Orientador: Eduardo Strachman / Banca: Enéas Gonçalves de Carvalho / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Carvalho / Resumo: O setor bancário brasileiro sempre possuiu características muito específicas em relação aos bancos instalados em outros países. Na segunda metade da década de 1990, com a entrada dos bancos estrangeiros no país, iniciou-se um processo de reestruturação bancária, que acarretou em importantes mudanças na estrutura e nos padrões de concorrência do setor. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar a evolução e forma de atuação dos maiores bancos após esse processo de reestruturação, considerando o tipo de controle, se público, privado nacional ou privado estrangeiro. / Abstract: The Brazilian banking sector always had very specific characteristics compared to banks located in other countries. In the second half of the 1990s, the entry of foreign banks in the country started a bank restructuring process, which resulted in important structural and pattern changes to competition in the sector. This dissertation aims to verify the progress and way of action of the major banks after this restructuring process, considering the type of control, whether public, domestic private or foreign private. / Mestre

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta dissertação avalia a evolução e estrutura do spread bancário ex-post no Brasil, no período 2000-2008, usando o método de decomposição contábil. Esta avaliação é feita em três partes. Na primeira estuda-se o setor bancário como um todo utilizando uma amostra de 30 bancos representando 89,8% do total de ativos do Consolidado bancário I (bancos comerciais e bancos múltiplos que tenham uma carteira comercial) no ano 2008. Na segunda a análise é realizada levando em conta as especificidades dos diferentes segmentos de bancos (grandes bancos varejistas, bancos varejistas públicos e bancos especializados em crédito), definidos considerando características como tamanho, tipo de negócio e clientela, característica do funding, etc., e ainda o controle de capital (público, privado nacional e estrangeiro). Por fim, numa terceira parte, considera-se, sobretudo o nicho do mercado de crédito que o banco atua. Esta segmentação do setor bancário permite avaliar a evolução do spread e sua decomposição, assim como comparar os diferentes segmentos do mercado de crédito no Brasil. A principal conclusão da dissertação é que a diferenciação da amostra de bancos por segmento ou por nicho de mercado tem implicações importantes para análise do nível e decomposição do spread bancário. / This dissertation evaluates the evolution and structure of the ex-post bank spread (net interest margin) in Brazil in the 2000-2008 period using the method of accounting decomposition. This evaluation is made in three parts. In the first one the banking sector is studied as a whole using a sample of 30 banks that involve 89.8% of the total assets of banking sector in 2008. In the second part an analysis is carried out taking in account the peculiarities of the different segments of banks (great retail banks, public retail banks and banks specialized in credit), defined considering a set of features that include size, type of business and clientele, characteristic of funding, and the capital ownership (public, private domestic and foreign one). Finally, in a third part, it is considered the niche of the credit market that the bank acts. This segmentation of the banking sector allows us to evaluate the evolution of spread and its decomposition, as well as comparing the different segments of the credit market in Brazil. The main conclusion of the dissertation is that to divide the sample of banks according to the segment or niche of market has important implications for the analysis of the level and decomposition of bank spread.

nÃo hà / Em 2008, desencadeou-se nos Estados Unidos a crise que foi considerada a maior desde 1929, com a quebra da bolsa de Nova York. Este evento afetou substancialmente todo o cenÃrio econÃmico mundial, pois provocou falta de liquidez no mercado. Conhecida como a crise do sub-prime, comeÃou inicialmente no mercado imobiliÃrio, passou pelos bancos, bolsa de valores atà atingir a economia dos paÃses. O Brasil sentiu os impactos da crise mundial, refletida no seu PIB. Pesquisas apontaram que o mercado financeiro foi o segundo maior atingido e os bancos foram afetados, uma vez que os crÃditos externos foram restringidos. Neste cenÃrio, analistas e investidores buscaram ferramentas que pudessem oferecer uma visÃo analÃtica do desempenho das empresas afetadas. A avaliaÃÃo de empresas atravÃs dos mÃltiplos contÃbeis à utilizada por ser de simples abordagem e por permitir o uso padronizado de variÃveis comuns Ãs empresas comparÃveis. O presente trabalho pretende avaliar comparativamente, atravÃs de anÃlise de demonstrativos contÃbeis, o desempenho de instituiÃÃes bancÃrias brasileiras no perÃodo de 2007 a 2010, analisando os efeitos da crise financeira de 2008 sobre as aÃÃes dos mesmos. O estudo evidencia forte impacto da crise nas instituiÃÃes estudadas, afetando de sobremaneira seu lucro lÃquido. / In 2007, it unleashes in the United States the crisis that has to be considered the largest since 1929, with the broke of the New York stock exchange. This event affected substantially the whole world economic scenario, because it caused lack of liquidity in the financial market. Known as the crisis in the sub-prime, it began originally in the real estate market, going to the banks, stock exchange until it reaches the economy of the countries.Brazil has felt the impact of global crisis, reflected in its PIB. Research indicates that the financial market was the second biggest hit and the banks have been affected since the foreign credits were restricted. In this scenario, analysts and investors are looking for tools that provide an analytical overview of the performance of affected companies. The valuation of companies through multiple accounting is used because of its simple approach and allows the use of standardized variables common to comparable companies. This work intends to comparatively evaluate, through analysis of financial statements, the performance of Brazilian banks in the period 2007 to 2010, analyzing the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on its assets.

