Les réactions d'hypersensibilité immédiate survenant au cours de l'anesthésie demeurent un sujet de préoccupation majeure pour les anesthésistes. Le médicament le plus fréquemment responsable d'une anaphylaxie sont les curares. Le but de ce travail est de préciser l'épidémiologie actuelle et d'identifier certains facteurs environnementaux susceptibles d'expliquer la fréquence élevée des réactions allergiques aux curares qui peuvent survenir en l'absence de toute exposition préalable. Dans la première partie de la thèse, une enquête nationale décrivant l'épidémiologie des réactions anaphylactiques peranesthésiques entre 2005 et 2007 en France. Elle a confirmé l'intérêt du dosage d'IgE spécifique anti-curare. La survenue de réactions d'hypersensibilité immédiate allergique à l'induction anesthésique lors d'une première exposition aux curares a conduit à évoquer l'existence d'une sensibilisation croisée avec des substances présentes dans l'environnement et possédant un ammonium quaternaire. Différentes hypothèses ont été proposées, notamment une exposition aux produits cosmétiques et/ou désinfectants, une exposition à des antigènes de type phosphorylcholine rencontrés dans les levures, ou certains parasites. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, deux populations professionnelles, des apprentis coiffeurs exposés à des agents chimiques contenant des ions ammoniums, et des boulanger-pâtissiers exposés à des allergènes de levures et de parasites, ont été comparées avec la population générale à la recherche de différences concernant la prévalence des anticorps IgE spécifique anti-curare. Au terme de ce travail, l'exposition à des produits cosmétiques chez les coiffeurs apparaît comme un facteur de risque de développer des anticorps IgE spécifique anti-curare, démontrant pour la première fois l'hypothèse du lien entre l'exposition répétée aux produits cosmétiques contenant l'ammonium quaternaire et la sensibilisation croisée aux curares / Immediate hypersensitivity reactions occurring during anesthesia remains a major concern for anesthesiologists. The drugs most frequently responsible for anaphylaxis are neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). The purpose of this study is to determine the current epidemiology and to identify environmental factors that may explain the high frequency of allergic reactions to neuromuscular blocking agents that can occur without any prior exposure. In the first part of the thesis, a national survey describing the epidemiology of anaphylaxis during anesthesia between 2005 and 2007 in France was carried out. The value of testing specific IgE against NMBA was confirmed.The occurrence of immediate allergic hypersensitivity reaction when first exposure to an NMBA during induction led to evoke the existence of cross-sensitization with substances present in environment and having a quaternary ammonium compound. Different hypotheses have been proposed including exposure to cosmetics and / or disinfectants, exposure to antigens encountered in phosphorylcholine yeasts, or parasites, or exposure to a derivative opiate, pholcodine. In the second part of the thesis, two occupational populations, hairdressers apprentice exposed to chemical agents containing ammonium ions, baker and pastry maker exposed to allergens yeast and parasites were compared with the general population to search for differences regarding the prevalence of specific IgE antibody against NMBA. At the end of this work, hairdressers exposed to cosmetics agents appears to be a risk factor for developing specific IgE antibodies against NMBA and we demonstrated for the first time the hypothesis of the ross-sensitization between repeated exposures to cosmetics products containing quaternary ammonium and NMBAs

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of jazz trumpeter Chet Baker's improvisational style, both instrumental and vocal, during the early period of his career (1952-1959). Baker's early years were divided into six periods, based on major milestones: The Charlie Parker Groups (1952-1953), The Gerry Mulligan Quartet and Tentette (1952-1953), The Chet Baker Quartets (1953-1956), The European Groups (1955-1956), Quartets, Quintets, and Sextets (1956-1957), and The Riverside Recordings (1958-1959). Improvised lines and chord changes from fifteen solos were transcribed and analyzed by the researcher; melodies of standard songs were transcribed and compared with the original version. The number of solos selected from each period was based on the length of time Baker spent with each particular group and the number of albums recorded. The solos were analyzed in terms of rhythmic interpretation of melodies, intervals utilized, use of nonharmonic tones, use of jazz cliches, embellishment of the melodic line, use of melodic and rhythmic patterns, range, tone quality, articulation, vibrato, and vocal scat syllables. As a result of this analysis, the researcher was able to draw conclusions concerning Baker's improvisational style during the period of the study. / School of Music

