L’objectif de cette thèse est l'analyse de scènes de bal dans des textes narratifs du XIXe siècle produits dans trois pays : France, Portugal et Brésil. Nous soulignons premièrement la présence et l'imaginaire construits autour de cette pratique sociale ; ensuite, à partir d'onze scènes littéraires de bal, nous analysons et discutons la diversité de représentations auxquelles cet événement a donné lieu. En considérant la scène de bal un endroit privilégié pour le développement de rencontres, drames et promotions, on observe comment chaque texte travaille le phénomène du bal, en établissant, pour cela, un constant mouvement dialectique entre l’imaginaire social et le littéraire. Dans la dernière partie du travail, les résultats obtenus sont placés à la lumière des études sur les régimes de l'imaginaire. Cette analyse nous permet de vérifier la présence du régime nocturne comme trace commune, bien que, à l'intérieur de cet univers, les personnages présentent des éléments contradictoires et innovateurs. Au long du travail, nous observons la position occupée par l’individu dans le bal et sa relation avec la société moderne, en analysant, en même temps, de quelle manière les scènes contribuent à renforcer ou à réfuter des conceptions littéraires et artistiques de l’époque. Nous visons à démontrer que ce topos, fréquent dans les productions du XIXe siècle, constitue un élément remarquable pour la compréhension de l'imaginaire historique, social et littéraire de la période. Il s'agit d'une recherche de caractère pluridisciplinaire qui se fonde sur des textes de critique littéraire, d’histoire, de sociologie, d’anthropologie, en complément à la lecture des textes littéraires. La mise en perspective comparatiste se révèle stimulante pour comprendre les particularités et la complexité de ces scènes, ainsi que les éléments de l'imaginaire qui les composent. / This thesis aims at analyzing ball scenes in narrative texts produced in three countries in the nineteenth century: the countries are France, Portugal, and Brazil. First, we emphasize the presence and the imaginary built around this social practice; after that, altogether with the eleven ball literary scenes, we analyze and discuss the diversity of representations to which this event has given place. Considering the ball scene as a privileged situation to the development of meetings, dramas, and promotions, we observe in what way each text works with the ball phenomenon, settling for this, a constant dialectical movement between the social and literary imaginary. In the last part of this paper, the results are placed to the light of studies on the imaginary schemes; such an analysis that allows us to verify the presence of the night scheme as a common thread, though, within this universe, the characters exhibit contradictory and innovative elements. Throughout this study, we have highlighted the position occupied by the individual at the ball and his or her relationship with modern society, analyzing at the same time, how the scenes contribute to strengthen or refute literary and artistic conceptions at the time. Our aim is to demonstrate that this topos, often present in the nineteenth century literary pieces, is a significant element in understanding the historical, social and literary imaginary of those times, social and literary period. Our research has a multi-disciplinary nature supported by literary criticism, history, sociology, anthropology, in addition to the reading of literary texts. The comparative perspective proves to be stimulating when it comes to understanding the characteristics and complexity of these scenes as well as imaginary elements that compose them.

Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating form of chronic lung injury of unknown aetiology characterised by progressive lung scarring. A diagnosis of definite IPF requires High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) appearances indicative of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), or in patients with 'possible UIP' CT appearances, histological confirmation of UIP. However the proportion of such patients that undergo SLB varies, perhaps due to a perception of risk of biopsy and additive diagnostic value of biopsy in individual patients. We hypothesised that an underlying UIP pathological pattern may result in increased risk of death and aimed to explore this by comparing the risk of SLB in suspected idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, stratified according to HRCT appearance. Additionally we sought to determine the positive-predictive value of biopsy to diagnose IPF in patients with 'possible UIP HRCT' in our population. In patients with possible UIP who are not biopsied, the clinical value of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is uncertain. We aimed to prospectively study the diagnostic and prognostic value of BAL differential cell count (DCC) in suspected IPF and determine the feasibility of repeat BAL and the relationship between DCC and disease progression in two successive BALs. We hypothesised that BAL DCC between definite and possible IPF was different and that baseline DCC and change in BAL DCC predicted disease progression. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are an integral part of the lung's reparative mechanism following injury, however in IPF they contribute to pathogenesis by releasing pro-fibrotic mediators promoting fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. Expansion of novel subpopulations of pulmonary monocyte-like cells (PMLCs) has been reported in inflammatory lung disease. We hypothesised that a distinct AM polarisation phenotype would be associated with disease progression. We aimed to perform detailed phenotyping of AM and PMLCs in BAL in IPF patients. Several prognostic scoring systems and biomarkers have been described to predict disease progression in IPF but most were derived from clinical trial patients or tertiary referral centres and none have been validated in separate cohorts. We aimed to identify a predictive tool for disease progression utilising physiological, HRCT and serum biomarkers in a unique population of incident treatment naïve IPF patients. Methods Between 01/01/07 and 31/12/13, 611 consecutive incident patients with suspected idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) presented to the Edinburgh lung fibrosis clinic. Of these patients 222 underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy and histological pattern was determined according to ATS/ERS criteria. Post-operative mortality and complication rates were examined. Fewer than 2% received IPF-directed therapy and less than 1% of the cohort were lost to follow-up. Disease progression was defined as death or ≥10% decline in VC within 12 months of BAL. Cells were obtained by BAL and a panel of monoclonal antibodies; CD14, CD16, CD206, CD71, CD163, CD3, CD4, CD8 and HLA-DR were used to quantify and selectively characterise AMs, resident PMLCs, inducible PMLCs, neutrophils and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells using flow cytometry. Classical, intermediate and non-classical monocyte subsets were also quantified in peripheral blood. Potential biomarkers (n=16) were pre-selected from either previously published studies of IPF biomarkers or our hypothesis-driven profiling. Linear logistic regression was used on each predictor separately to assess its importance in terms of p-value of the associated weight, and the top two variables were used to learn a decision tree. Results Based on the 2011 ATS/ERS criteria, 87 patients were categorised as 'definite UIP', of whom 3 underwent SLB for clinical indications. IPF was confirmed in all 3 patients based on 2013 ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT diagnostic criteria. 222 patients were diagnosed with 'possible UIP'; 55 underwent SLB, IPF was subsequently diagnosed in 37 patients, 4 were diagnosed with 'probable IPF' and 14 were considered 'not IPF'. In this group, 30 patients were aged 65 years or over and 25/30 (83%) had UIP on biopsy. 306 patients had HRCTs deemed 'inconsistent with UIP', SLB was performed in 168 patients. Post6 operative 30-day mortality was 2.2% overall, and 7.3% in the 'possible UIP' HRCT group. Patients with 'definite IPF' based on HRCT and SLB appearances had significantly better outcomes than patients with 'definite UIP' on HRCT alone (P=0.008, HR 0.44 (95% CI 0.240 to 0.812)). BAL DCC was not different between definite and possible UIP groups, but there were significant differences with the inconsistent with UIP group. In the 12 months following BAL, 33.3% (n=7/21) of patients in the definite UIP group and 29.5% (n=18/61) in the possible UIP group had progressed. There were no significant differences in BAL DCC between progressor and non-progressor groups. Mortality in patients with suspected IPF and a BAL