The black hole information paradox arises when quantum mechanical effects are considered in the vicinity of the event horizon of a black hole. In this report we describe the fundamental properties of quantum mechanical systems and black holes that lead to the information paradox, with focus on quantum entanglement. While first presented in 1976, the information paradox is as of yet an unsolved problem. Two of the proposed solutions, black hole complementarity and firewalls, are discussed. / Svarta hålets informationsparadox uppkommer när man tar hänsyn till kvantmekaniska effekter i närheten av händelsehorisonten av ett svart hål. I denna rapport beskrivs de grundläggande egenskaper hos kvantmekaniska system och svarta hål som leder till informationsparadoxen, med fokus på kvantintrassling. Paradoxen, som presenterades 1976 men än idag är ett olöst problem, förklaras sedan. Två av de förslagna lösningarna till paradoxen, svarta hål-komplementaritet och firewalls, diskuteras.

Orientadores: Alberto Vazquez Saa, Orlando Luis Goulart Peres / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:09:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_ClaitonPimentelde_D.pdf: 6246469 bytes, checksum: 74e9bd5e915848a1681572fd38bcf297 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Matéria, ao se acumular ao redor de um objeto compacto (e.g., um buraco negro), se configura naturalmente na forma de um disco grosso (toro) em rotação. A matéria do disco pode ser considerada como um fluido, e suas estruturas de equilíbrio hidrodinâmico podem ser obtidas a partir das equações básicas da hidrodinâmica. Nesse trabalho apresento uma extensa revisão da teoria básica de discos grossos de acreção, no âmbito das teorias clássica e relativística, incluindo uma análise da chamada órbita circular marginalmente estável. Formulo o problema incluindo a autointeração gravitacional do toro, caso em que o problema das estruturas de equilíbrio se torna um problema de fronteira livre, o que dificulta a obtenção das soluções. Reviso os métodos e técnicas numéricas já utilizadas ao se atacar esse problema e desenvolvo um código numérico próprio, chamado BLATOS, que gera soluções autogravitantes de toros ao redor de buracos negros. Desenvolvo ainda uma metodologia para se aplicar o método nodal dos elementos espectrais a domínios não limitados. O desenvolvimento desse novo tipo de elemento, os chamados elementos infinitos, gera uma extensão natural a elementos não limitados com bordas curvas assintóticas. Aplico as soluções numéricas obtidas no estudo da instabilidade runaway, mostrando como a identificação da situação de instabilidade pode ser feita a partir dessas soluções. A partir do código numérico é possível alterar o perfil de rotação e a razão das massas toro/buraco negro, de forma a se realizar um estudo do espaço de soluções / Abstract: Matter, accumulating around a compact object (e.g., a black hole), appears naturally in the form of a thick disk (torus) in rotation. The material of the disk can be considered as a fluid, and its hydrodynamic equilibrium structures can be obtained from the basic equations of hydrodynamics. In this work I present an extensive review of the basic theory of thick accretion disks, in the framework of the classical and relativistic theories, including an analysis of the so called marginally stable circular orbit. I formulate the problem including the torus self gravitational interaction, in which case the equilibrium structures problem becomes a free boundary problem, making it difficult getting the solutions. I revise the methods and numerical techniques used to attack this problem and I develop a numeric code, named BLATOS, that generates autogravitating tori solutions around black holes. Further, I develop a methodology for applying the nodal spectral element method to unbounded domains. The development of this new type of element, the so called infinite element, generates a natural extension to unbounded elements with asymptotic curved edges. I apply the resulting numerical solutions in the study of runaway instability, showing how the identification of the instability can be done from these solutions. The rotation law and the torus/black hole mass ratio can be changed from the numerical code in order to conduct a study of the solution space / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Neste trabalho estudamos a dinâmica de discos torcidos finos e espessos para compreender melhor a propagação da deformação nestes discos. No caso dos discos finos, estudamos a física do efeito Bardeen-Petterson e aplicamos este modelo para explicar o jato em escalas de parsec e kilo-parsec da galáxia NGC 1275. Encotramos que o efeito Bardeen-Petterson reproduziu muito bem a forma do jato e com isto derivamos os parâmetros do disco como raio, valores das viscosidades azimutal e vertical, lei de potência da densidade superficial e spin do buraco negro. Para uma melhor compreensão da física destes discos, realizamos simulações GRMHD de discos moderadamente finos tanto planos como inclinados para estudar a evolução do ângulo de inclinação entre os momentos angular do buraco negro e do disco de acresção assim como o ângulo de torção que está associado com a precessão do disco. Encontramos que quando o disco de acresção e o buraco negro rotacionam no mesmo sentido, o ângulo de inclinação entre os momentos angular apresentou um comportamento oscilatório na parte interna do disco e permaneceu constante na parte externa em acordo com as previsões teóricas. Já quando o buraco negro rotacina no sentido oposto ao disco de acresção, encontramos pela primeira vez numa simulação GRMHD evidências de alinhamento, ocorrendo um alinhamento de 10\\% do angulo entre os momentos angulares do disco e buraco negro. Além disso, comprovamos pela primeira vez numa simulação GRMHD a não isotropia do stress. Utilizando um modelo semi-analítico, comparamos os resultados de nossas simulações com este modelo, utilizando os dados da simulações de disco plano como entrada e obitivemos os mesmos comportamentos das simulações tanto no caso prógrado quanto no caso retrógrado mostrando que o alinhamento é devido ao regime onda. / In this work we studied the dynamics of twisted thin and thick disks to better understand how the warp propagates in these discs. In the case of thin discs, we studied the physics of the Bardeen-Petterson effect and we applied this model to explain the shape of the jet in both parsec and kilo-parsec scales of the galaxy NGC 1275. We found that the Bardeen-Petterson effect could explain very well the shape of the jet and with that we derived the disc parameters such as its radius, the values of the kinematic azimutal and vertical viscosities, the power-law of the surface density and the spin of the black hole. To better understand the physics of such discs, we have performed GRMHD simulations of moderatelly thin tilted disks to study the evolution of the tilt angle between the angular momentum of the accretion disk and black hole and also the twist angle which is associated with the precession of the disc. We found that when the accretion disc and the black hole are rotating in the same direction, the tilt angle showed an oscillatory behavior in the inner parts of the disk while in the outer parts it remained constant in agreement with the theorical modelos. However, when both rotate in the opposite direction, we found for the very first time in a GRMHD simulation, evidences of alignment of 10\\% of the tilt angle. Besides that, we prove for the first time in a GRMHD simulation that the stress is far from being isotropic. Using a semi-analitic model, we compared the results of our simulations with this model, using the datas of the untilted simulations as inputs and we found the same behaviors found in the simulations even in prograde case as in the retrograde case showing that the alignment is due to bending waves.

