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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
681

Estudo da hidrogenação para pulverização de ligas à base de terras raras com Nb para eletrodos de hidreto metálico / Study of hydrogenation for pulverization of rare earth alloys with nb for metal hydride electrodes

FERREIRA, ELINER A. 22 June 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T13:51:24Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T13:51:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as series de ligas La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co(0,5-x)NbxNi3,8 (x =0 a 0,5) e La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Nb(0,5-x)Ni(3,8-x) (x =0,3; 0,5 e 1,3), como eletrodo negativo de baterias de Níquel Hidreto Metálico. A pulverização das ligas foi realizada com duas pressões de H2 (2 bar e 9 bar). A capacidade de descarga das baterias de níquel hidreto metálico foi analisada pelo equipamento de testes elétricos Arbin BT-4. As ligas, no estado bruto de fusão, foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) e difração de raios-X. Com o aumento da concentração de nióbio nas ligas nota-se a diminuição da estabilidade cíclica das baterias e da capacidade máxima de descarga. A capacidade de descarga máxima obtida foi para a liga La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,5Ni3,8 (45,36 mAh) e a bateria que apresentou a melhor performance foi a liga La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,4Nb0,1Ni3,8 (44,94 mAh). / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
682

Impact des impulsions périodiques de courant sur la performance et la durée de vie des accumulateurs lithium-ion et conséquences de leur mise en oeuvre dans une application transport / Impact of periodic current pulses on the performance and the lifetime of Lithium-ion batteries and the consequences on its processing in vehicular applications

Savoye, François Paul 01 March 2012 (has links)
Ce travail vise à identifier l’impact potentiel des impulsions périodiques de courant sur laperformance et la durée de vie des accumulateurs graphite/LiFePO4. Il apparait que,contrairement aux résultats connus pour les accumulateurs Plomb-acide et à ceux annoncéspar certains auteurs de la littérature pour les accumulateurs Li-ion, l’application d’impulsionspériodiques de courant ne présente pas d’intérêt dans une logique d’amélioration de laperformance et/ou de la durée de vie des accumulateurs Li-ion. De surcroit, certains typesd’impulsions ont été identifiés pour entrainer des effets préjudiciables à ces derniers. En seréférant à une application de véhicule industriel hybride électrique, nous avons évalué sur descritères techniques et économiques l’intérêt d’implémenter un système de stockage d’énergiecombiné, c'est-à-dire mutualisant l’usage d’une batterie Li-ion et desupercondensateurs/condensateurs. Il apparait que les stratégies consistant à agir sur lescomposantes hautes fréquences du signal pour ajouter/retirer des impulsions du profil vu parla batterie ne permettent pas d’accéder à des allongements de durée de vie qui pourraientcompenser le surcoût actuel lié à l’implémentation de ces systèmes. En outre, il apparait quele meilleur levier d’optimisation du bilan technique et économique associé au système destockage d’énergie est son dimensionnement. En effet, même si les systèmes de stockaged’énergie combinés utilisant les supercondensateurs permettent d’atteindre des réductions duratio coût/durée de vie considérables, la prise en compte globale des critères de coût, de duréede vie, de masse et d’encombrement s’avère plus favorable à la solution constituée d’unebatterie seule, de taille optimisée vis-à-vis de son application. / This work aims to identify the possible impact of periodic current pulses on both performanceand lifetime of graphite/LiFePO4 secondary batteries. Contrary to the well-known results onlead-acid batteries and to results announced in previously published works, periodic pulses donot bring any benefit to the performance and the lifetime of Li-ion batteries. Moreover,certain pulse types have been identified to be detrimental to Li-ion batteries. Using the hybridelectric vehicle application as a reference, we evaluated both the technical and economicalaspects of implementing combined energy storage systems composed with Li-ion batteriesand supercapacitors/capacitors. We found that the control strategies acting on high frequencyharmonics of the current signal to adding/retrieving pulses to the Li-ion battery profile doesnot prolong its life enough to compensate the extra cost of such system implementation.Furthermore, it seems that the best way to optimize the technico-economic balance of theenergy storage system is the sizing. Even if combined energy storage systems using Li-ionbatteries and supercapacitors enable to considerably increase the lifetime/cost ratio, a generalconsideration of the criteria cost, life, mass and volume is more favorable to a solution whereone single Li-ion battery is optimally sized for its application.
683