Kitchen waste, which is collected in large amounts from cafeterias, restaurants, dining halls, food processing plants, and household kitchens, have become a valuable material for bioprocess engineering. Due to the high carbohydrate fraction, kitchen waste has great potential to be used as a potential substrate for ethanol production. Utilization of it as a raw material in ethanol fermentation would also contribute to reduction of costs. In the first part of this study, the effect of pretreatment method and enzymatic hydrolysis on glucose production was evaluated. Dry baker&rsquo / s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was used in fermentation experiments conducted with and without fermentation medium at pH 4.5 and 30oC for 48 hours. Close values of glucose concentration were obtained from no pretreated and hot water treated samples. The fermentation results indicated that ethanol can be produced at similar concentrations in bioreactors with and without fermentation medium addition (p &gt / 0.05). Thus, it is concluded that use of kitchen wastes as is disposed and without fermentation medium in ethanol fermentation could lower the cost to a large extent. In the second part of this study, the effects of solid load, which is proportional to the glucose concentration (10% to 20% (w/w)), inoculum level of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5% to 15% (v/v)), and fermentation time (48 to 96 h) on production of bioethanol from kitchen waste were studied using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A three-factor Box Behnken design was used. Ethanol concentration was used as a response in the resulting experimental design. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was used to determine ethanol and glucose concentrations. The statistical analysis of the constructed model developed by RSM suggested that linear effects of solid load, inoculum level, and fermentation time and quadratic effects of inoculum level and fermentation time were all significant (p &lt / 0.05) on bioethanol production. The model was verified by additional runs, which were not present in the design matrix. It was found that the constructed model could be used to determine successfully the bioethanol concentration with &gt / 90% precision. An optimum ethanol concentration of 32.16 g/L was suggested by the model with 20% (w/w) solid load, 8.85% (v/v) inoculum level and 58.8 hours of fermentation. Further study is needed to evaluate the optimal fermentation conditions in a large scale fermentation

No description available.

Time Fields: Chamber Concerto #3 for fifteen players (2004) is a composition for five woodwinds, three brass, one percussionist, piano, string quartet and double bass with an approximate duration of 14 minutes. This work addresses the nature of musical time and its role in the organisation of the large-scale structure of the piece. Four differing states of musical time, which I refer to as Temporal Textures (Static, Obscure, Temporal Counterpoint and Clear), are employed in particular alternations to form a single movement work in four distinct sections.

Über die Proteinphosphorylierung in den Mitochondrien der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae ist im Gegensatz zu anderen Kompartimenten nur wenig bekannt. Insbesondere hinsichtlich der physiologischen Bedeutung sowie den an der Modifikation beteiligten Enzymen sind kaum Daten verfügbar. Vor diesem Hintergrund stand die Identifizierung und molekularbiologische Charakterisierung mitochondrialer Proteinkinasen (PKasen) und Proteinphosphatasen (PPasen) im Fokus dieser Arbeit. Unter Verwendung komparativer 2D DIGE-Analysen konnten zwei Strategien erfolgreich verfolgt werden: Zum einen wurde die Konsequenz einer Gendeletion von ausgewählten PKasen bzw. PPasen mit putativer mitochondrialer Lokalisation untersucht. Dabei gelang es, die an der in vivo Regulation des Pyruvatdehydrogenase(PDH)-Komplexes beteiligten Enzyme erstmalig zu identifizieren und im Folgenden deren regulatorisches Zusammenspiel umfassend zu analysieren. Zum anderen wurde in einem inversen Ansatz beispielhaft für die PKase Sat4p untersucht, welche Auswirkungen eine Überexpression dieser Kinase auf das mt Proteom hat. Erste Hinweise, welche zur Identifizierung der PDH-Kinasen (Pkp1p und Pkp2p) bzw. PDH Phosphatasen (Ppp1p und Ppp2p) führten, lieferten die signifikanten Spotänderungen von Pda1p (E1α-Untereinheit des PDH-Komplexes) in den 2D-DIGE-Analysen. Im Folgenden wurde die mitochondriale Lokalisation der vier regulatorischen Enzyme unter Verwendung Epitop-getaggter Varianten nachgewiesen sowie Pda1p in unabhängigen phosphospezifischen Analysen als Target der Phosphorylierung verifiziert. Die Phosphorylierungsstelle von Pda1p konnte massenspektrometrisch dem Serin313 zugeordnet werden. PDH-Aktivitätsmessungen zeigten, dass die Phosphorylierung von Pda1p den PDH Komplex inaktiviert, während eine Dephosphorylierung zur Aktivierung führt. Dabei war der Einfluss der Deletion der PDH Kinasen bzw. der PDH-Phosphatasen unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt. Während Ppp1p und Ppp2p partiell redundante Funktionen besitzen, lassen die Analysen komplementäre Aktivitäten von Pkp1p und Pkp2p vermuten. Eine physikalische Interaktion der beiden Kinasen wurde in vivo nachgewiesen und deutet auf die Bildung funktioneller Heteromere hin. Durch Analysen in der 2D-BN/SDS-PAGE konnte eine Assoziation der PDH-Kinasen sowie PDH-Phosphatasen mit dem hochmolekularen, etwa 8 MDa großen PDH-Komplex sowie mit PDH-Subkomplexen geringeren Molekulargewichts gezeigt werden. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit ermöglichten in Verbindung mit denen eigener Vorarbeiten die Erstellung eines Modells zur PDH-Regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Neben der Aktivitätsregulation durch die von Pkp1p/Pkp2p bzw. Ppp1p/Ppp2p katalysierte Phosphorylierung wird eine Funktion der regulatorischen Enzyme – insbesondere der PDH-Kinasen – an der Assemblierung bzw. Stabilisierung des PDH-Komplexes postuliert. Es konnte somit gezeigt werden, dass in der Hefe ein ähnlicher, aber nicht identischer Regulationsmechanismus vorliegt wie in höheren Eukaryoten. Die zweite Strategie, welche in dieser Arbeit exemplarisch für eine PKase verfolgt wurde, führte zur Identifikation einer bislang unbekannten Funktion der Kinase Sat4p in den Mitochondrien. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Sat4p dual lokalisiert in der cytoplasmatischen sowie mitochondrialen Fraktion vorliegt und selbst Target der Phosphorylierung ist. Die Überexpression von Sat4p führte nicht nur zu einem verminderten Wachstum auf nicht fermentierbaren Medien, sondern auch zur Beeinflussung spezifischer mitochondrialer Proteingruppen. Während die Spots der Proteine Pil1p und Lsp1p eine höhere Intensität zeigten, wiesen die Fe/S-Proteine Aco1p und Lys4p eine verminderte „steady-state“-Konzentration auf. Darüber hinaus lagen die Proteine, welche Liponsäure als prosthetische Gruppe tragen (Lat1p, Kgd2p und Gcv3p), im Tet-Sat4-Stamm vorwiegend in ihrer nicht-lipoylierten Form vor. Die Lipoylierungsstellen aller drei Proteine konnten im Wildtyp unter Nutzung von nanoLC-MS/MS erstmals experimentell bestimmt und Lys75 (Lat1p), Lys114 (Kgd2p) bzw. Lys102 (Gcv3p) zugeordnet werden. Die fehlende Lipoylierung der Proteine bzw. die verminderte Proteinkonzentration der Aconitase führte zu einer stark verminderten Aktivität der betroffenen Enzymkomplexe. Neben den in der Literatur beschriebenen putativen Funktionen von Sat4p bei der Regulation cytoplasmatischer Proteine wurde basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der Analysen eine spezifische Funktion der Kinase in den Mitochondrien postuliert. Das Modell schlägt eine Rolle von Sat4p in den späten Schritten der Maturation einer spezifischen Gruppe von mitochondrialer Fe/S-Proteinen vor. Die Beeinträchtigung der Lipoatsynthase Lip5p, welche neben Aco1p und Lys4p ebenfalls zu dieser Gruppe gehört, führt vermutlich sekundär zum beobachteten Verlust der Lipoylierung von Lat1p, Kgd2p und Gcv3p.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 216 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-216). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

This thesis attempts to compare the feminist principles of two American Christian women, Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) and Rosemary Radford Ruether (b. 1936-). Although separated by one hundred years, they are both considered to be Christian Feminists in the sense that they have both tried to extend women's voice into the male world of religion. Further they compliment each other in the struggle and opportunity they see for Women in the Church. Mary Baker Eddy, founder of Christian Science, was dedicated to "equality" of the sexes in her Church. . Despite Eddy's insistence on "equality", she was more interested in her Church as a healing institution rather than in a Church that was known for its Feminist principles. Rosemary Radford Ruether is a contemporary academic whose writings have become the standard texts for female theologians. She has written with outstanding scholarship on the androcentricism in the Christian Church. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th. (Church History)

