Křenek, D. Tax planning and changes of financing structures according BEPS. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2018. This doploma thesis deals with quantification of impact into companies tax bases, which are using tax planning related to intra group financing. Quantification is done before and after application BEPS rules. The thesis consists of two main parts. The first part contains a review of the literature, which defines mainly problematic of tax planning using intra group financing, basic tax structures, thin capitalisation rules, analysis of action plan number 4 BEPS and analysis of ATAD direction. The second part quantifies impacts into tax bases companies before and after implementation of ATAD.

Cacková, H. Tax planning through intercompany financing in the post-BEPS era. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2017. This diploma thesis deals with evaluating the impacts of BEPS recommendations in the area of hybrid financing structures on tax planning of multinational companies. The thesis consists of two main parts. The first part contains a review of the literature regarding international tax planning, intercompany financing and hybrid financing structures. The second part analyses the BEPS Action 2 recommendations and evaluates it with the use of SWOT analysis and case studies.

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-28T10:59:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Raquel Arruda Soufen - Prefaciais.pdf: 13655 bytes, checksum: c93308d746e3b4103b134d2f1ecced32 (MD5) Raquel Arruda Soufen - Texto.pdf: 299295 bytes, checksum: b2046ce22cb6854309399044d95e37bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-28T10:59:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Raquel Arruda Soufen - Prefaciais.pdf: 13655 bytes, checksum: c93308d746e3b4103b134d2f1ecced32 (MD5) Raquel Arruda Soufen - Texto.pdf: 299295 bytes, checksum: b2046ce22cb6854309399044d95e37bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / This study aims to analyze the recommendations proposed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") together with the G20, with regard to combating base erosion profit split ("BEPS"). The study will be developed under the Brazilian legislation, and will examine how these guidelines can be implemented in Brazil, and if they could not, whether such guidelines would impact in any way our rules. In addition, it will be demonstrated that, despite the OECD's recommendations have not binding on Brazil, the BEPS's resolutions end up influencing the decisions of Brazilian multinationals / O presente estudo visa estudar as medidas propostas pela Organização e Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento Econômico ("OCDE"), conjuntamente com o grupo G20, no que tange ao combate à erosão de base tributária ("BEPS"). O estudo será desenvolvido sob o pronto de vista do sistema tributário brasileiro, e irá analisar como tais medidas podem ser aplicadas no Brasil, e em caso negativo, se tais medidas repercutiriam na legislação brasileira. Adicionalmente, buscar-se-á demonstrar que, apesar das recomendações da OCDE não terem caráter vinculante para o Brasil, as resoluções do BEPS acabam influenciando as decisões das empresas multinacionais brasileiras

BEPS-projektet startades år 2012 för att förhindra att skattesubjekt använder kryphål i skatteavtalen och staternas nationella lagstiftningar för att erhålla skatteförmåner. År 2013 utgav OECD en handlingsplan som identifierar 15 åtgärder som ämnas vidtas. Åtgärdspunkt 6 reglerar problematiken kring hur skatteavtal missbrukas genom att skattesubjekt ”shoppar” efter jurisdiktionen med det skatteavtal som leder till den förmånligaste beskattningen. Åtgärdspunkt 6 föreslår att en specifik LOB-regel eller en generalklausul, PPT-regeln, införs i OECDs modellavtal för att motverka det aktuella förfarandet. LOB-regeln reglerar i vilka specifika situationer en skatteförmån är tillämplig och kan beviljas medan PPT-regeln är av allmän karaktär och innehåller allmänt hållna formuleringar för att täcka in förhållanden som är svåra att förutse på förhand. Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda huruvida de föreslagna reglerna kan uppfylla ändamålet med åtgärdspunkten, att motverka missbruk av skatteavtal. Om detta inte är möjligt undersöks om Sverige kan motverka sådana förfaranden genom att tillämpa generalklausulen mot skatteflykt som återfinns i skatteflyktslagen. Författarna bedömmer att LOB-regeln är allt för komplex i sin nuvarande lydelse vilket försvårar en tillämpning av regeln. Eftersom PPT-regeln är vag ger den utrymme för godtyckliga bedömningar, vilket inte ger ett förutsebart utfall när det inte finns klar vägledning. Författarna är med hänsyn till detta av uppfattningen att reglerna i dess nuvarande lydelse och form inte kan leva upp till syftet med åtgärdspunkt 6.  Enligt Peru-målet är skatteflyktslagen rent principiellt tillämplig på förfaranden som omfattas av skatteavtal. Generalklausulen ska då prövas mot förfarandet. Det fjärde rekvisitet, i strid med lagstiftnings syfte, är dock svårtillämpat och domstolens bedömningar varierar. Författarnas anser dock att genom att införa i skatteavtalen att dess syfte inte är att tillåta missbruk av avtalet kan generalklauslen motverka det aktuella förfarandet och skydda mot erodering av den svenska skattebasen vad gäller missbruk av skatteavtal. / In 2012 the BEPS project started with the purpose of preventing tax subjects from using loopholes in the tax treaties and national tax laws in order to receive tax benefits. In 2013, the OECD published an action plan that identifies 15 actions that is meant to be taken regarding this issue. Action 6 regulates treaty abuse through treaty shopping, which means that a tax subject is searching for the tax jurisdiction with the tax treaty that leads to the most beneficial taxation. To prevent this, Action 6 suggests that a specific LOB-rule and a general anti-avoidance rule, PPT-rule, should be included in the OECD model convention. The LOB-rule regulates in which specific situations a treaty benefit can be granted. The PPT-rule is more general and contains general wordings to cover situations that is difficult to foresee. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the proposed rules can fulfill the purpose of Action 6, to prevent treaty abuse. If not possible, it will be determined if Sweden can prevent treaty abuse by applying the general anti-avoidance rule against tax evasion stated in the Swedish skatteflyktslagen. The authors of the thesis are of the opinion that the LOB-rule is too complex in its current wording which makes it difficult to apply. Since the PPT-rule is vague, there is a wide scope for arbitrary assessments leads to an unpredictable outcome when the guidance is unclear. Therefore, the authors find that the rules in its current wordings cannot satisfy the purpose of Action 6.  According to the Peru-judgement the skatteflyktslagen can be applicable to situations that are covered by a tax treaty. The transaction should be tested against the general antiavoidance. The fourth prerequisite, in contravention of the purpose of the legislation, is difficult of apply and the judgements of the court varies. The authors believe that if the treaty preamble includes a statement which clarifies that the intention of the treaty is not to allow treaty abuse, the Swedish general anti-avoidance rule can prevent treaty abuse and thereby protect the Swedish tax base against BEPS regarding treaty abuse.