Caractérisation de l’usage des batteries Lithium-ion dans les véhicules électriques et hybrides : application à l’étude du vieillissement et de la fiabilité / Characterization of Lithium-ion batteries usage in electric and hybrid electric vehicles applications

Devie, Arnaud 13 November 2012 (has links)
De nouvelles architectures de traction (hybride, électrique) entrent en concurrence avec les motorisations thermiques conventionnelles. Des batteries Lithium-ion équipent ces véhicules innovants. La durabilité de ces batteries constitue un enjeu majeur mais dépend de nombreux paramètres environnementaux externes. Les outils de prédiction de durée de vie actuellement utilisés sont souvent trop simplificateurs dans leur approche. L’objet de ces travaux consiste à caractériser les conditions d’usage de ces batteries (température, tension, courant, SOC et DOD) afin d’étudier avec précision la durée de vie que l’on peut en attendre en fonction de l’application visée. Différents types de véhicules électrifiés (vélos à assistance électrique, voitures électriques, voitures hybrides, et trolleybus) ont été instrumentés afin de documenter les conditions d’usage réel des batteries. De larges volumes de données ont été recueillis puis analysés au moyen d’une méthode innovante qui s’appuie sur la classification d’impulsions de courant par l’algorithme des K-means et la génération de cycles synthétiques par modélisation par chaine de Markov. Les cycles synthétiques ainsi obtenus présentent des caractéristiques très proches de l’échantillon complet de données récoltées et permettent donc de représenter fidèlement l’usage réel. Utilisés lors de campagnes de vieillissement de batteries, ils sont susceptibles de permettre l’obtention d’une juste prédiction de la durée de vie des batteries pour l’application considérée. Plusieurs résultats expérimentaux sont présentés afin d’étayer la pertinence de cette approche / Lithium-ion batteries are being used as energy storage systems in recent electric and hybrid electric vehicles coming to market. Current cycle-life estimation techniques show evidence of discrepancy between laboratory results and real-world results. This work is aimed at characterizing actual battery usage in electrified transportation applications. Factors such as temperature, State Of Charge, Depth Of Discharge, current and voltage have to be carefully considered for accurate cycle-life prediction within a given application. Five electrified vehicles have been studied (two electric bicycles, one light EV, one mainstream HEV and one Heavy-Duty trolleybus). These vehicles have been equipped with sensors and data-logger and then test-driven on open roads under real-world conditions. Large amounts of data have been stored and later processed through an innovative method for analysis of actual usage. This method relies on data mining based on K-means clustering and synthetic duty cycle generation based on Markov chain modeling. Resulting synthetic cycles exhibit features similar to those observed on the large original datasets. This enables accurate prediction of cycle-life through realistic ageing trials of Lithium-ion batteries. Several experimental results are presented in order to assess the fitness of this method
684

HETEROGENEOUS BATTERY SYSTEMS IN BATTERY EQUIPPED PASSENGER TRAINS

Lundin, Emil, Bergelin, Johan January 2021 (has links)
The rise of batteries in the industry, especially Li-ion, is increasing rapidly. Li-ion battery systems are traditionally composed of a particular type of cell chemistry fit to the system needs. Due to the significant differences between chemistries, different cells have different attributes. The thesis explores the potential of a heterogeneous solution to include different cells to find a suitable compromise between different attributes. An electrified passenger train using a homogenous solution was evaluated against a heterogeneous solution consisting of two cell types, NMC and LTO, which have significant differences in attributes.  Simulation with models covering the train kinematics, track characteristics, and battery behaviour generates the thesis results. Validation of simulation results includes comparing previous simulations and the new effects of the heterogeneous solution, which indicate a good fit. Verification of the results encompasses a small-scale experiment with a custom-made physical circuit to observe the proposed solution's actual behaviour and verify model validity, which implies the correctness of models and implementation. The results indicate that a heterogeneous solution is possible within the scope of electrified trains. Furthermore, several trade-offs exist between NMC and LTO cells, especially regarding rate capability, safety and capacity, which confirms the potential of heterogeneous battery systems.
685

