Magíster en Tecnologías de la Información / Hace diez años, la Tesorería General de la República (TGR) adquirió la plataforma BEA Weblogic versión 8.1 que le permitió incorporarse al mundo de las transacciones en línea. Esta plataforma es una tecnología propietaria que ya se encuentra obsoleta y sin soporte por el fabricante. Además, BEA Weblogic 8.1 posee un entorno de desarrollo que permite construir aplicaciones de manera bastante rápida en Java, pero que pueden ser ejecutadas solamente en la versión especifica de la plataforma. La plataforma presenta además las siguientes debilidades: no trabaja en arquitecturas de hardware de 64 bits; los proveedores cobran las licencias por el uso de los productos y esto representa un costo elevado para la TGR; y las aplicaciones construidas para esta plataforma se han transformado en sistemas legados. Debido a esta problemática se propuso un proceso general de migración, el cual tiene como objetivo desarrollar un mecanismo para migrar aplicaciones desarrolladas para la plataforma Weblogic 8.1 y que puedan ser instaladas en una plataforma JEE estandarizada. Este proceso comienza con el subproceso Realizar Análisis Preliminar, el cual es necesario para preparar la migración de una aplicación a la nueva plataforma. Sigue con el subproceso Ejecutar Migración es donde se ejecuta la migración propiamente tal, ya que en esta parte del proceso se convierte la aplicación legacy o legada en una nueva aplicación para una nueva plataforma. Finaliza con el subproceso Validar Migración, el cual es necesario para validar si la ejecución del proceso de migración de una aplicación a la nueva plataforma fue realizada correctamente. Adicionalmente se desarrollaron tres herramientas automatizadas que asisten al proceso de migración. La prueba de concepto mostró que la migración manual es costosa, pero se encontraron oportunidades de mejoras al automatizar ciertas tareas para agilizar los tiempos de desarrollo. La actualización de las aplicaciones a una nueva plataforma es posible apoyada por un proceso definido que ayude a la codificación de los sistemas de software de acuerdo a la tecnología en la que se construyen. Como lecciones aprendidas de este proceso de migración o reingeniería, lo más importante tener en cuenta si se encuentran tareas repetitivas en un proceso, es tratar de automatizarlas en lo posible, para que asista al proceso y dejar manualmente las tareas que no puedan automatizarse.

none

No abstract available / Thesis (PhD (Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

La réduction catalytique sélective des oxydes d'azote au moyen de l'urée ou de l'ammoniac est une technique établisse, pour une conversion efficace des NOx, qui existent dans le gaz d'échappement des moteurs Diesel mobiles. Parmi les formulations catalytiques proposées, les zéolithes échangées au fer sont considérés comme des catalyseurs SCR prometteuse, grâce à leur performance deNOx élevée, sur une large gamme des températures, ainsi qu'une résistance importante au vieillissement hydrothermique. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une étude expérimentale détaillée des voies réactionnelles de la SCR sur les zéolithes au Fe a été réalisée de façon à développer un modèle phénoménologique et macro-cinétique, appliqué pour la simulation des systèmes de post-traitement des moteurs Diesel. Des expériences dédiées qui comprenaient des mesures de spectroscopie IR ont été réalisées sur les catalyseurs H- et Fe-BEA, synthétisés en laboratoire pour élucider les aspects mécanistiques liées à la formation et aux interactions de l'ammoniac et d'oxydes d'azote (notamment des espèces nitrates et nitrites) sur des sites catalytiques acides et redox. La formation et la décomposition de NH4NO3 ont été particulièrement préoccupantes. Basé sur des résultats expérimentaux un modèle cinétique multi-site a été développé. Le modèle a été capable de prendre en compte la variation de l'acidité de surface, les interactions des espèces gazeux du NH3 et des NOx avec des sites métalliques, ainsi que des phénomènes de physisorption à basse température. Le modèle a été validé avec succès par la simulation des expériences réalisées sur divers échantillons, CE qui souligne l'intérêt de l'approche suivie. / Selective Catalytic Reduction of nitrogen oxides through urea or ammonia is a well established technique for the efficient abatement of NOx, from mobile diesel engines exhaust stream. Among catalytic formulations proposed, Fe-exchanged zeolites are considered as promising SCR catalysts, due to their enhanced deNOx performance over a broad range of operating temperatures, as well as significant resistance to hydrothermal ageing. In the present work, detailed experimental investigation of the NH3-SCR reactions network over Fe zeolites was performed in order to develop a phenomenological macro-kinetic model oriented to diesel engines aftertreatment system simulation. Dedicated experiments, including IR spectroscopy measurements were performed over lab-synthesized H- and Fe-BEA catalysts in order to unravel mechanistic aspects related to the formation and interactions of ammonia and nitrogen oxides adspecies (namely nitrate and nitrites) on acidic and redox catalytic sites. Formation and decomposition of NH4NO3 was of particular concern. Based on experimental results a multi-site kinetic model was developed, which was able to account for surface acidity variation, interactions of gaseous NH3 and NOx species with iron sites, as well as low temperature physisorption phenomena. The model was successfully validated through simulation of experiments performed over various Fe-zeolite samples, applying a broad range of operating conditions, which showed the interest of the followed approach.