The presented thesis deals with theoretical modeling of the X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei. It studies spectral and polarisation properties of local radiation reflected from the surrounding accretion disc, which is being illuminated by a hot corona above, as well as global observational perspectives at infinity for unobscured radio-quiet sources. Modeling of this kind could then serve for observational fitting of spin of the central supermassive black hole, constraining the accretion disc's or coronal properties, or de- termining observer's inclination towards the systems. A radiative transfer Monte Carlo simulation code STOKES [Goosmann and Gaskell, 2007, Marin et al., 2012, 2015, Marin, 2018] is used for local computations. Its performance is compared to results of other attempts already existing in literature and analytical approximations. The local scheme is discussed mostly in terms of emergent polarisation that has been for the first time simulated for these types of objects with high accuracy. Integration over the accretion disc and superposition with the primary radiation in the so-called lamp-post or extended coronal model, including all general relativistic effects in the vicinity of the central super- massive black hole, is then performed on the basis of already existing routine...

No description available.

Black holes are one of the most interesting objects in the universe, and studying these objects should give exciting results. This research will investigate the General Theory of Relativity, explaining the essence of the theory needed for deriving solutions for a Schwarzschild black hole. This knowledge leads to deriving the equations of motion of a bosonic scalar field around a Schwarzschild black hole. Computing the dynamical evolution of that scalar field, and taking the limit far away from the black hole, gives an approximation derivation of the  Schrödinger equation. This study opens many doors to future research about black holes and scalar fields. / Svarta hål är ett av de mest intressanta objekten i universum, och därför, att studera dessa föremål bör ge spännande resultat.I detta arbete kommer den allmänna relativitetsteorin  att studeras och förklaras med allt som behövs för att härledalösningar för en Schwarzschild svart hål. Denna kunskap leder till att härleda rörelseekvationerna för ett bosoniskt skalärfält runt ett Schwarzschild svart hål.Genom att beräkna den dynamiska utvecklingen av det skalära fältet och ta gränsen långt bort från svarta hålet,så kommer det at ge en approximativ härledning av Schrödinger ekvationen. Den här typen av studier öppnar många dörrar för framtida forskning om svarta hål och skalära fält.