Paper-based lithium-Ion batteries using carbon nanotube-coated wood microfiber current collectors

Aliahmad, Nojan 06 November 2013 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The prevalent applications of energy storage devices have incited wide-spread efforts on production of thin, flexible, and light-weight lithium-ion batteries. In this work, lithium-ion batteries using novel flexible paper-based current collectors have been developed. The paper-based current collectors were fabricated from carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated wood microfibers (CNT-microfiber paper). This thesis presents the fabrication of the CNT-microfiber paper using wood microfibers, coating electrode materials, design and assemblies of battery, testing methodologies, and experimental results and analyses. Wood microfibers were coated with carbon nanotubes and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) through an electrostatic layer-by-layer nanoassembely process and formed into a sheet, CNT-microfiber paper. The CNT loading of the fabricated paper was measured 10.1 μg/cm2 subsequently considered. Electrode material solutions were spray-coated on the CNT-microfiber paper to produce electrodes for the half and full-cell devices. The CNT current collector consists of a network structure of cellulose microfibers at the micro-scale, with micro-pores filled with the applied conductive electrode materials reducing the overall internal resistance for the cell. A bending test revealed that the paper-based electrodes, compared to metal ones, incurred fewer damages after 20 bends at an angle of 300o. The surface fractures on the paper-based electrodes were shallow and contained than metallic-based electrodes. The micro-pores in CNT-microfiber paper structure provides better adherence to the active material layer to the substrate and inhibits detachment while bending. Half-cells and full-cells using lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium titanium oxide (LTO), and lithium magnesium oxide (LMO) were fabricated and tested. Coin cell assembly and liquid electrolyte was used. The capacities of half-cells were measured 150 mAh/g with LCO, 158 mAh/g with LTO, and 130 mAh/g with LMO. The capacity of the LTO/LCO full-cell also was measured 126 mAh/g at C/5 rate. The columbic efficiency of the LTO/LCO full-cell was measured 84% for the first charging cycle that increased to 96% after second cycle. The self-discharge test of the full-cell after charging to 2.7 V at C/5 current rate is showed a stable 2 V after 90 hours. The capacities of the developed batteries at lower currents are comparable to the metallic electrode-based devices, however, the capacities were observed to drop at higher currents. This makes the developed paper-based batteries more suitable for low current applications, such as, RFID tags, flexible electronics, bioassays, and displays. The capacities of the batteries at higher current can be improved by enhancing the conductivity of the fibers, which is identified as the future work. Furthermore, fabrication of an all solid state battery using solid electrolyte is also identified as the future work of this project.
686

Fuzzy-Rule-Based Failure Detection and Early Warning System for Lithium-ion Battery

Wu, Meng 05 September 2013 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Lithium-ion battery is one kind of rechargeable battery, and also renewable, sustainable and portable. With the merits of high density, slow loss of charge when spare and no memory effect, lithium-ion battery is widely used in portable electronics and hybrid vehicles. Apart from its advantages, safety is a major concern for Lithium-ion batteries due to devastating incidents with laptop and cell phone batteries. Overcharge and over-discharge are two of the most common electrical abuses a lithium-ion battery suffers. In this thesis, a fuzzy-rule-based system is proposed to detect the over-charge and over-discharge failure in early time. The preliminary results for the failure signatures of overcharged and over-discharged lithium-ion are listed based on the experimental results under both room temperature and high temperature. A fuzzy-rule-based model utilizing these failure signatures is developed and validated. For over-charge case, the abnormal increase of the surface temperature and decrease of the voltage are captured. While for over discharge case, unusual temperature increase during overcharge phases and abnormal current decrease during overcharge phases are obtained. The inference engine for fuzzy-rule-based system is designed based on these failure signatures. An early warning signal will be given by this algorithm before the failure occurs. This failure detection and early warning system is verified to be effective through experimental validation. In the validation test, the proposed methods are successfully implemented in a real-time system for failure detection and early warning. The result of validation is compatible with the design expectation. Finally an accurate failure detection and early warning system is built and tested successfully.
687