No description available.

Zugl.: Paderborn, Univ., Diss., 2005 u.d.T.: Recker, Dorothee: Auf dem Weg zum christlich-jüdischen Gespräch

Un des principaux défis lors de l'élaboration des catalyseurs adéquats pour le procédé de déparaffinage catalytique (hydroisomérisation) est de maximiser le rendement en isomères et l'activité du catalyseur, tout en maintenant une faible sélectivité en produits de craquage. En effet, des catalyseurs avec sélectivité de forme à base de zéolithes à taille de pore intermédiaire, par exemple Pt/ZSM-22, sont sélectives en isomères, tandis que les zéolithes à large pore sont plus actifs, mais moins sélectif. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était, alors, d’étudier et de développer un catalyseur à la fois actif et sélectif en isomères. Deux études parallèles ont été realisées: la première basée sur l'impact de la proximité entre les sites actifs sur la réaction (Part I), et la seconde, portant sur le développement d'un catalyseur d'hydroisomérisation de haute performance en utilisant des nanocristaux de zéolithe BEA comme support acide (Part II). La participation de l’épandage d’hydrogène (Hsp) sur le mécanisme de la réaction d'hydroisomérisation a été démontrée. En effet, lorsque les sites actifs sont proches, les espèces Hsp diffusent au voisinage des sites acides provocant l'hydrogénation directe des ions carbénium. Un mécanisme de réaction a, alors, été proposé utilisant ce phénomène comme une alternative au mécanisme classique proposé par Weisz, où la réaction d'hydrogénation a lieu uniquement sur les sites métalliques. Ce phénomène justifie l'activité et la sélectivité plus élevées observées sur les catalyseurs, où les sites actifs sont proches. Sur la deuxième partie de ce manuscrit, des nanocristaux de zéolithe BEA ont été utilisés pour développer un catalyseur d’hy / One of the main challenges when developing adequate catalysts for the catalytic dewaxing process (hydroisomerization) is to maximize the isomerization products yield and the catalyst activity, while maintaining a low selectivity towards light cracking products. Indeed, shape selective catalysts based on medium pore zeolites, e.g. Pt/ZSM-22, were proven to produce high yields of isomerization products, whereas larger pore zeolites were more active but less selective. The main objective of this thesis was, then, to study and develop a catalyst with both high activity and selectivity towards the production of isomerization products. For that two parallel studies were made: the first based on the impact of the proximity between the active sites on the reaction (Part I); and the second, focused on the development of a high performance hydroisomerization catalyst using BEA zeolite nanocrystals as an acid support (Part II). The participation of the spilt-over hydrogen (Hsp) species on the hydroisomerization reaction mechanism played a major role on the study performed on the first part of this manuscript. Indeed, when the active sites were near enough the Hsp species were able to diffuse into the vicinity of the acid sites promoting the direct hydrogenation of the carbenium ions. Due to this fact, a reaction mechanism was proposed using this reaction as an alternative to the classical mechanism proposed by Weisz, where the hydrogenation reaction takes place on the metallic sites. This phenomenon justified the higher activity and selectivity observed on the catalysts where the active sites were sideby side. On the second part of this manuscript nanocrystals of BEA zeolite were

