agence est particulièrement vulnérable lorsqu'elle est contestée par des partis ou des dirigeants politiques et soumise à des pressions politiques, ce qui fait des honoraires du procureur un événement approprié pour étudier les stratégies de gestion de l'organisation. Cette étude utilise l'analyse du contenu des rapports publiés dans les quatre principaux journaux de l'État, l'examen du contenu parlementaire et des entretiens pour identifier la réaction de l'organisation aux publications négatives. L'étude montre que le bureau du procureur général de l'État a appris à gérer sa réputation en mettant l'accent sur sa dimension performative dans les médias, et qu'il a réagi avec plus d'assurance lorsque la source de la menace provenait de la presse elle-même. Pendant les périodes où il y a eu une "saillance médiatique", l'organisation a adopté une stratégie de clarification pour renforcer d'autres dimensions de sa réputation. / Institutional reputation is a valuable asset for public organizations, and its cultivation is essential to reap its positive consequences. Managing reputation involves shaping the expectations of diverse stakeholders, and communication is an effective tool to achieve this. This paper presents a case study of the reputation management strategies of the Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) State Attorney's office during the years 2016 to 2021, when it faced attacks on its moral reputation by representatives and the media. The agency's reputation is particularly vulnerable when challenged by political parties or leaders and subjected to political pressures, making the attorney's case fees a suitable event to study the organization's management strategies. This study employs content analysis of reports published in the four main state newspapers, examination of parliamentary content, and interviews to identify the organization's reaction to negative publications. The study finds that the State Attorney General's Office has learnt to manage its reputation by emphasizing its performative dimension in the media, and it responded more assertively when the source of the threat has come from the press itself. In moments of high media salience, the organization adopted a strategy of clarification to reinforce other dimensions of its reputation.

No description available.

No description available.

我國稅務訴訟案件繫屬於行政法院，並佔行政法院約四成左右。因此若能達成稅務訴訟案件訴訟經濟之效果，對行政法院或訴訟代理人而言均相當重要。惟欲使法官清楚訴訟代理人對稅務案件的陳述重點需要某程度的訴訟技巧，才能配合法院達成訴訟經濟，並且達到會計事務所替當事人妥適處理個案的目標。本論文藉由重要議題之問卷訪問，尋求訴訟代理人律師及會計師與法官間順利溝通的平臺。本論文以法院行政救濟實務為主要討論架構，篩選數個重要議題，例如稅務訴訟案件個案須認定與查證何事項（包含會影響法官形成心證之因素、稅務訴訟案件之舉證責任及稅務訴訟案件法律適用與法律解釋方式等），並針對個案內容訴狀之撰寫方式，依照法院審究重點方向，以理則學的邏輯論述方式，討論稅務訴訟案件之形式與實體應著重之內涵，目的在提供實務界行政訴訟之訴訟代理人參考，以利進行稅務訴訟案件。 本文文末另對稅務行政訴訟制度提出改革建議，諸如：增設訴訟輔導科以便利人民行使訴訟權；並為達成訴訟經濟，法官與稅務訴訟代理人均加強稅法會計知識之專業訓練課程；建議設置專業稅務訴訟法院與研議專家參審制等，作為改進稅務行政訴訟制度之參考。 / Tax litigation is in the administrative court in Taiwan, and occupies the administrative court approximately about 40%. If we can achieve effect of the tax affairs lawsuit economy, it is quite important to the administrative court or the legal representative (including lawyer and certified public accountant). We wants to achieve the lawsuit economy, and achieves the goal of the Public accounting firms for the litigant case, must let judges clear legal representative statements’ key point of the tax cases, those need lawsuit skill. This essay aim to those important topic to design questionnaire, By judges、attorney at law and accountant fill in the questionnaire, seeks between legal representative (attorney at law and accountant) and judge the communication platform. The thesis select several important topics, discuss composition in view of the case content, as well as the court investigates the key direction and how to using the logical elaboration way to describe dispute issues. In order to help judge and legal representative carries on the tax litigation cases. Finally this paper puts forward the reform proposal of tax administrative lawsuit legal system, such as: establishment Tax administrative lawsuit counseling branch, specialist training curriculum of Tax and accounting, the suggestion establishment specialized lawsuit court, the expert participates in the trial……etc.

The dissertation thesis To Be a Lawyer - Theory and Practice of Professional Ethics of Chosen Legal Professions in the Czech Republic aims to strengthen (currently rather weak) discussion about professional ethics in the Czech Republic. The first part introduces elemental terminology of the topic which enables easier understanding of second and third part. The second part is devoted to the presentation of results of researches regarding the analysis of judgements issued by Czech disciplinary authorities on judges', state attorneys' and lawyers' discipline. The last part demonstrates how professional ethics scrutiny operates in a real-life situation. A judicial usage of social media serves as an example of such situation (or more precisely of such scrutiny). Arguments for and against the judicial usage of social media are articulated and based in a weighting of the arguments final decision is taken.