DCC consistent with IPF was no different to those with a DCC inconsistent with IPF (P=0.425, HR 1.590 (95% CI 0.502 to 4.967)). There was no difference in disease progression in either group (P=0.885, HR 1.081 (95% CI 0.376 to 3.106)). There was no statistically significant difference in BAL DCC at 0 and 12 months in either group. There was no significant change in DCC between 0 and 12 month BALs between progressors and non-progressors. Repeat BAL was well tolerated in almost all patients. There was 1 death within 1 month of a first BAL and 1 death within 1 month of a second BAL; both were considered 'probably procedure-related'. AM CD163 and CD71 (transferrin receptor) expression were significantly different between groups (P < 0.0001), with significant increases in the IPF group vs non fibrotic ILD (P < 0.0001) and controls (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001 respectively). CD71 expression was also significantly increased in the IPF progressor vs non-progressor group (P < 0.0001) and patients with high CD71 expression had significantly poorer survival than the CD71low group (P=0.040, median survival 40.5 and 75.6 months respectively). CD206 (mannose receptor) expression was also significantly higher in the IPF progressor vs non-progressor group (P=0.034). There were no differences in baseline BAL neutrophil, eosinophil or lymphocyte percentages between IPF progressor or non-progressor groups. The percentage of rPMLCs was significantly increased in BAL fluid cells of IPF patients compared to those with non-fibrotic ILD (P < 0.0001) and healthy controls (P < 0.05). Baseline rPMLC percentage was significantly higher in IPF progressors vs IPF non-progressors (P=0.011). Baseline BAL iPMLC:rPMLC ratio was also significantly different between IPF progressor and non-progressor groups (P=0.011). Disease progression was confidently predicted by a combination of clinical and serological variables. In our cohort we identified a predictive tool based on two key parameters, one a measure of lung function and one a single serum biomarker. Both parameters were entered into a decision tree, and when applied to our cohort yielded a sensitivity of 86.4%, specificity of 92.3%, positive predictive value of 90.5% and negative predictive value of 88.9%. We also applied previously reported predictive tools such as the GAP Index, du Bois score and CPI Index to the Edinburgh IPF cohort. Conclusions SLB can be of value in the diagnosis of ILD, however perhaps due to the perceived risks associated with the procedure, only a small percentage of patients undergo SLB despite recommendations that patients have histological confirmation of the diagnosis. Advanced age is a strong predictor for IPF, and in our cohort 83% of patients aged over 65 years with 'possible UIP' HRCT appearances, had UIP on biopsy. BAL and repeat BAL in IPF is feasible and safe (< 1.5% mortality). Of those that underwent repeat BAL, disease progression was not associated with a change in DCC. However, 22% of lavaged patients died or were deemed too frail to undergo a second procedure at 12 months. These data emphasise the importance of BAL in identifying a novel human AM polarisation phenotype in IPF. Our data suggests there is a distinct relationship between AM subtypes, cell-surface expression markers, PMLC subpopulations and disease progression in IPF. This may be utilised to investigate new targets for future therapeutic strategies. / Disease progression in IPF can be predicted by a combination of clinical variables and serum biomarker profiling. We have identified a unique prediction model, when applied to our locally referred, incident, treatment naïve cohort can confidently predict disease progression in IPF. IPF is a heterogeneous disease and there is a definite clinical need to identify 'personalised' prognostic biomarkers which may in turn lead to novel targets and the advent of personalised medicines.

In a narrative the narrator tells the story, and the focalizer is a character through whose eyes the story is seen. The narrator is thus the one who speaks, whilst the focalizer is silent. The identification of these two narratological features is made with the help of verbal cues such as personal pronouns for instance. Determining the narrator and the focalizer can sometimes be challenging due to ambiguous cues in the analyzed text, as well as narratological aspects which at times can be difficult to distinguish from each other. Determining the narrator and the focalizer in graphic narratives (comics) with no narrative voice, or which completely lack words, must be done with the help of pictorial cues instead. In this thesis, Shaun Tan’s wordless graphic narrative The Arrival is used in order to show how the narrator and the focalizer can be determined by combining pictorial cues with the reader’s general knowledge of storytelling as well as his or her experiences from real life scenarios. To analyze narratological features in The Arrival, I employ terminology from comics studies, literary and film narratology. My analysis shows that determining the narrator and the focalizer in narratives lacking explicit narrative voice is possible by using only pictorial cues.