Surface modification of Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 by plasma deposition for compatibility with aqueous processing

Tomassi, Erica 05 1900 (has links)
Les batteries lithium-ion dépendent de l’utilisation d’électrodes composites positives, traditionnellement préparées avec des liants fluorés tels que le polyfluorure de vinylidène (PVDF). Ceux-ci sont souvent dissouts ou dispersés dans des solvants toxiques et inflammables. Les interdictions récentes des substances per- et polyfluoroalkyles (PFAS), qualifiées de polluants éternels, imposent le développement d'alternatives durables pour atténuer les dommages environnementaux supplémentaires. La carboxyméthylcellulose (CMC) est une alternative prometteuse aux liants à base de PFAS car elle est biosourcée, biodégradable et soluble dans l'eau. Cependant, le processus d'utilisation d'un liant aqueux durable de CMC avec un matériau actif sensible à l'humidité, Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2, NMC622, dans une électrode composite positive présente un grand défi. Une avancée notable est l'application d'un revêtement protecteur qui peut être appliqué directement sur la surface des particules du matériau actif à l'aide d'un jet de plasma à pression atmosphérique (APPJ). Dans cette étude, l'APPJ a été utilisé pour déposer un revêtement organosilicié sur les particules de NMC622. Les particules de NMC enrobées ont subi des tests chimiques et électrochimiques rigoureux pour déterminer leur composition chimique et leur microstructure modifiée. Bien que ces résultats soient prometteurs, la performance électrochimique, mesurée par la capacité spécifique, la densité énergétique, l’efficacité coulombique, la stabilité cyclique, la durée de vie et la stabilité mécanique, n’est pas optimale, possiblement en raison de la dégradation préalable du matériau actif et d’une couverture inhomogène. Les particules enrobées ont connu un degré de protection contre l'exposition à l'humidité, aux électrolytes courants et aux environnements aqueux. La présence du revêtement s'est avérée préserver la microstructure des particules sans avoir d'impact significatif sur les propriétés électrochimiques du matériau, telles que la capacité spécifique et l’efficacité coulombique. / Lithium-ion batteries rely on the use of positive composite electrodes, which are traditionally prepared using fluorinated binders such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). These are often dissolved or dispersed in toxic and flammable solvents. Recent bans on ‟forever chemicals” per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) impose the development of sustainable alternatives to mitigate further environmental damage. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a promising alternative to PFAS-based binders as it is bio-sourced, bio-degradable, and water-soluble. However, the process of using a sustainable CMC aqueous binder with a humidity sensitive active material, Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2, NMC622, in a positive composite electrode is challenging. One notable advancement is the application of a protective coating that can be applied directly on the active material particles surface using atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). In this study, the APPJ was used to deposit an organosilicon coating onto NMC622 particles. The coated NMC particles underwent rigorous chemical and electrochemical testing to determine the chemical composition, and microstructure of the modified particles. Despite promising indications, the electrochemical performance, measured by specific capacity, energy density, coulombic efficiency, cycling stability, lifetime and mechanical stability, is not optimal due possibly to the priori degraded active material and inhomogeneous coverage. The coated particles experienced a degree of protection from exposure to humidity, common electrolytes, and aqueous environments. The presence of the coating was found to preserve particle microstructure without having a significant impact on the electrochemical properties of the material, such as specific capacity and coulombic efficiency.
688

Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen von Polymerelektrolyten basierend auf ionischen Flüssigkeiten für die Anwendung in Festkörperbatterien