La contractualisation de la relation tutélaire peut être envisagée comme un artifice qui fragilise la protection de la personne et instrumentalise le droit commun des contrats.Ce mouvement offre en effet une liberté et une sécurité qui peuvent sembler illusoires. Les défauts du nouveau contrat civil qu'est le mandat de protection future constituent un danger pour certaines personnes vulnérables, tandis que le contrat d'accompagnement, outil d'aide à la gestion, porte la marque du contrôle social.Les textes issus de la réforme de la protection juridique des majeurs instaurent de nouveaux modes de protection qui, en théorie, sont assez éloignés de la vision traditionnelle du contrat et, en pratique, sont sources d'interrogations, sinon d'inquiétudes.Ces contrats, si leur qualification n'est pas mise en cause, peuvent être analysés sous l'angle de leur parenté avec les contrats relationnels. Leur singularité justifie toutefois un régime propre. / The tutorship contractualization may be seen as an artifice weakening the individual protection and exploiting the law of contract.That movement actually provides a feeling of freedom and safety that might be illusory. The defects of this new civil contract, the mandate of future protection, are a danger for some vulnerable people, while the support contract, a management support tool, carries the mark of social control.Texts that result from the legal protection of adults reform establish new types of protection, which are theorically remoted from the traditionnal view of contract, and practically source of questions, if not of worries.These contracts, as long as their legal qualification is not questioned, can be analyzed from the angle of their similarities with relational contracts. Their singularity accounts for their own legal regime.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Reverendo Vidal Akaoui.pdf: 1126301 bytes, checksum: 1b4fb12dc91399d75a2c9256389efaf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-23 / The present thesis try to demonstrate on a esquematic way that the constitutionals principles and rules should be always considerad as a diffuse or collective rights or interests, while abstractively arranged on our legal system, it doesn t matter if its exercices be individualy realized. Also, that any attempt to the Federal and States Constitutions, through the edition of normative acts that with then are incompatible, traslate a true offense to those, because of its transindividual and indivible charactistics. It does the distinction between primary and secondary diffuses and collective rights and interests, where the first ones would be just those that are disposed on a abstractive way on the Federal and States Constitutions, and give the necessary support to the entire national legal system; the secondary, on a different way, are those concretely specified on the diversity of sub-constitutional normative acts, and, even though, should have a collective protection, are resulting of the solid base criated by the primary, which give then the foundation. Also tries to demonstrate, that the unique importance that envolves the concentrate control of constitutionality, which has the nature of a collective action, this roll of legitimateds still not suficient to give the necessary guaranty to our society, specialy because of the political positions that commonly are taken by those who are listed as capable to it. On our vision, the federative principle is extremely weacked by the moment that the institution which the Constitutition entrust the deffense of the legal order and the democracy it self, the Public Attorney Offices, is represented, on the concentrate constitutional control actions, only by the Chief of the Federal Public Attorney, as if he has any kind of hierarchy or ascendancy to the State Attorney General Offices. Because of that, if now a days the Governor of a State or the Representatives of the States Deputies do not process the capable actions to correct a offensive act to a constitutional right, the State Attorney General Office can t do it, just having the right to claim to the Federal Attorney General, witch can or canot embrace the thesis. It is necessary to change the Constitution, to put on the roll of legitimated to iniciate a concentrate control of constitutionality action, the States Attorneys Generals, to pay homage to the federative principle, and on respect to the States population / A presente tese procura demonstrar de forma esquemática que os princípios e regras constitucionais devem ser sempre considerados como direitos e interesses difusos e coletivos, enquanto abstratamente previstos em nosso ordenamento jurídico, ainda que o seu exercício seja realizado de forma individual. Também, que qualquer atentado às Constituições Federal e Estaduais, através da edição de atos normativos com elas incompatíveis, se traduz em verdadeira afronta àqueles, ante sua característica transindividual e indivisível. Faz-se a distinção entre direitos difusos e coletivos primários e secundários, onde estes primeiros seriam justamente aqueles que estão abstratamente dispostos nas Constituições Federal e Estaduais, e que dão o necessário amparo a todo o arcabouço jurídico pátrio; os secundários, por seu turno, são aqueles já concretamente específicos nos vários atos normativos infraconstitucionais, e que são decorrentes da base sólida criada pelos primários, que lhes dão sustento. Procura-se demonstrar, ainda, que, apesar da importância ímpar que envolve o controle concentrado de constitucionalidade, possuidor da natureza de uma verdadeira ação coletiva, o rol de legitimados ainda não é suficiente para dar a garantia necessária à sociedade, notadamente em face dos posicionamentos políticos comumente adotados pela maioria dos que ali estão consignados. Sob nossa ótica, o princípio federativo encontra-se extremamente enfraquecido a partir do momento em que a instituição a quem a Constituição incumbiu a defesa da ordem jurídica e o estado democrático de direito, qual seja, o Ministério Público, está representada, no que pertine às ações de controle concentrado de atos normativos que ofendam a Constituição Federal, apenas pelo Chefe do Ministério Público da União, como se ele tivesse algum tipo de hierarquia ou ascendência sobre os Ministérios Públicos dos Estados. Desta sorte, se hoje o Governador do Estado ou a Mesa da Assembléia Legislativa não ajuizar a medida cabível para corrigir ato lesivo a direito constitucionalmente previsto, não poderá fazê-lo o Ministério Público Estadual, somente lhe restando o direito de representar ao Procurador-Geral da República, que poderá, ou não, abraçar a tese levantada. É premente a necessidade de alteração da Constituição Federal, através de Emenda, de sorte a alargar no rol dos legitimados à propositura das ações que visem o controle concentrado de constitucionalidade, em respeito à população destes entes da Federação