Ephemerality is one of the most essential characteristics of fashion, since fashion by definition is existing in the present, in the fleeing moment. Also, fashion is closely related to art and there is currently no clear theoretical distinction made regarding the boundary between these two domains. In this essay I have explored the concept of transiency and the relationship between fashion and art in relation to fashion in general and to the collection Haute Papier, made by the fashion designer Bea Szenfeld, in specific. The Haute Papier collection is constructed almost entirely out of simple white paper sheets and of this reason it can be regarded as ephemeral. The material also positions the garments in a void between fashion and art, simultaneously existing in both domains and in none of them. I have conducted an object analysis of three of the garments from Haute Papier with the aim of discerning aspects of ephemerality, aspects that criticizes the age in which we live and how the collection positions itself in regard to fashion and art. The theories that I have applied to my material emanates from different aspects of transiency and the fashion and art relationship and includes, among others, theories from Walter Benjamin and Barbara Vinken and extractions from the anthology Fashion and Art by Adam Geczy and Vicki Karaminas. In the analysis it became visible that transiency can be discerned in many varying aspects of the collection, for example in the material and in the time in which fashion operates. What also became visible was that the definition of the object, as art or as fashion, above all depends on which system it is part of, but that it also can change this definition if the context changes.

Deux zéolithes nanocristaux de type *BEA et CP814E commerciales avec de différentes propriétés texturales, et une zéolithe microcristaux de type *BEA qui a été synthétisée durant cette thèse, ont été modifiées par une desilication en utilisant de différents traitements alcalins. Toutes les zéolithes parentes et certaines désilicées ont été sélectionnée pour le craquage du n-hexane, où aucune amélioration significative de la conversion n'a été observée après la désilication. Toutes les zéolithes parentes et quelques désilicées sélectionnées ont été transformés en leur forme bifonctionnelle par imprégnation du platine pour d'étudier l'impact de la désilication dans l'hydroisomérization de n-C10. On a constaté que l'amélioration des propriétés texturales par la désilication n'était pas toujours la cause d'une augmentation ou d'une diminution de l'activité et de la sélectivité du catalyseur, mais plutôt de la localisation des particules de Pt et leur distance prédite des sites acides. Cependant, la présence des mésopores inter- et intracristallins, en plus de la distance de Pt-H+, sont des importants caractéristiques qui affectent l'activité et la sélectivité. Nous avons également étudié l'impact de la longueur de chaîne dans l'hydroisomérization de n-C12 et de n-C14. Un phénomène spécial dans le cas de n-C12 est apparu, où le rendement d'isomérisation semblait inférieur à celui obtenu sur n-C10 et n-C14, ce qui suggère que cela résulte de l'effet de confinement. La série microcristaux a montré une amélioration de l'activité dans la transformation n-C14, mais une diminution de la sélectivité des isomères à cause des limites de diffusion potentielles. / Two commercial nanocrystal *BEA zeolites with different textural properties and a microcrystal synthesized *BEA zeolite, were desilicated using different alkaline treatment; classical in presence of Noah alone, or incorporated with a pore directing agent. All parent zeolites and some selected desilicated samples were chosen for catalytic cracking of n-hexane, where no significant improvement of n-hexane conversion was observed after desilication. To investigate the impact of desilication on the hyrdoisomerization of n-C10, all parent and the some selected desilicated zeolites were transformed into their bifunctional form by platinum loading. The improvement of the textural properties by desilication using the different pore directing agents, was not always the cause behind an increase or decrease in the activity and selectivity of the catalyst, but rather was more the location of the Pt particles and their predicted distance from the acidic sites. However, the synergetic effect of both the textural and bifunctional characteristics was positive. Tests on hydroisomerization of n-C12 and n-C14 to investigate the impact of chain length were done. In the nanocrystal series, a special phenomenon on n-C12 appeared where the isomerization yield seemed to be less than that obtained on n-C10 and n-C14, suggesting that this would be due the confinement effect, which was