Ehrlich, Lisa 19 September 2024 (has links)
Die globalen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit sind wesentlich geprägt vom Klimawandel und der Umweltzerstörung auf dem Planeten Erde, hervorgerufen durch die Existenz des Menschen. Damit sind die Themen der Nachhaltigkeit, des Umweltschutzes und der alternativen Energieerzeugung, verbunden mit der Energiespeicherung, allgegenwärtig. Auf dem Gebiet der mobilen Energiespeicher sind die Lithium-Ionen-Batterien (LIB) fest etabliert. Jedoch sind die Ressourcen für das Metall Lithium endlich und die großtechnische Anwendung dieser Systeme ist mit hohen Sicherheitsmaßnahmen und damit hohen Kosten verbunden. Deshalb wird zunehmend an Lithium-freien Batterien geforscht. Diese Arbeit befasste sich mit der Entwicklung von Komponenten einer Lithium-freien, rein-organischen Festkörperbatterie. Die Herausforderungen an solche komplexen Systeme sind besonders hoch, sodass sich diese Arbeit auf die gezielte Entwicklung geeigneter Elektrolytmaterialien für organische Festkörperbatterien fokussierte. Die bisher genutzten Flüssigelektrolytsysteme in LIB bringen einige Nachteile mit sich (z.B. Feuchtigkeitsempfindlichkeit, Toxizität, leichte Entzündlichkeit), welche adressiert werden müssen. Kohlenstoffhaltige Polymere sind prinzipiell relativ leicht synthetisierbar und die Verfügbarkeit an Kohlenstoff, ist im Vergleich zu Lithium deutlich größer. Weiterhin sind Polymere flexibler als herkömmliche Batteriekomponenten, was die Anwendung für dünne elektronische Geräte attraktiv macht. Basierend auf den Vorarbeiten der Arbeitsgruppe Pospiech, welche sich mit Bis(trifluormethansulfonyl)imid-haltigen ionisch-flüssigen Polymerelektrolyten für LIB beschäftigten, sollten in dieser Arbeit ebenfalls ionische Flüssigkeiten als Grundlage für Polymerelektrolyte für organische Redox-Batterien dienen. Der Neuheitsgrad dieser Arbeit liegt jedoch in der Verwendung von Chlorid-Ionen-haltigen, ionisch-flüssigen Polymerelektrolyten, welche als Chlorid-Ionen-Leiter in der organischen Batterie fungieren sollen. Aufgrund der festen Polymermatrix agieren diese dabei nicht nur als Festelektrolyte, sondern auch als Separatoren, weshalb eine gewisse mechanische Festigkeit mit einer ausreichenden Flexibilität kombiniert werden muss. Zur Realisierung der Aufgabenstellung wurden zunächst neuartige Chlorid-Ionen-haltige Polymerelektrolyte, sowohl als lineare Homopolymere als auch als vernetzte Polymere, synthetisiert. Dabei war das Ziel, die Systeme im Hinblick auf die ionischen Leitfähigkeiten und damit verbunden den Ladungstransfer der Chlorid-Ionen zu optimieren. Dies sollte zum einen durch strukturelle Veränderungen (Wahl des Spacers und der Endgruppe) als auch durch die Verwendung von verschiedenen Vernetzer- und Leitsalzkonzentrationen realisiert werden. Im zweiten Schritt wurde die systematische Variation der Polymerstruktur genutzt, um Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der ionischen Leitfähigkeit auszuarbeiten. Im dritten Schritt fanden ausgewählte Systeme dann letztendlich Anwendung in Batteriezellen, um die Frage zu beantworten, ob die Anforderungen an den Festkörperelektrolyten tatsächlich erreicht werden können und es damit möglich ist, in solchen Systemen lösungsmittelfrei zu arbeiten, oder ob die Eigenschaften, wie z.B. die ionische Leitfähigkeit, nicht ausreichen und durch Zugabe geeigneter Zusätze ein Gelelektrolyt angewandt werden sollte. Mit der dargestellten Vorgehensweise ist es im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit gelungen, neuartige Chlorid-Ionen-leitende Polymerelektrolyte für Batteriesysteme zu entwickeln, welche auf ionisch-flüssigen Monomeren basieren und somit ein deutlich geringeres Sicherheitsrisiko mit sich bringen, als es herkömmliche Flüssigelektrolytsysteme bisher tun. Das Gesamtziel dieser Arbeit wurde somit erfolgreich erreicht. Es wurden folgende wesentliche Ergebnisse erzielt: (1) Durch systematische Variationen in der Monomerstruktur, verschiedene Polymerisationsmethoden und Additive konnte eine Vielzahl an neuartigen Chlorid-haltigen Polymerelektrolyten synthetisiert und chemisch sowie chemisch-physikalisch charakterisiert werden. (2) Die Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen der Polymere wurden sehr detailliert herausgearbeitet. Dabei wurde insbesondere der Einfluss der C-Atom-Anzahl in der acrylischen Seitenkette, die Menge an Vernetzer und Leitsalz auf das thermische, mechanische, chemische und elektrochemische Verhalten der Proben untersucht und verstanden. (3) Damit wurde das Basiswissen für eine effiziente Übertragung auf ein Batteriesystem erarbeitet. (4) Erste Implementierungen der neuen Systeme als Elektrolyte in Poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl-methacrylat)/ Zink-Batterien wurden erfolgreich durchgeführt und zeigten mit Leitfähigkeiten von 10-3 S·cm-1 vielversprechende Ergebnisse. Eine solche Breite an strukturellen Variationen in Chlorid-Ionen-haltigen Polymeren, welche mit zahlreichen Methoden detailliert analysiert und anschließend in Batteriezellen als Gel- und Festelektrolyte getestet wurden, konnte bisher in der Literatur noch nicht gefunden werden und stellt einen erheblichen Neuheitsgrad dieser Arbeit und einen guten Ausgangspunkt zur Implementierung in Batterien dar.