No description available.

We extend previous work (2020Class. Quantum Grav. 37 075001)to the case of Maxwell’s equations with a source. Our work shows how to construct a vector potential for the Maxwell field on the Kerr–Newman background in a radiation gauge. The vector potential has a ‘reconstructed’ term obtained from a Hertz potential solving Teukolsky’s equation with a source, and a ‘correction’ term which is obtainable by a simple integration along outgoing principal null rays. The singularity structure of our vector potential is discussed in the case of a point particle source

Les amas de galaxies sont les plus grandes structures gravitationnellement liées de l'Univers. Ils sont communément séparés en trois catégories, basées sur la distribution du gaz intra-amas. Ce gaz peut être très concentré vers le centre de l'amas, il peut être réparti dans l'amas de manière plutôt uniforme, ou encore il peut avoir une distribution légèrement piquée vers le centre dans un cas intermédiaire. Une autre distinction entre les trois catégories est l'interaction entre le trou noir supermassif se trouvant au centre de l'amas de galaxies et le gaz intra-amas environnant. Dans le cas de la première catégorie, lorsque le gaz est concentré au centre de l'amas, le trou noir est dit "actif". Il produit alors des jets, qui à leur tour injectent de l'énergie dans le gaz intra-amas sous forme d'ondes sonores, d'ondes de choc et de turbulence. Les amas de galaxies offrent donc une opportunité très intéressante pour étudier ce mécanisme d'échange d'énergie. Afin de mieux caractériser ces processus, il est essentiel d'avoir des méthodes robustes pour classifier les amas de galaxies selon les trois catégories. Il existe plusieurs propriétés pouvant être utilisées comme métriques de classification, mais celles-ci ne sont pas toujours en accord les unes avec les autres. Ces propriétés ont été étudiées pour des petits échantillons d'amas de galaxies, analysés de manière individuelle avec des méthodes traditionnelles. Cependant, avec le développement de puissants instruments d'observation tels que eROSITA, on s'attend à obtenir des échantillons contenant environ 100 000 amas de galaxies. Étant donné la taille de ces ensemble de données, il devient nécessaire d'avoir un moyen rapide, efficace et automatique pour les traiter. On a donc recours à l'apprentissage automatique pour accélérer l'analyse. Ce mémoire présente une analyse des propriétés du gaz intra-amas avec des méthodes d'apprentissage automatique. On se sert des simulations cosmologiques IllustrisTNG pour obtenir des images en rayons X d'amas de galaxies, à partir desquelles on construit notre ensemble de données. On s'intéresse à cinq propriétés du gaz intra-amas contenu dans les amas de galaxies, qui sont couramment utilisées comme métriques de classification: le temps de refroidissement central, la densité électronique centrale, l'excès d'entropie centrale, le paramètre de concentration de la brillance de surface et le paramètre de courbure du profil de densité. On explore les relations entre ces différentes métriques, puis on implémente un réseau de neurones qui vise à prédire leur valeur à partir d'une image en rayons X d'un amas de galaxies. Notre réseau atteint une pourcentage d'erreur moyen de 1.8% pour les prédictions de la métrique la plus performante, c'est-à-dire le temps de refroidissement central. Ensuite, afin d'estimer les incertitudes sur les résultats obtenus, on effectue une analyse probabiliste de nos prédictions à l'aide de la méthode de l'inférence sans vraisemblance. On utilise également une méthode de partitionnement de données qui rassemble les images en rayons-X en trois groupes distincts; on constate que ce regroupement corrèle fortement avec la division des mêmes images en utilisant le paramètre de concentration comme métrique de classification. L'ensemble de ce travail permet de conclure que le temps de refroidissement central et la concentration sont les métriques se prêtant le mieux à une analyse avec des méthodes d'apprentissage automatique, ainsi que de mettre en place les outils qui serviront à caractériser les futurs échantillons d'amas de galaxies. / Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound structures of the universe. They are commonly divided into three categories, based on the distribution of the intracluster gas. In one case, the gas is strongly concentrated towards the center of the cluster. In another case, it is rather uniformly dispersed through the cluster. In a third intermediate case, the distribution is slightly peaked towards the center. The three categories also differ by the interaction between the gas and the supermassive black hole located at the center of the cluster. In the first category, the black hole is said to be 'active' and it produces jets that heat up the intracluster gas through shock waves, sound waves and turbulence. The feedback mechanism from the black hole is not entirely understood, and galaxy clusters offer a valuable opportunity to study this energy transfer mechanism in more detail. Numerous properties can serve as classification metrics, but they are not always consistent with one another. Moreover, traditional methods used to extract those properties are time-consuming and have only been applied to small samples. With the advent of powerful X-ray observatories such as eROSITA, we expect to obtain large galaxy clusters datasets (~100 000). Given the size of the datasets and the number of parameters to consider, machine learning methods are needed to accelerate the data processing. This thesis presents an analysis of intracluster gas properties with machine learning techniques. We use the galaxy clusters from the IllustrisTNG cosmological simulations to create the X-ray images that make up our dataset. We study five properties of the hot gas in galaxy clusters that are commonly used as classification metrics; the central cooling time, the central electron density, the central entropy excess, the concentration of the surface brightness and the cuspiness parameter, which represents the slope of the density profile. We explore the correlations between the different metrics, and implement a neural network that predicts their values from an X-ray image of a galaxy cluster. The network achieves a mean percentage error of 1.8% on the central cooling time predictions, making it the best-performing metric. In order to get uncertainty estimates, we perform a probabilistic analysis of the network predictions using simulation-based inference. We also use a clustering approach that groups the X-ray images into three separate groups; we note that those groups are consistent with classification based on the concentration parameter. Our results show that the central cooling time and the concentration are the metrics that lend themselves the best to a machine learning analysis of galaxy cluster images. This project aims to lay the groundwork for characterizing future galaxy cluster observations.