<p>In this essay I study two novellas by Anne Charlotte Leffler, “En bal i societeten” and “I krig med samhället”. In order to do this, I use some of the differences between male and female writing that Ingeborg Nordin Hennel discusses in her study “Ämnar kanske fröken publicera något?”: Kvinnligt och manligt i 1880-talets novellistik. For the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I also use the text “Stabat mater” by Julia Kristeva. Anne Charlotte Leffler describes femininity both as a shortcoming and as a possibility in her authorship. In this essay I focus on femininity as a shortcoming. In my opinion “shortcoming” is not the proper description. I have therefore introduced the term “novella of disillusionment” to describe the novellas. My idea is that the female protagonist through disillusionment comes to the understanding of the double standards and limiting conventions of women. This is the insight that underlies femininity as a possibility.</p><p>I want to show how the two novellas lead to disillusionment for Arla. In “En bal i societeten”, the young Arla’s disillusionment is about romantic love. The novella criticizes bourgeois matrimony. It also discusses authorship and theatrical art. The novella is impressionistic. I examine the portrayed women because they give a voice to and criticize double standards. Another distinct theme is the relationship between mothers and daughters as part of the oppressive patriarchal system. The men appearing in the novella are more of stereotypes. Their primary interest is in their relationship to Arla. The narrator uses often a double gaze where the second look is female and antipatriarcal.</p><p>In the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I focus on Arla’s development. The main male character is a young radical writer, typical of male writers in the 1880s. My interest is solely in his relationship to Arla. His radical ideas do not include the emancipation of women and the companionate marriage proves to be disillusionment for Arla. His view of women is influenced by the ideals of the discourse of the Madonna. This both restricts Arla, and gives her a possible way of life, based on a feminine experience. I also discuss the perspective of the narrator that confronts the views of Lefflers male colleagues. I also discuss the complex relationship between Arla and her teenage daughter.</p><p>In the final part of the essay I clarify the disillusionment by comparing Arla’s fate with some works by Leffler that can better be categorized as describing femininity as a possibility, in particular, the novel “En sommarsaga”. In my opinion “I krig med samhället” is the precursor of the novel.</p>

In this essay I study two novellas by Anne Charlotte Leffler, “En bal i societeten” and “I krig med samhället”. In order to do this, I use some of the differences between male and female writing that Ingeborg Nordin Hennel discusses in her study “Ämnar kanske fröken publicera något?”: Kvinnligt och manligt i 1880-talets novellistik. For the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I also use the text “Stabat mater” by Julia Kristeva. Anne Charlotte Leffler describes femininity both as a shortcoming and as a possibility in her authorship. In this essay I focus on femininity as a shortcoming. In my opinion “shortcoming” is not the proper description. I have therefore introduced the term “novella of disillusionment” to describe the novellas. My idea is that the female protagonist through disillusionment comes to the understanding of the double standards and limiting conventions of women. This is the insight that underlies femininity as a possibility. I want to show how the two novellas lead to disillusionment for Arla. In “En bal i societeten”, the young Arla’s disillusionment is about romantic love. The novella criticizes bourgeois matrimony. It also discusses authorship and theatrical art. The novella is impressionistic. I examine the portrayed women because they give a voice to and criticize double standards. Another distinct theme is the relationship between mothers and daughters as part of the oppressive patriarchal system. The men appearing in the novella are more of stereotypes. Their primary interest is in their relationship to Arla. The narrator uses often a double gaze where the second look is female and antipatriarcal. In the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I focus on Arla’s development. The main male character is a young radical writer, typical of male writers in the 1880s. My interest is solely in his relationship to Arla. His radical ideas do not include the emancipation of women and the companionate marriage proves to be disillusionment for Arla. His view of women is influenced by the ideals of the discourse of the Madonna. This both restricts Arla, and gives her a possible way of life, based on a feminine experience. I also discuss the perspective of the narrator that confronts the views of Lefflers male colleagues. I also discuss the complex relationship between Arla and her teenage daughter. In the final part of the essay I clarify the disillusionment by comparing Arla’s fate with some works by Leffler that can better be categorized as describing femininity as a possibility, in particular, the novel “En sommarsaga”. In my opinion “I krig med samhället” is the precursor of the novel.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur mening kan skapas utifrån en upplevelse av den amerikanska konstnären Robert Irwins verk, Scrim Veil – Black Rectangle – Natural Light, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, när det uppfördes på Whitney Museum 2013. Åtta recensioner bildar underlag för undersökningen där de partier som på något sätt hanterar hur recensenterna skapar mening av verket valts ut för närläsning. Metoden som använts för textselektion utgår från Mieke Bals koncept som Bal förklarar som ett alternativ till metod i sin bok Travelling Concepts. Uppsatsen tar teoretiskt spjärn mot Ludwig Wittgensteins begrepp språkspel och duckrabbit, (aspektväxling) som de beskrivits i Filosofiska undersökningar, publicerad 1953, samt gestalten som bildar figur-grund, en inom gestaltpsykologin utvecklad perceptionsteori. Uppsatsen visar på att mening har skapats av verket genom att det framträder, det förvandlar sig till en händelse, något som Rudolf Arnheim beskriver som An event in space, i sin bok Art and Visual Perception – A Psychology of the Creative Eye från 1954. Uppsatsen visar också på hur förförståelse genom bild eller text med stor sannolikhet påverkar upplevelsen av ett verk. Samtidigt är det svårt att avgöra om denna förståelse, med hänseende till uppsatsens material, är något som skapats innan verket upplevts eller är något som recensenten tagit till sig och adderat i samband med att recensionen skrivits. Två recensioner tenderar att ställa sig i vägen för det verk som de är tänkta att beskriva.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Physics, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], ix, 93 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-93).