No description available.

Den internationella skattelagstiftningen har inte följt globaliseringens snabba utveckling, där det idag saknas regler vilka till fullo reglerar multinationella koncerners vinstallokering. Idag är flertalet nationers skattebaser därmed urholkade, då företag kan allokera vinster till nationer med låg eller ingen beskattning. På grund av detta är aggressiv skatteplanering ett globalt utbrett problem, vilket OECD ämnar motverka genom att införa ett nytt skatteregelverk kallat Base Erosion Profit Shifting (BEPS). Regelverket består av 15 åtgärdspunkter och företag står nu inför en stor förändring där det internationella skatteklimatet kommer omkullkastas.  Denna uppsats åsyftar att studera vilken inverkan införandet av BEPS åtgärdspunkt 7 kan komma att få på svenska multinationella företags bolagsstruktur och lönsamhet. Syftet är vidare att ge vägledning till företag inför den kommande implementeringen av BEPS åtgärdspunkt 7.  För att uppfylla uppsatsens syfte har vi genomfört en kvalitativ studie, där vi med utgångspunkt i en hermeneutisk undersökningsmetod har haft en abduktiv ansats. Vi har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra svenska börsnoterade företag med internationellt utbredd verksamhet.  Uppsatsen finner teoretisk och empirisk styrka i att BEPS åtgärdspunkt 7 kan komma att få viss inverkan på såväl företags bolagsstruktur som lönsamhet. Förändringar i företags bolagsstruktur i form av omstrukturering kommer främst uppkomma om dubbelbeskattning uppstår och lönsamheten då riskerar att påverkas kraftigt negativt. Vidare kommer företags kostnader att öka på grund av ökade administrativa uppgifter, ökade resurskrav samt fler dispyter och revisioner, vilket kommer att ha en viss negativ inverkan på lönsamheten. / The international tax law has for decades been lagging behind the rapid pace of the globalization, consequently not being able to regulate multinational corporates’ behaviour regarding allocation of profits. This asymmetry has eroded states’ tax bases since multinational corporations has been permitted to allocate profits in any given nation, whereby tax planning has developed a widespread problem within the global business-arena. In order to curb the situation OECD has formulated a new tax regime named Base Erosion Profit Shifting (BEPS), which includes 15 action points with the main purpose to create equality regarding tax collection. Corporations are now facing an immense alteration whereby the global tax-climate is changing. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of the implementation of BEPS Action 7 regarding corporate structure and profitability of Swedish multinational corporations. Furthermore, the study aims to provide guidelines for companies for the forthcoming implementation of BEPS Action 7. In order to fulfil the purpose of the essay we have conducted a qualitative study, which is based on a hermeneutic examination method with an abductive approach. Furthermore, the qualitative study has been conducted by semi-structured interviews with four Swedish listed corporations that have a distinct international connection.  The main findings’ regarding BEPS Action 7 is that the implementation can have a certain impact on both corporate structure as well as profitability. Changes within the corporate structure will mainly occur if there is situations of double taxation or if the profitability of the corporation gets negatively affected. Furthermore, the study implies that costs will increase as a consequence of Action 7 due to increased onus regarding administrative tasks, increased resource requirements and more disputes and audits arising as a result of the implementation.

