This study explored how recreation specialization and different types of motivations were related to environmental settings preferred by backcountry hikers. A questionnaire was developed that measured the level of hiking specialization, desired psychological outcomes, and preferred environmental setting attributes. Ouestionnaires were mailed to 619 backcountry hikers from three Intermountain West hiking areas; a response rate of 68 percent was attained. Results of the study revealed significant associations between the level of hiking specialization and the psychological states desired by backcountry hikers. In general, increased hiking specialization served to increase the importance of specific psycholoqical outcomes such as autonomy, exercise, achievement and nature. Significant associations were also found between the level of hiking specialization and the types of environmental settings preferred by hikers. Hiking specialization exhibited significant relationships with 55 percent of the studied environmental setting attributes, especially within the physical and managerial setting domains. The five study motives were especially adept at explaining the physical setting attributes desired by hikers, but lacked predictive power in explaining preferences for managerial settings. The final study analysis utilized two canonical correlation analyses to allow the specialization and motive variables to be combined as a set of independent variables to see which combinations would emerge as important predictors. The specialization variable emerged in both canonical analyses as the first and dominant indicator of the setting attributes. Additional interpretations of the canonical results indicated that two motive-based orientations to backcountry hiking may exist. The findings of this study have implications for researchers and managers seeking to understand why environmental settings are valued differently by recreationists, even within the same activity style. Secondly, researchers studying recreation motivation could utilize recreation specialization as a useful developmental framework for explaining differences in motivational states over time. The results also imply that management strategies sensitive to changes in levels of recreation specialization may be less costly in dollars and offer a more precise way of defining the diversity of opportunity and settings sought by recreationists.

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This work presents an analysis about power and politics in imperial Brazil as it seeks to show the traces the genesis and trajectory of two families in the backcountry of Bahia and Sergipe: the Fontes and the Dantas, which constituted powerful groups that accomplished regional importance by the confluence of political action and marriage arrangements. The research analyzes the literature pertinent to the object and printed sources and manuscripts from the nineteenth century located in the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de Sergipe, in the Arquivo do Judiciário, in the Arquivo Público de Sergipe (Aracaju/SE), in the Arquivo do Barão de Jeremoabo (Itapicuru/BA), in the Paróquia Nossa Senhora da Piedade – (Lagarto/SE), in the Associação Nacional dos Professores de História, in the Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia (Salvador/BA), in the Arquivo Público do Judiciário do Estado de Sergipe (Aracaju/SE), in the Biblioteca Nacional (Rio de Janeiro/RJ) and in the Instituto Geográfico e Histórico da Bahia. The text outlines the political transformations that have occurred in Portuguese America and its reflections in the sertão of Sergipe, and especially of Bahia; identifies the main agents of the spaces of power and their politic and social participation and highlights the efforts of a family to remain active in the public sphere. / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise acerca do poder e política no Brasil imperial ao buscar evidenciar os traços da gênese e da trajetória de duas famílias no sertão baiano e sergipano: os Fontes e os Dantas, as quais constituíram grupos poderosos e de importância regional pela confluência de ação política e de arranjos matrimoniais. A pesquisa analisa a bibliografia pertinente ao objeto e fontes impressas e manuscritas do século XIX localizadas no Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de Sergipe, no Arquivo do Judiciário, no Arquivo Público de Sergipe (Aracaju/SE), no Arquivo do Barão de Jeremoabo (Itapicuru/BA), na Paróquia Nossa Senhora da Piedade - Lagarto/SE, na Associação Nacional dos Professores de História, no Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia (Salvador/BA), no Arquivo Público do Judiciário do Estado de Sergipe (Aracaju/SE), na Biblioteca Nacional (Rio de Janeiro/RJ) e no Instituto Geográfico e Histórico da Bahia. O texto esboça as transformações políticas ocorridas na América Portuguesa e seus reflexos no sertão de Sergipe e, em especial, da Bahia; identifica agentes dominantes dos espaços de poder e sua atuação política e social e destaca os esforços de uma família para se manter atuante na esfera pública. / São Cristóvão, SE