Öyvind Fahlström in translation aims to examine how Moderna Museet interpreted Öyvind Fahlström in Manipulate the World – Connecting Öyvind Fahlström; an exhibition that showcased pieces by the postwar artist Öyvind Fahlström together with works by contemporary artists. I understand the exhibition as a ’game of translation’, in which the artworks and the texts connected to Manipulate the World are put in play with previous interpretations of the artist. ’Game of translation’ is a concept that draws on Fahlström’s concept of game, as well as Mieke Bal’s and Susan Sontag’s different understandings on the power dynamics of interpretation. As in the works by Fahlström, Bal and Sontag, the viewer and her interpretations are placed in center of my analysis.  Manipulate the world aimed to ’activate’ Fahlström. Even though the exhibition presented Fahlström as an artist who tried to actively disrupt established narratives, I concluded that the translation of Fahlström presented in and as the exhibition relied heavily on the established history of that same artist. Within the framework of that history, Manipulate the world presented two relatively new readings of Fahlström’s art: they highlighted the presence of colonial and postcolonial criticism in Fahlström’s production and launched an understanding of the artist’s variable paintings as political models.

Uppsatsens syfte är att studera hur Victoria Mas roman De galna kvinnornas bal (2022) anspelar på traditionen female gothic och motivet den galna kvinnan i en kontext av 1800-talets patriarkala strukturer. Romanen studeras därför i relation till Charlotte Brontës Jane Eyre (1847), Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper (1892) och Selma Lagerlöfs Spökhanden (1898), för att urskilja hur motivet den galna kvinnan har använts i 1800-talets klassiska gotiska litteratur, och om några signifikanta skillnader förekommer i Mas (2022) moderna roman. Den komparativa och intertextuella studien utförs med en kvalitativ textanalys som inbegriper närläsningar och tolkningar av materialet i syfte att tolka och förstå den galna kvinnans framställning och funktion. Yvonne Hirdmans teori om genussystem och genuskontrakt tillämpas för att analysera hur den galna kvinnan underordnas en manlig auktoritetsfigur, och vilka oönskade egenskaper som hon fångar upp. Slutsatserna visar framför allt hur den galna kvinnan i De galna kvinnornas bal (Mas 2022) fyller en samhällskritisk funktion, eftersom romanen med en samtida röst slagkraftigt kritiserar den manliga auktoritetsfiguren till skillnad från jämförelsematerialet. Den galna kvinnans oönskade egenskaper framställs heller inte som orimliga eller farliga, vilket särskiljer sig från Jane Eyre (Brontë 1847) där den galna kvinnan framställs med aggressiva och farliga egenskaper. En annan signifikant skillnad i Mas (2022) roman är att den galna kvinnan framställs som ett intressant forskningsobjekt att experimentera på och visa upp för allmänheten, till skillnad från de galna kvinnorna i 1800-talstexterna.

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