Quadratic curvature terms are commonly introduced in the action as first-order corrections of General Relativity, and, in this thesis, we investigated their impact on the most simple isolated objects, that are the static and spherically symmetric ones. Most of the work has been done in the context of Stelle's theory of gravity, in which the most general quadratic contractions of curvature tensors are added to the action of General Relativity without a cosmological constant. We studied this theory's possible static, spherically symmetric and asymptotically flat solutions with both analytical approximations and numerical methods. We found black holes with Schwarzschild and non-Schwarzschild nature, naked singularities which can have either an attractive or repulsive gravitational potential in the origin, non-symmetric wormholes which connects an asymptotically flat spacetime with an asymptotically singular one, and non-vacuum solutions modeled by perfect fluids with different equations of state. We described the general geometrical properties of these solutions and linked these short-scale behaviors to the values of the parameters which characterize the gravitational field at large distances. We studied linear perturbations of these solutions, finding that most are unstable, and presented a first attempt to picture the parameter space of stable solutions. We also studied the Thermodynamics of black holes and described their evaporation process: we found that either evaporation leads black holes to unstable configurations, or the predictions of quadratic gravity are unphysical. We also considered the possibility of generalizing Stelle's theory by removing the dependence from the only mass-scale present by including a new dynamical scalar field, making the theory scale invariant. Having a more complex theory, we did not investigate exotic solutions but limited ourselves to the impact of the new additional degrees of freedom on known analytical solutions. It was already known that in a cosmological setting this theory admits a transition between two de Sitter configurations; we analyzed the same problem in the context of static and spherically symmetric solutions and found a transition between two Schwarzschild-de Sitter configurations. In order to do that, we studied both linear perturbations and the semiclassical approximation of the path integral formulation of Euclidean quantum gravity. At last, we tried to extract some phenomenological signatures of the exotic solutions. In particular, we investigated the shadow of an object on background free-falling light, and a possible way of determining the behavior close to the origin using mass measurements that rely on different physical processes. We show that, whenever these measurements are applied to the case of compact stars, in principle it could be possible to distinguish solutions where different equations of state describe the fluid.