Esta pesquisa apresenta as vantagens competitivas de propriedade e de localização e as motivações na internacionalização bancária de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, abordando a internacionalização dos bancos americanos, alemães, ingleses, espanhóis, asiáticos em geral e chineses, além dos bancos brasileiros. O objetivo é compreender porque apenas quatro bancos brasileiros se internacionalizaram. Para tanto, foram pesquisados os conceitos de internacionalização, o papel dos centros de serviços financeiros, as características de internacionalização das empresas manufatureiras e do setor de serviços, além do paradigma eclético e do modelo de Uppsala. Dentre as muitas motivações e determinantes para a internacionalização bancária, constatou-se que, no Brasil, a quantidade total de bancos é pequena e os bancos nacionais compõem pouco mais da metade deste total. O número de bancos grandes é diminuto e são estes que normalmente se internacionalizam nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Ou ainda, em menor grau, os bancos pequenos e médios com nichos de especialização e competências para a internacionalização, o que não há no Brasil. O apoio governamental sob a forma de políticas, financiamentos, seguros e outros incentivos não existe para a internacionalização bancária e nem para a das empresas, de um modo geral. Faltaram os fatores propulsores do lado real da economia, como a exposição internacional do país através de exportações, participação em cadeias de valor globais e os investimentos diretos externos da indústria manufatureira. Aliada a todos estes fatores, a economia brasileira é voltada para o mercado doméstico. As elevadas taxas de juros e elevados spreads aumentam o custo de capital para bancos e empresas, o que, para os bancos, não incentiva a exportação de capital para países com taxas de juros menores porque o lucro é uma finalidade por si mesmo e o que importa é o retorno ajustado ao risco do capital. No mercado interno, a competição entre os bancos é acirrada, independentemente da origem do capital dos mesmos. No passado recente novos concorrentes surgiram, as fintechs, que operam com menos regulação do que os bancos, e cujos negócios tem crescido rapidamente. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa baseada em fontes secundárias. / This research presents the competitive advantages of ownership and location and motivations in the banking internationalization of developed and developing countries, addressing the internationalization of American, German, English, Spanish, Asian and Chinese banks, as well as Brazilian banks. The purpose is to understand why only four Brazilian banks have internationalized. In order to do so, the concepts of internationalization, the role of financial services centers, the internationalization characteristics of manufacturing companies and the services sector, as well as the ecletic paradigm and the Uppsala model were researched. Among the many motivations and determinants for banking internationalization it has been verified that in Brazil the total number of banks is small and national banks make up slightly more than half of this total. The number of large banks is tiny and these are usually the banks that internationalize in developed and developing countries. Or, to a lesser degree, small and medium-sized banks with niches of specialization and skills for internationalization, which do not exist in Brazil. Government support in the form of policies, financings, insurance and other incentives does not exist for the internationalization of banks or for companies in general. There was a lack of drivers on the real side of the economy, such as the country\'s international exposure through exports, participation in global value chains and foreign direct investments of the manufacturing industry. Allied to these factors, the Brazilian economy is geared towards the domestic market. High interest rates and high spreads raise the cost of capital for banks and companies which, for banks, does not encourage the export of capital to countries with lower interest rates because profit is a purpose in itself and what counts is the risk ajusted return on capital. Locally, the competition amongst banks is fierce, regardless of their origin. In the recent past new competitors have emerged, fintechs, which operate with less regulation than banks and whose business has grown rapidly. This is a qualitative research based on secondary sources.