This paper presents a master’s thesis research project that aimed to explore the attitudes of members of Lithuanian hiking community and derelict building owners towards the possibility of adapting country’s abandoned rural buildings into a network of recreational ‘travelers’ huts’. Participants’ opinion on the need of such network as well as their management, location, building age, type, and other preferences were considered. During the two-phase mixed methods research project data was gathered through online questionnaire filled in by 624 members of Lithuanian hiking community and 10 in-depth interviews with derelict building owners, members of country’s hiking community and caretakers of two already operational travelers’ huts. The findings indicate that majority of research participants support the implementation of such project in Lithuania, preferring potential locations of huts in more remote and natural areas. Regarding type of buildings, it was given less significance than the location aspect, however a potential renovation of old wooden huts of traditional vernacular architecture was preferred slightly more than that of modern or Soviet-era buildings. Findings of the study also highlighted rather strong participants’ concerns regarding a diverse spectrum of issues: lack of history and ‘heritage’ of hiking and hutting in Lithuania, potential maintenance and management of the huts, safety, vandalism, privacy, and other. Qualitative data analysis provided evidence that many of those concern can be linked to low levels of social capital within Lithuanian society. Questions of huts’ management approaches, especially those of openness and accessibility of such buildings, showed rather unanimous opinions, suggesting a network of differently managed huts to cater divergent hikers’ needs might be a reasonable solution in Lithuania.

Following the Proclamation Act of 1763 growing numbers of colonists arrived in upper East Tennessee to settle and build wherever they could make arrangements with local groups of Cherokee. While these first families were occupied with survival, the British colonies continued to thrive. Concurrent with growing prosperity was the increasing determination of colonists to exercise control over their property and economic interests. Frontier exigencies affected family strategies for dividing labor and creating economic endeavors. A commonly held view asserts that where women were scarce and needed, rigid sex-role distinctions could not prevail. This thesis will present research of the earliest Washington County Court records and other primary evidence from the late eighteenth-century through the early Republic period to examine the place of women in the upper East Tennessee frontier and argue that despite frontier conditions the underlying attitudes about women did not change.

This thesis examines the importance Kentucky's religious denominations played in the development and transformation of early Kentucky (1770's to 1830). This thesis will show that though federal and regional governments may have created the laws that established newly opened territories, it was often the denominations that played an important role in the creation of that community and stability of the wider societies. Beginning with camp meetings this thesis will argue that denominations began the process of creating community by actively placing these meetings outside the bounds of early congregations and into the backcountry. In doing so denominations brought outsiders, in many cases for the first time, into direct contact with the denominations. This thesis will also argue that denominations developed a new form of worship that was more inclusive and more communal, allowing for wider participation by settlers, especially by women, children, or slaves at these meetings. This thesis will then turn its attention towards the ideas and concepts of the local congregation. This thesis will argue that the local congregation was ideally situated to reinforce the beginnings of community which were established with camp meetings. Through activities such as the calling of ministers as well as the election of elders, deacons, and other lay positions in their local congregation, settlers became active members of the local congregation and entered into a deeper connection with the community. The local congregation offered settlers access to an institution that was both local and communal. Finally this thesis will turn towards a study of physical church buildings arguing that such buildings expressed and reinforced concepts of community and stability. This thesis will argue that over time those congregations that had access to a church often found stability and security. This thesis will also focus on the layout of churches arguing that denominations strengthened already established and shared ideas of community within their congregations through these layouts. By understanding how denominations created community within Kentucky this thesis will argue that the denominations played an important role within newly established territories and that only through a study of these denominations can one begin to understand how the process of western expansion was able to succeed.