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar los impactos de la concentración de la propiedad en las cuencas Baker y Pascua en el ejercicio de derechos fundamentales de los usuarios ribereños. Para ello, analizamos en primer lugar el conflicto por las aguas que enfrenta a usuarios y grandes empresas hidroeléctricas en dichas cuencas. Enseguida, se identifican las normas que permiten la concentración de derechos de aprovechamiento, los instrumentos jurídicos que protegen el ejercicio de derechos sobre las aguas de usuarios ribereños y las debilidades de la institucionalidad en la gestión del recurso hídrico. Luego, se revisa la situación actual de la propiedad sobre las aguas de las cuencas, para evidenciar la concentración monopólica de derechos por parte de empresas hidroeléctricas y la manera en que este hecho impacta en los usuarios ribereños. También se analiza cómo la autoridad hídrica ha ejercido en la práctica las facultades regulatorias establecidas en la legislación vigente, para finalizar con una síntesis de la jurisprudencia aplicable al caso. Lo anterior permitió concluir que existe una concentración de derechos de aprovechamiento de aguas de carácter no consuntivo en las cuencas de los ríos Baker y Pascua de propiedad de empresas hidroeléctricas controladas por capitales extranjeros, que ha significado una restricción para otros usos de las aguas, en vulneración de derechos fundamentales garantizados en la Constitución de usuarios ribereños

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5322.pdf: 3668179 bytes, checksum: e3612c159bebd3f0a5be1640868316ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The conversion of the hemicellulosic fraction in ethanol is a factor that impacts on the economic viability of the second generation ethanol production process from sugar cane bagasse. Hemicellulose from bagasse is a heteropolymer constituted by pentoses and glucose, being xylose the predominant sugar (~ 21 %). Among the available technological alternatives for ethanol production from xylose, SIF process (Simultaneous Isomerization and Fermentation), consisting of xylose conversion to xylulose by glucose isomerase (GI) enzyme and xylulose fermentation by the yeast S. cerevisiae, is considered a promising alternative. The main objectives of the present work were: i) evaluate the performance of different S. cerevisiae strains towards xylulose intake and ethanol productivity; ii) assess the influence of cultivation conditions (temperature, oxygen availability and initial xylose concentration) upon ethanol and xylitol production by the selected strains; iii) define the operation conditions for the continuous SIF process, using a system of fixed bed reactors associated in series. Preliminary experiments were conducted in 50 mL flasks, containing 4 g of pellets with a load of 20 % of immobilized GI, co-immobilized with yeast (load of 10 %) in alginate gel. For the screening of yeasts showing better performance on ethanol production from xylose, two commercial baker´s yeast strains (Itaiquara® e Fleischmann®), three industrial strains (BG-1, CAT-1 e PE-2) and one lab strain (CEN.PK113-7D) were evaluated. These experiments were performed at 35 oC, using a medium composed by xylose (60 g/L), urea (5 g/L), CaCl2 (1.9g/L) and several salts, at initial pH of 5.6. Additional SIF studies were carried out with the selected yeasts Itaiquara®, BG-1 or CEN.PK113-7D under different temperature conditions (40 oC), aeration (15 mL flasks) and initial xylose concentration (130 g/L) for comparison with the results obtained at the standard conditions. For SIF cultures, samples were withdrawal and the concentrations of reducing sugars were determined by DNS method while xylose, xylulose, ethanol and by-products (xylitol, glycerol etc) concentrations were assessed by liquid chromatography. Cell viability was also measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. When comparing the different yeasts, Itaiquara® strain presented the best performance, reaching ethanol concentrations of 22.4 g/L, with a productivity of 2.1 g/Lh. The conversion of xylose was similar for all studied industrial strains as well as among the baker s yeast and lab strains. Concerning the group of additional experiments, at 40 oC, a decrease of viability and ethanol selectivity was observed for Itaiquara®, whereas productivity