Digitaliseringen inom banksektorn har under de senaste åren utvecklats konstant. De stora förändringar som har skett inom banksektorn har lett till att konsumenterna idag kan utföra sina banktransaktioner vilken tid som helst på dygnet, utan att behöva besöka ett bankkontor. De digitala verktygen representerade huvudsakligen av Internetbanken, Telefonbanken, Mobilt BankID och Swish har underlättat för konsumenterna att hantera sina ärenden på ett smidigt och enkelt sätt, vilket har lämnat sina spår på den marknaden som bankerna verkar i. En stor del av bankkontoren i Stockholms län avvecklas då den fysiska kontakten minskar. Storbankerna SEB, Swedbank, Handelsbanken samt Nordea får nu en mycket stor utmaning att skapa kundlojalitet med konsumenterna då kundkontakten försvinner. Detta gör det även svårare för storbankerna att knyta kontakt med nya konsumenter. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur en utökad digitalisering av tjänster påverkar kundlojalitet till bankerna på den svenska marknaden. Uppsatsen ger en översikt av valda marknadsförings teorier och relevanta begrepp avseende bankens digitalisering och dess påverkan på kundlojaliteten. Därefter presenteras val av metod och motivet bakom valet. I den empiriska delen presenteras undersökningsdata med tillhörande analys av de insamlade data. Studien avslutas med en sammanfattad diskussion kring resultat och därefter redovisas studiens slutsats. / Digitalization in the banking sector has evolved steadily in recent years. The major changesthat have taken place in the banking sector have led consumers to carry out their bank affairs atany time of the day without having to visit a bank office. The digital tools represented mainlyby the Internet Bank, Telephone Bank, Mobile BankID and Swish, have made it easier forconsumers to handle their banking transactions in a smooth and easy way, which has left theirmark on the market in which banks operate. A large part of the bank offices in StockholmCounty are ceased as physical contact is reduced. The big banks SEB, Swedbank,Handelsbanken and Nordea have a very big challenge now to create customer loyalty withconsumers as the customer contact disappears. This makes it even harder for major banks toconnect with new consumers. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how an increased digitalization of services affectscustomer loyalty to the banks in the Swedish market. The essay provides an overview ofselected marketing theories and relevant concepts regarding the bank's digitization and itsimpact on customer loyalty. Thereafter, the choice of method and the motivation behind theselection are presented. In the empirical part, survey data are presented with the accompanyinganalysis of the collected data. The study concludes with a summary discussion of results andafterwards the conclusion is presented.

Ever since the concept of the personal brand had been coined, observations and surveys of it have become more interesting since it has been proven to have positive effects for leadership and the organization. Since bank employees are responsible for doing business directly to thebank's customers, they are considered to be the organization's most important resource. It is this freedom and independence that puts high demands on clarity on the leadership within the banking sector. Since previous studies have shown that a leader's personal brand can contribute to this clarity of the leadership, we decided to do a study with an abductive approach, with the problem formulation: How does the personal brand affect the leadership within the banking sector? The study aims at investigating how the personal brand affects the leadership within the banking sector, viewed from the perspective of leaders and employees. It was done through a qualitative study where we focused on identify the basics about the personal brand and how it shows in the leadership. We chose to use Kapferer's model - Brand Identity Prism (2008) as an analysis model throughout the study. Our theoretical reference frame has been derived from scientific articles and literature. The empirical data consisted eight personal interviews in total, where six of them were with employees and two of them were with leaders. The interviews were conducted with a semi-structured interview guide. The conclusion of our study showed that the personal brand affects leadership through trust, clarity and communication. Therefore, it should be of outmost importance for a leader to become aware of it. Our hope is that individuals will use the studys’ result on how the personal brand affects leadership. / Ända sedan begreppet personligt varumärke myntades har observationer och undersökningar av det blivit mer intressant, då det har bevisats ha positiva effekter för ett ledarskap, men även för organisationen. Då bankanställda ansvarar för att göra affärer direkt mot bankens kunder, anses de vara organisationens viktigaste resurs. Det är denna frihet och självständighet som sätter höga krav på tydlighet i ledarskapet inom banksektorn. Då tidigare studier visat att en ledares personliga varumärke just kan hjälpa till med denna tydlighet i ledarskapet, bestämde vi oss för att göra en studie med en abduktiv ansats, med problemformuleringen: Hur påverkar det personliga varumärket ledarskapet inom banksektorn? Studien syftar till att undersöka hur det personliga varumärket påverkar ledarskapet inom banksektorn, sett ur ledares och medarbetares perspektiv. Det gjordes genom en kvalitativ studie där vi fokuserade på att identifiera de grundläggande byggstenarna kring det personliga varumärket och hur det används i ledarskapet. Vi valde att använda oss av Kapferers modell – Brand Identity Prism (2008) som analysmodell genom studien. Vår teoretiska referensram har i största möjliga mån hämtats från vetenskapliga artiklar samt litteratur. Empirins data insamlades genom åtta personliga intervjuer totalt, där sex av intervjuerna var med medarbetare och två av intervjuerna var med ledare. Intervjuerna gjordes med en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Slutsatsen av vår studie visade att det personliga varumärket påverkar ledarskapet genom förtroende, tydlighet och kommunikation. Därför bör det vara av största intresse för en ledare att öka sin medvetenhet kring det. Vår förhoppning är att individer nyttjar studiens resultat om det personliga varumärkets påverkan på ledarskapet.