The period between 1878 and 1914 was the moment that took place in Alagoas hinterland of the most effective actions to integrate the region to the world market. The first initiative in this direction was the construction of the Paulo Afonso railway, between the municipalities of Piranhas and Jatoba AL-PE. Begun in 1878 and completed five years later, the work included the use of the workforce of thousands of refugees refugees of the great drought of 1877, who worked for the daily ration. Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the region has experienced considerable population growth, there was also a significant economic expansion, especially the cultivation of cotton and livestock. We believe that this structural situation, combined with the economic benefits guaranteed by the oligarchy Malta have solid the main reasons to change the capitalist Delmiro Gouveia of Recife for the Alagoas hinterland. Delmiro ascended economically and socially with the fur trade, buying them in the interior for export, mainly to Europe and the United States. However, when switching to the village Stone was declared bankrupt. In the backwoods of Alagoas Delmiro recompose its capital, and invests in the construction of a hydroelectric plant and a textile industry, the first opened in 1912 and the second in 1914. At around the factory stands an industrial core to house the workers, most of these It consisted of drought refugees emigrants 1915. The core of the stone was presented as an example "model" society, where everything and everyone were on commodity production, including women and children. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O período entre 1878 e 1914 foi o momento em que se realizaram no sertão de Alagoas as ações mais efetivas de integração da região ao mercado mundial. A primeira iniciativa neste sentido foi a construção da ferrovia Paulo Afonso, entre os munícipios de Piranhas-AL e Jatobá PE. Iniciada em 1878 e concluída cinco anos depois, a obra contou com a utilização da força de trabalho de milhares de retirantes refugiados da grande seca de 1877, que trabalhavam pela ração diária. Entre o final do século XIX e início do XX, a região vivenciou considerável crescimento populacional, houve também uma significativa expansão econômica, com destaque para o cultivo do algodão e a pecuária. Acreditamos que essa situação estrutural, aliada às vantagens econômicas garantidas pela oligarquia Malta tenham sidos os principais motivos para mudança do capitalista Delmiro Gouveia do Recife para o sertão alagoano. Delmiro ascendeu econômica e socialmente com o comércio de peles, comprando-as nos interiores para exportação, principalmente para a Europa e os Estados Unidos. Porém, quando se muda para a vila da Pedra era declarado falido. No sertão de Alagoas Delmiro recompõe seu capital, e investe na construção de uma usina hidrelétrica e numa indústria têxtil, a primeira inaugurada em 1912 e a segunda em 1914. Ao entorno da fábrica ergue um núcleo fabril para alojar os operários, a maior parte desses era composta por emigrantes refugiados da seca de 1915. O núcleo da Pedra era apresentado como um exemplo ―modelar‖ de sociedade, onde tudo e todos estavam voltados para produção de mercadorias, inclusive mulheres e crianças

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paginas iniciais.pdf: 88749 bytes, checksum: 5c5c17b48f7db9b0028ccfde8357c849 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-25 / This paper reflects about the communication processes from the 30 first legal community radios from Piauí‟s backcountry (sertão do Piauí). Aiming to: seek and draw those stations panoramas, identify the radios with most community relations and interactions, and also analyze its social roles and differences. Objective is still their its communication processes. Besides mapping, providing its working views, knowing how the community participates, understanding the views on doing broadcasting and comprehend the meaning of the stations that are considered emblematic on the community doing. Methodologically, the quantitative method has been applied, being developed based no bibliographical research, documental studies and field research, using the following techniques: bibliographical production and, virtual and hemerographic documents studies, and semi-structured personal interviews with members of the stations. The researched community radios have a great magnitude in the areas in which are installed, helping to promote information, new citizenship demands and new routes to Piauís backcountry region (região sertaneja piauiense).(AU) / O trabalho reflete sobre os processos comunicacionais das 30 primeiras rádios comunitárias legalizadas do sertão do Piauí. Procura traçar o panorama dessas emissoras, identificar as rádios que têm mais vínculos e atuação comunitária e também analisar seus papéis sociais e diferenças. Objetiva-se ainda seus processos comunicativos, além de mapear e fornecer visão do funcionamento de cada emissora, entender como ocorre a participação das comunidades, a visão do fazer radialismo e o significado das emissoras consideradas emblemáticas no fazer comunitário. Metodologicamente adota-se o método qualitativo, o qual foi desenvolvido com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, estudo documental e pesquisa de campo, cujas técnicas usadas foram: estudos de produção bibliográfica e de documentos virtuais e hemerográficos e realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas presenciais com membros das emissoras. As rádios comunitárias pesquisadas têm ampla importância nos espaços em que estão instaladas porque contribuem difundindo informação local e favorecendo o debate sobre novas demandas de cidadania e novos rumos para a região sertaneja piauiense.(AU)