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung i Inhaltsverzeichnis iii Abbildungsverzeichnis vii Tabellenverzeichnis xiv Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis xvi 1 Einleitung 1 2 Theoretischer Hintergrund 6 2.1 Die Lithium-Ionen-Batterie (LIB) 6 2.2 Struktur und Aufbau von polymerbasierten Batterien 8 2.2.1 Redox-Flow-Batterien (RFB) 8 2.2.2 Organische Festkörperbatterien (SSB) 11 2.3 Elektrolyttypen für (polymerbasierte) Batterien 19 2.3.1 Überblick 19 2.3.2 Flüssigelektrolyte 20 2.3.2.1 Lösungsmittel 20 2.3.2.2 Leitsalz 22 2.3.2.3 Elektrolyte basierend auf ionischen Flüssigkeiten 23 2.3.3 Polymerelektrolyte (PEL) 27 2.3.3.1 Überblick 27 2.3.3.2 Festelektrolyte (SPE) 28 2.3.3.3 Gelpolymerelektrolyte (GPE) 30 2.3.3.4 Elektrolyte aus polyionischen Flüssigkeiten (PIL) 30 2.4 Synthese polymerer ionischer Flüssigkeiten 37 2.4.1 Freie radikalische Polymerisation (FRP) von IL-Monomeren 38 2.4.2 Reaktionsverfolgung 42 3 Zielstellung und Aufbau der Arbeit 44 4 Experimenteller Teil 47 4.1 Verwendete Chemikalien 47 4.2 Synthesen 49 4.2.1 Monomersynthesen 49 4.2.2 Polymersynthesen 56 4.2.2.1 Lineare Homopolymere (LHP) 56 4.2.2.2 PIL-Netzwerke 59 4.3 Angewandte Methoden, Verfahren und Geräte 60 4.3.1 Raman-Spektroskopie als Methode zur Reaktionsverfolgung 60 4.3.2 Charakterisierung der linearen Homopolymere 61 4.3.2.1 Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie (NMR-Spektroskopie) 61 4.3.2.2 Thermische Feld-Fluss-Fraktionierung (ThFFF) 61 4.3.2.3 Matrix-unterstützte Laser-Desorption/Ionisation gekoppelt mit Flugzeit-Massenspektrometrie (MALDI-TOF MS) 63 4.3.3 Methoden zur thermischen und mechanischen Stabilität bzw. Eigenschaften 64 4.3.3.1 Thermogravimetrische Analyse (TGA) 64 4.3.3.2 Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie (DSC) 64 4.3.3.3 Rheologie 64 4.3.3.4 Quelluntersuchungen 66 4.3.4 Methoden zur Bestimmung elektrochemischer Eigenschaften 67 4.3.4.1 Elektrochemische Impedanz-Spektroskopie (EIS) 67 4.3.4.2 Linear-Sweep-Voltammetrie (LSV) 71 4.3.4.3 Cyclovoltammetrie (CV) 72 4.3.4.4 Raster-Kelvin-Mikroskopie (KPFM) 75 4.3.5 Methoden zur Untersuchung der morphologischen Struktur bzw. Eigenschaften 76 4.3.5.1 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) 76 4.3.5.2 Kleinwinkelröntgenstreuung (SAXS) 76 4.4 Batterietests 77 4.4.1 Zellaufbau 77 4.4.2 Parameter und Materialien für Zyklisierungstests 77 5 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 78 5.1 Darstellung des Forschungskonzeptes 78 5.2 Synthese und Polymerisation der IL-Monomere 80 5.2.1 Monomersynthesen 80 5.2.2 Polymersynthesen 82 5.2.2.1 Lineare Homopolymere 82 5.2.2.2 PIL-Netzwerke 83 5.3 Quellverhalten der PIL-Netzwerke 86 5.4 Charakterisierung der linearen Homopolymere und der PIL-Netzwerke 91 5.4.1 Bestimmung der molaren Massen der linearen Homopolymere 91 5.4.1.1 Thermische Feld-Fluss-Fraktionierung 91 5.4.1.2 Matrix-unterstützte Laser-Desorption/Ionisation gekoppelt mit Flugzeit-Massenspektrometrie 94 5.4.2 Thermisches Verhalten 95 5.4.2.1 TGA-Untersuchungen der linearen Homopolymere 95 5.4.2.2 TGA-Untersuchungen der PIL-Netzwerke 97 5.4.2.3 DSC-Untersuchungen der linearen Homopolymere 98 5.4.2.4 DSC-Untersuchungen der PIL-Netzwerke 101 5.4.3 Dynamisch-mechanisches Verhalten der PIL-Netzwerke 105 5.4.3.1 Komplexe Viskosität als Funktion der Temperatur 105 5.4.3.2 Bestimmung der Maschenweite und Vernetzungsdichte der PIL-Netzwerke 110 5.4.4 Ionische Leitfähigkeit und elektrochemisches Verhalten 113 5.4.4.1 EIS-Messungen der linearen Homopolymere 113 5.4.4.2 EIS-Messungen der PIL- Netzwerke 115 5.4.4.3 Linear-Sweep Voltammetrie der linearen Homopolymere und PIL-Netzwerke und Cyclovoltammetrie der linearen Homopolymere 123 5.4.5 Untersuchungen zum Ladungsträgertransport 125 5.4.5.1 Chlorid-Ionen-Diffusion 125 5.4.5.2 Raster-Kelvin-Mikroskopie 127 5.4.6 Strukturaufklärung mittels Kleinwinkelröntgenstreuung 131 5.5 Integration ausgewählter Systeme als Polymerelektrolyte in Batteriezellen 138 5.5.1 Wahl geeigneter Elektroden- und Elektrolytkombinationen 138 5.5.2 Zyklisierungstests 141 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 146 7 Literaturverzeichnis 154 8 Anhang A 9 Publikationsliste L 10 Selbstständigkeitserklärung M
689