隨著醫學科技的進步，越來越多病患無法自主進行醫療決定的情況發生。西方國家受病人自主權的概念啟發，發展出預立醫囑(living will)及醫療代理人制度(durable power of attorney for health care)。醫療代理人制度提供個人預先指定醫療代理人，當事人無法自主做出醫療決定時，可由醫療代理人代替當事人作出醫療決定，以補足無預立醫囑或預立醫囑的不足。 我國同志伴侶於目前仍缺乏法律上的實質身分保障，伴侶相關的醫療權利正迫切且無預警的影響許多打算共組家庭而無法受法律上的婚姻制度保障的同志伴侶。雖有論者認為，可適用醫療法上「關係人」以及安寧緩和醫療條例之「醫療委任代理人」，即可滿足同志伴侶於醫療上的需求。然由於關係人的定義模糊，且實務上為避免醫療糾紛，往往要求病患的親屬到場，而不接受其他不具配偶、親屬身分關係者進行醫療行為的同意，「關係人」一詞於實務上難以適用。 本文試圖從醫療代理人制度的角度，期能另闢蹊徑，除強化並保障病人自主權外，提供同志伴侶在與生死攸關的醫療議題上更可能且直接的保障，也為不論是同志或其他愛的關係尋求更多可能，提供在婚姻以外的選擇能有更多彈性。本文除了介紹西方的醫療代理人制度並借鏡美國同志伴侶使用醫療代理人制度的經驗外，也探討醫療代理人制度對於我國家庭觀念、傳統醫療上家屬父權主義以及家庭中心式的醫療決策文化的影響與衝擊。同時更深入討論，同志伴侶必須面臨來自醫療院所、醫護人員對於同志是否友善；以及來自病患原生家庭對於醫療代理人及同志身分的壓力。 / With the advances in medical technology, the situation that patients couldn't determine their medical decisions increasingly occurs in our society. Inspired by the concept of patient autonomy, Western countries developed living will and durable power of attorney for health care, which is as known as health care proxy. Individuals can appoint a trustworthy person as their health care proxy. When the patient is incompetent, the health care proxy can make medical decisions for the patient to complete the inadequacy of living will. Same-sex couples can’t make medical decisions for their same-sex partners because same-sex marriage is currently illegal in Taiwan. Moreover, family members play an important role in the process of medical decision in Taiwan. Therefore, this article introduces the development of durable power of attorney for health care in Western countries, tries to address the medical issue of Taiwanese same-sex couples, and discusses the impact of durable power attorney for health care on Chinese traditional family values and family-centered medical decision making. While as a health care proxy, same-sex partner has to face the medical staff’s attitude toward homosexual, also has to confront the pressure from the patient’s family-of-origin.

Government intervention in the financial and social affairs of citizens has increased dramatically in the last fifty years. As a result, government administrative decisions continually affect the everyday lives of people. Many of these decisions are discretionary. Modern administrative law has grown to meet the need for governments, rather than the courts, to supervise the exercise of administrative power so that injustice resulting from misuse of power can be avoided. The merits review system is an integral part of this administrative law. The effectiveness of the merits review system is dependent upon how Parliament makes provision for merits review in the legislative process. The object of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of the scope of the Commonwealth administrative law merits review system. An evaluation of the availability of rights of review of the merits of Commonwealth administrative decisions will determine the extent to which Commonwealth law provides for merits review of administrative decisions. This thesis makes such an evaluation by undertaking an empirical study of the merits review provisions in Commonwealth legislation. The empirical study analyses 1,070 Commonwealth statutes and establishes that there are 340 statutes that confer power to make a reviewable decision or decisions. However, only 30 percent of these statutes provide for merits review of all reviewable decisions, while 44 percent provide for merits review of some decisions and 26 percent do not provide for merits review of any decisions. Consequently, the empirical study identifies inconsistencies in the provision of merits review of Commonwealth administrative decisions. The Australian parliamentary executive system of government has permitted a breakdown in the legislative drafting process that has allowed these inconsistencies to develop. Moreover, the executive arm of the Commonwealth government has diminished its accountability to Parliament for some of the administrative decisions made by it. A person affected by an unreviewable administrative decision may be treated unjustly as a result.