and selectivity for CEN.PK113-7D. was improved. For the studies conducted under semianaerobic conditions, the yeast BG-1 showed an increase in selectivity and yield. However, the reaction time increased to app. 45 hours. On the other hand, the performance of strain Itaiquara® was not altered by the lower level of oxygen tested. In the experiment with 120 g/L of xylose, more than 40 g/L of ethanol was obtained in 24 hours of cultivation. Thus, we conclude that the SIF process proposed in the present work is a viable alternative for the production of ethanol from xylose or lignocellulosic residues. For the operation of the continuous system composed by fixed bed reactors associated in series, the recommended conditions include the Itaiquara® yeast with a temperature no higher than 35 oC, keeping the total residence time around 10 hours for a feeding supply containing 60 g/L of xylose. / A conversão da fração hemicelulósica da biomassa em etanol é um dos fatores que impactam a viabilidade econômica do processo de produção de etanol de segunda geração a partir do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. A hemicelulose do bagaço é um heteropolímero constituído por pentoses e glicose, sendo a xilose o açúcar predominante (~ 21 %). Dentre as diversas alternativas tecnológicas para a produção de etanol a partir de xilose, o processo SIF (Simultânea Isomerização e Fermentação), consistindo na isomerização da xilose em xilulose pela enzima glicose-isomerase (GI) e na fermentação da xilulose pela levedura S. cerevisiae, é considerado uma alternativa promissora. Os principais objetivos do presente trabalho foram: i) avaliar o desempenho de diferentes cepas de S. cerevisiae em termos de assimilação de xilulose e produtividade em etanol; ii) estudar a influência das condições de cultivo (disponibilidade de oxigênio, temperatura e da concentração inicial de xilose) na produção de etanol e xilitol pelas cepas selecionadas; iii) definir as condições de operação para um processo SIF contínuo em sistema de reatores de leito fixo associados em série. Os experimentos preliminares foram conduzidos em frascos de 50 mL contendo 4 g de pelletes com carga de 20 % de glicose isomerase imobilizada, coimobilizada com levedura (carga de 10%) em gel de alginato. Para a seleção da levedura com melhor desempenho na produção de etanol a partir de xilose, foram avaliadas duas linhagens de levedura de panificação comercial (Itaiquara® e Fleischmann®), três cepas industriais (BG-1, CAT-1 e PE-2) e uma utilizada em laboratório (CEN.PK113-7D). Esses experimentos SIF foram conduzidos a 35ºC utilizando meio composto por xilose (60 g/L), ureia (5 g/L), CaCl2 (1,9 g/L) e sais diversos, em pH inicial 5,6. Experimentos SIF complementares foram realizados com as leveduras selecionadas Itaiquara®, BG-1 ou CEN.PK113-7D em diferentes condições de temperatura (40oC), aeração (frascos de 15 mL) e concentração inicial de xilose (130 g/L) para comparação com os resultados obtidos nas condições padrão. Em todos os experimentos SIF, amostras foram retiradas para determinação da concentração de açúcares redutores (método DNS) e de xilose, xilulose, etanol e subprodutos (xilitol, glicerol etc.) por cromatografia em fase líquida. Foi também acompanhada a viabilidade celular ao longo do cultivo. Na comparação entre as diferentes leveduras, destacou-se especialmente a levedura Itaiquara®, alcançando concentrações de etanol de 22,4 g/L, com produtividade em etanol de 2,1 g/Lh. A conversão de xilose foi semelhante entre as leveduras industriais e entre as leveduras de panificação e a de laboratório. Quanto ao conjunto de experimentos complementares, na temperatura de 40ºC houve diminuição de viabilidade e seletividade em etanol para a Itaiquara® e melhora na produtividade e seletividade para a CEN.PK113-7D. Nos experimentos realizados em condições semianaeróbias, a levedura BG-1 apresentou aumento de seletividade e rendimento em etanol, porém para um tempo de reação de 45 horas, aproximadamente. Já a levedura Itaiquara® não teve seu desempenho influenciado pela menor disponibilidade de oxigênio. No experimento realizado com 130 g/L de xilose, alcançou-se mais de 40 g/L de etanol em 24 horas de cultivo. Conclui-se, assim, que o processo SIF de xilose, proposto no presente trabalho, é uma alternativa viável para a produção de etanol a partir de xilose ou de resíduos lignocelulósicos. Para a operação em sistema contínuo composto por reatores de leito fixo associados em série recomenda-se a utilização de levedura Itaiquara® e de temperatura de, no máximo, 35ºC, mantendo-se o tempo de residência total em torno de 10 horas para uma alimentação contendo 60 g/L de xilose.