Fundamental Insights into the Electrochemistry of Tin Oxide in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Böhme, Solveig January 2017 (has links)
This thesis aims to provide insight into the fundamental electrochemical processes taking place when cycling SnO2 in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Special attention was paid to the partial reversibility of the tin oxide conversion reaction and how to enhance its reversibility. Another main effort was to pinpoint which limitations play a role in tin based electrodes besides the well-known volume change effect in order to develop new strategies for their improvement. In this aspect, Li+ mass transport within the electrode particles and the large first cycle charge transfer resistance were studied. Li+ diffusion was proven to be an important issue regarding the electrochemical cycling of SnO2. It was also shown that it is the Li+ transport inside the SnO2 particles which represents the largest limitation. In addition, the overlap between the potential regions of the tin oxide conversion and the alloying reaction was investigated with photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) to better understand if and how the reactions influence each other`s reversibility. The fundamental insights described above were subsequently used to develop strategies for the improvement of the performance and the cycle life for SnO2 electrodes in LIBs. For instance, elevated temperature cycling at 60 oC was employed to alleviate the Li+ diffusion limitation effects and, thus, significantly improved capacities could be obtained. Furthermore, an ionic liquid electrolyte was tested as an alternative electrolyte to cycle at higher temperatures than 60 oC which is the thermal stability limit for the conventional LP40 electrolyte. In addition, cycled SnO2 nanoparticles were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the effects of long term high temperature cycling. Also, the effect of vinylene carbonate (VC) as an electrolyte additive on the cycling behavior of SnO2 nanoparticles was studied in an effort to improve the capacity retention. In this context, a recently introduced intermittent current interruption (ICI) technique was employed to measure and compare the development of internal cell resistances with and without VC additive.
690