L’objet de cette thèse est de proposer un régime fiscal applicable à l’imposition des revenus passifs dans les situations triangulaires internationales. La première partie est consacrée à analyser la nature objective du risque de double imposition. Ce sont les situations triangulaires « passives » ou « subies ». La seconde partie est consacrée à analyser des situations triangulaires « actives » ou « choisies » qui peuvent être propices à la mise en place de structures fiscalement « avantageuses ». L’étude est complétée par des propositions de modification du Modèle de convention fiscale. / The purpose of this work is to propose a tax treatment applicable to passive income in international triangular tax cases. The first part of the study is dedicated to the analyses of the double tax exposure. These are “passive” triangular cases or “incurred”, where potential double tax and uncertainty creates an issue for economic growth. The second part of the study is dealing with “active” triangular situations that may be motivated by the tax benefit resulting from these structures. The conclusion of our study will include proposals to amend the OECD treaty Model.

Hybrid Mismatches After the ATAD Theoretical Aspects of International Cooperation in Tax Matters Abstract This dissertation argues that the current approach toward hybrid mismatches, i.e. linking rules, is ineffective and that EU Member States should consider and adopt other solutions to hybrid mismatches, in particular coordination rules, to achieve single taxation of cross-border income if it is their tax policy goal. I make this argument to help tax policymakers deal properly with hybrid mismatches while also achieving greater legal certainty for taxpayers and tax administrators. While pursuing my claim, I touch on the essential elements of current international taxation, describe certain sets of hybrid mismatches, discuss policy implications of hybrid mismatches' outcomes, and show what linking rules are and that they have many shortcomings. Consequently, I discuss various alternative solutions to hybrid mismatches and point out that coordination rules can be a better method to pursue. Using the preparatory discussion, I examine the Czech anti-hybrid mismatches rules and argue that EU Member States can, to some extent, still use coordination rules as a solution to hybrid mismatches under the ATAD. My analysis leads to practical and theoretical conclusions. I show that the academic literature does not...

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (specialising in Taxation) Johannesburg, 2014 / Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) is a key concern in international tax. In 2010 the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was tasked with the study of BEPS. In 2013 the OECD released the study report “Addressing base erosion and profit shifting” emphasising BEPS and the risk for the world’s economies and tax bases. The OECD has been focused on BEPS due to several reasons, namely; increase in globalisation, an ever-changing digital economic environment, mismatches of different countries’ tax legislation and the ease with which intellectual property can be transferred. They has released several documents detailing the risk of BEPS as well as an action plan outlining their aim for the transformation of local and international tax. According to the OECD corporate income taxes, as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) is a possible indication of base erosion. In South Africa, the corporate income tax rate as a percentage of GDP has decreased from 7.2 % in 20081 to 5% in 20132. Is this a possible indication of base erosion or profit shifting taking place? Protecting South Africa’s tax base is paramount for future growth of the country and the economy. It is therefore important to identify whether BEPS is a real risk and to determine whether South Africa has adequate legislation in place to protect its tax base. Keywords: Base erosion and profit shifting, BEPS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD, international tax, transfer pricing, thin capitalisation, treaty abuse, treaty shopping

The BEPS Project has led to unprecedented changes in international taxation rules. In this respect, the recent changes made to the definition of permanent establishment (PE) under BEPS Action 7 target aggressive tax structures used by multinationals enterprises (MNEs). Due to the narrow scope of Article 5(5) and 5(6), taxpayers easily managed to escape the existing definition of PE with the use of tax avoidance strategies, such as commissionaire arrangements. Therefore, some revisions of Action 7 particularly concern the PE threshold provided by Article 5(5) with respect to commissionaire arrangements. The revisions have also arisen questions as to whether the profit attribution rules in connection with the newly proposed PEs will be affected by the BEPS suggestions. In this regard, the Report on BEPS Action 7 had noted the importance of additional guidance for the attribution of profits to the post-BEPS PEs resulting from the changes. Finally, the Additional Guidance on the Attribution of Profits to Permanent Establishments which deals with the attribution of profits to the newly proposed PEs under Action 7 has been released on 22 March 2018. The revised concept of PE ultimately has implications for the application of the Authorized OECD Approach (AOA) for the attribution of profits to PEs. This thesis will analyze the functional and factual analysis performed within the first step of the AOA for the attribution of profits to PEs which arise from commissionaire arrangements under Action 7. The analysis will be based on the general principles of the AOA and the high-level principles provided by the Additional Guidance, with the specific reference to the BEPS work on risk assumption under Actions 8-10. The thesis will also touch upon the PE threshold proposed by Action 7 that concerns commissionaire arrangements.