The main objective of this dissertation is studying the political conceptions and practices in the Pão de Açúcar city, which is located in the backcountry of Alagoas State, from 1952 to 2012, through the analysis on representations about political actions developed by Elísio Maia, character that act over 40 years in the locality and keeps very present in the population memory. In order to do this research I used the journal, magazines and oral testimony analysis produced by around fifty interviews with the neighborhood and politics from the city, I also focuses on the ethnographic research way the treatment given to the politic by the social actors starting from the practices and values conjunct lived in the routine relationship, once that the manner as the population experiment the politic goes together with the routine practices, in the lest publics relationship. / O objetivo basilar desta dissertação é estudar as concepções e práticas políticas no município de Pão de Açúcar, cidade localizada no Sertão do Estado de Alagoas, a partir de 1952 até 2012, através da análise das representações sobre as ações políticas desenvolvidas por Elísio Maia, figura atuante por mais de 40 anos na localidade e que continua muito presente na memória da população. Para tal estudo utilizei a análise de jornais, revistas e o depoimento oral produzido a partir de cerca de cinquenta entrevistas com moradores e políticos do município, e também focalizei ao longo da pesquisa etnográfica o tratamento dado a política pelos atores sociais, a partir do conjunto de práticas e valores vividos nas relações cotidianas, uma vez que a maneira como a população experimenta a política está em consonância com as praticas cotidianas, nas relações menos públicas.

Denna projektrapport beskriver arbetet med att utveckla en broms som tillbehör till företaget Jemtlanders fjällpulka. Syftet med projektet var att ge så stor kundnytta som möjligt, vilket skulle uppnås genom ett pulkatillbehör som hjälpte användaren att bromsa i utförsåkning. Produktutvecklingsarbetet skulle i förlängningen göra utförsåkning säkrare för företagets pulkaanvändande kunder. Målen var att över en tio veckor lång period leda ett produktutvecklingsarbete från fasen förstudie, via konceptgenerering och detaljkonstruktion, fram till en prototyp. Det levererade resultatet skulle ta hänsyn till användares åsikter och behov genom bland annat en studie där befintliga användare fick dela både sina förväntningar och synpunkter på en tidig funktionsprototyp. Arbetet genererade en detaljerad produkt-beskrivning, en tillverkad prototyp och ett underlag för att ta vidare produkten till de slutgiltiga faserna i produktutvecklingsprocessen. Arbetet lade stor tyngd på prototyper och fälttester. Resultatet presenterade ett produktkoncept som kunde uppfylla önskade kriterier inklusive de som studien med användare adderade. Bromsen utformades som en vickande ram monterad på framsidan av pulkans skrov. När pulkan åker i kapp användaren skapas en tryckande kraft genom skaklarna. Den kraften får bromsramen att rotera då den fäster i pulkan och skaklarna på två parallella gångjärnsleder. På nedsidan av ramen sticker armar ut som når ner i snön vid rotationen och bromsar. Genom linor som löper längs skaklarna mellan pulka och användare kan ramens bromskraft enkelt styras. Produktutvecklingsprocessen ledde arbetet till ett resultat som uppfyllde målen genom en utvecklad produkt och en tillverkad första prototyp redo att testas i fält. / This project report presents the work of developing a brake as an accessory to the company Jemtlander's pulk system. The purpose of the project was to provide as much customer value as possible, which would be achieved through a sled accessory that helped the user to brake when downhill skiing. The product development work would in the long run make downhill skiing safer for the company's sled-using customers. The goals were to lead a product development work from a pre-study phase over a ten-week period, via concept generation and detailed design to a prototype. The delivered result took into account the users' opinions and needs through, among other things, a study in which a group of existing users shared both their expectations and views on an early functional prototype.  The project generated a detailed product description, a manufactured prototype and a basis for taking the product to the final phases of the product development process.  The work placed great emphasis on prototypes and field tests. The results presented a product concept that could meet desired criteria including the needs that the study with regular users added. The brake was designed as a rocking frame mounted on the front of the sled's hull. When the sled catches up with the user, a compressive force is created through the poles. The force causes the brake frame to rotate as it attaches to the sled and the poles on two different hinge joints. On the bottom part of the frame, braking arms protrude which reach down into the snow during rotation. Through ropes that run along the poles between the sled and the user, the braking force of the frame can be easily controlled.  The product development process led the work to a result that met the goals by a developed product and a manufactured first prototype ready to be tested in the field. / <p>Betyg 2021-08-09</p>