Credit risk tracking and quantification play important roles in risk management and they are not applied only by financial institutions on microeconomic level, but also by central banks on the background of aggregated data. This master thesis deals with the analyses of shocks of given significant macroeconomic variables and their reply on changes of households' and firms' defaulted, non performing loans in Slovakian banking sector. In introductory part, the method of data handling is described, because of their inconsistency in the given field of research. That is caused on one hand by the post-transformational consolidation process of Slovakian banking sector and on the other hand by legislative shifts and changes in calculation methodology of non performing loans. The main aim of the thesis is not to describe and interpret most precisely the economic relations that could influence the level of non performing loans, but the effort to widen the range of credit risk stress testing possibilities in Slovakian banking sector. In order to check the macroeconomic variables' significance, OLS regression is used. Important part of the stress tests is the application of Monte Carlo method which simulates high number of stress scenarios and macroeconomic variables' shocks and therefore helps to improve the...

In today’s competitive business environment, banks operate in a severe rivalry due to various factors, including globalisation, fast technological developments and homogeneous nature of banks services. For this reason, building valuable brands is crucial in differentiating banks and adding value to the banking services. The research problem that emerged was: investigating the major bank marketing communication tools to examine their impact on building bank brand equity. The researcher went about in achieving this purpose by: identifying the major marketing communication tools used by banks that help build bank brand equity via the customer-based brand equity (CBBE) dimensions from customers’ perspective; and testing and analysing the hypotheses in order to develop the final research model. In order for this purpose to be attained, two research questions were answered: what are the major bank marketing communication tools that help build bank brand equity? Which hypotheses regarding the impact of the major bank marketing communication tools on building bank brand equity via the CBBE dimensions are supported in this study? This research was carried out in the Egyptian banking sector from the customer perspective. Mixed-method research was used. The first phase was the qualitative research approach, which consists of conducting and analysing semi-structured interviews. These interviews were carried out with fifteen bank customers based on judgmental sampling technique. The purpose of these interviews were to identify the major bank marketing communication tools that help build bank brand equity via the CBBE dimensions; to help develop a proposed conceptual framework; to help develop the research hypotheses; and to help develop the intended questionnaire survey. According to the findings, advertising, personal selling and direct marketing were the most popular marketing communication tools in the Egyptian society for banks. Once the needed insights were emerged, the second phase, the quantitative phase, was conducted. The researcher distributed and collected large-scale questionnaire survey. These questionnaires were carried out with 465 bank customers based on a quota sampling technique. These questionnaires were then analysed by using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test and analyse the research hypotheses; and to help develop the final research model. Findings showed that the major bank marketing communication tools consist of personal selling, direct marketing and advertising respectively according to their importance on building bank brand equity. Given the fact that all CBBE dimensions are interrelated, not all of them directly impact bank brand equity. Only brand loyalty and brand perceived quality were found to have a significant positive direct effect on bank brand equity. When conducting this study, the researcher faced several limitations. The data were collected only in Cairo and Alexandria; only the major controllable marketing communication tools were assessed, and non-probability sampling was used.

The aim of this thesis is a financial analysis of Fio bank during the years from 2011 to 2015. The thesis is divided into four parts. The first part deals with financial analysis itself, its objectives, limitations, and used indicators. The second part consists of basic information about Fio bank, its brief history, and introduction of two competitive banks. Bank sector is characterized in the third part. Financial analysis of Fio bank is performed in the last part. For higher complexity, results of Fio bank are compared with results of two other competitors, Equa bank and Air bank. At the end of the thesis, results of the analysis are summarized together with assessment of the bank´s financial situation.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze the selected banking sectors of the European Union, namely Germany and Italy. At the beginning, the basis of the theory needed for the understanding of the thesis is defined. Followed by the description of the risks borne by the bank and specific indicators sorted accordingly, it forms the first chapter of the diploma thesis. In the second part, the indicators are applied on the aggregated banking sector data. Within the specific time frame, the development of the indicator and its trend is analyzed with the emphasis on the causes of its most significant development. The conclusion of the thesis is devoted to the overall summary and comparison of the results obtained from the analysis of the banking sectors.