Computational Methods for Nanoscale X-ray Computed Tomography Image Analysis of Fuel Cell and Battery Materials

Kumar, Arjun S. 01 December 2016 (has links)
Over the last fifteen years, there has been a rapid growth in the use of high resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) imaging in material science applications. We use it at nanoscale resolutions up to 50 nm (nano-CT) for key research problems in large scale operation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in automotive applications. PEMFC are clean energy sources that electrochemically react with hydrogen gas to produce water and electricity. To reduce their costs, capturing their electrode nanostructure has become significant in modeling and optimizing their performance. For Li-ion batteries, a key challenge in increasing their scope for the automotive industry is Li metal dendrite growth. Li dendrites are structures of lithium with 100 nm features of interest that can grow chaotically within a battery and eventually lead to a short-circuit. HRXCT imaging is an effective diagnostics tool for such applications as it is a non-destructive method of capturing the 3D internal X-ray absorption coefficient of materials from a large series of 2D X-ray projections. Despite a recent push to use HRXCT for quantitative information on material samples, there is a relative dearth of computational tools in nano-CT image processing and analysis. Hence, we focus on developing computational methods for nano-CT image analysis of fuel cell and battery materials as required by the limitations in material samples and the imaging environment. The first problem we address is the segmentation of nano-CT Zernike phase contrast images. Nano-CT instruments are equipped with Zernike phase contrast optics to distinguish materials with a low difference in X-ray absorption coefficient by phase shifting the X-ray wave that is not diffracted by the sample. However, it creates image artifacts that hinder the use of traditional image segmentation techniques. To restore such images, we setup an inverse problem by modeling the X-ray phase contrast optics. We solve for the artifact-free images through an optimization function that uses novel edge detection and fast image interpolation methods. We use this optics-based segmentation method in two main research problems - 1) the characterization of a failure mechanism in the internal structure of Li-ion battery electrodes and 2) the measurement of Li metal dendrite morphology for different current and temperature parameters of Li-ion battery cell operation. The second problem we address is the development of a space+time (4D) reconstruction method for in-operando imaging of samples undergoing temporal change, particularly for X-ray sources with low throughput and nanoscale spatial resolutions. The challenge in using such systems is achieving a sufficient temporal resolution despite exposure times of a 2D projection on the order of 1 minute. We develop a 4D dynamic X-ray computed tomography (CT) reconstruction method, capable of reconstructing a temporal 3D image every 2 to 8 projections. Its novel properties are its projection angle sequence and the probabilistic detection of experimental change. We show its accuracy on phantom and experimental datasets to show its promise in temporally resolving Li metal dendrite growth and in elucidating mitigation strategies. Keywords: X-ray computed tomography, 4D X-ray computed tomography, phase contrast optics, fuel cells, Li-ion batteries, signal processing and optimization.

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