shown to be more effective in case of n-C12. The microcrystal series showed an improvement of the activity over all the catalysts in case of n-C14 transformation, but a decrease in isomers selectivity as observed due to probable diffusional limitations within the channels of these series catalysts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5188.pdf: 6910424 bytes, checksum: 50b02c26311d2e058a7ac27b5419e05d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-08 / Environmental laws and stricter quality specifications have driven the development of technologies for improving the cetane number in diesel fuel. In addition to the saturation of (poly)aromatic compounds, responsible for limited gains, ring opening of at least one ring of (poly)cycloalkane, without loss of yield by cracking, is a promising strategy to maximize this property. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant performance of Pt, Rh and Ir supported on zeolites for naphthenic ring opening in the hydroconversion of model compounds (naphthalene, tetralin and decalin). This study aimed to systematically assess the role of acid and hydrogenating functions for hydroconversion of decalin. It was also evaluated the effect of activation conditions (calcination and reduction), type of zeolite (Faujasite, FAU, or Beta, BEA), the content and type of metal (Pt, Ir or Rh). The influence of Pt-Ir and Pt-Rh bimetallic systems, as well as the inhibition by H2S, were studied in terms of the performance of these catalysts. For the catalytic precursors prepared, better activity and selectivity to ringopening products were obtained from calcination at 573 K and reduction at 713 K. This performance was consistent with a more homogeneous distribution of metallic particles on the support, and thus greater dispersion of the metallic phase. The reaction steps of ring contraction, ring opening and cracking were consecutive for the hydroconversion of decalin. It is noteworthy that the catalytic systems studied, under the operating conditions employed, yielded up to 45 mol% ring opening products and less than 15 mol% cracking products, at decalin conversions as high as 90 %. The Pt/BEA catalyst presented the best performance, thiotolerance (lower production of cracking products) and thioresistence (selectivity recovery after removal of H2S), followed by the Pt-It/BEA and Ir/BEA catalysts. This study allowed to highlight some peculiarities of the hydroconversion of decalin on noble metal/zeolite catalysts. Although decalin is a saturated molecule, his naphthenic character and probably the presence of a tertiary carbon in its structure, facilitates activation of the molecule directly on the strong acid sites of zeolite, even at relatively moderate temperatures. Thus, it is not necessary to form an olefin on a metal site and undergo subsequent protonation, as in a classical bifunctional mechanism, such as in hydroisomerization and hydrocracking of n-paraffins. However, the hydrogenation component of the catalyst influences the selectivity of the reaction, controlling the process of desorption/adsorption of any intermediate olefins formed. Greater hydrogenation activity implies lower availability of adsorbed carbocations that can be converted to cracking products. This proposition is consistent with the results obtained by varying the type and content of metal, support acidity and poisoning of the hydrogenation sites in the catalysts. / Legislações ambientais e especificações de qualidade mais restritivas têm impulsionado o desenvolvimento de tecnologias visando melhoria de cetano em óleo diesel. Adicionalmente à saturação de (poli)aromáticos, responsável por ganhos limitados, à abertura de pelo menos um anel do (poli)cicloalcano, sem perda de rendimento por craqueamento, consiste em estratégia potencial para maximização desta propriedade. Inúmeros trabalhos vêm demonstrando desempenho significante de catalisadores de Pt, Rh e Ir suportados em zeólitas para abertura de anel naftênico na hidroconversão de compostos-modelo (naftaleno, tetralina e decalina). O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar sistematicamente o papel das funções ácidas e hidrogenantes para a hidroconversão de decalina. Foram abordados os efeitos das condições de ativação (calcinação e redução), do tipo de zeólita (Beta, BEA, ou Faujasita, FAU), do teor e do tipo de metal (Pt, Ir ou Rh). Também foi analisado o efeito de sistemas bimetálicos Pt-Ir e Pt-Rh, bem como a influência da inibição por H2S, no desempenho destes catalisadores. Para os precursores catalíticos preparados, melhores atividade e seletividade aos produtos de abertura de ciclo foram obtidas a partir da calcinação a 573 K e redução em 713 K. Este desempenho foi compatível com uma distribuição mais homogênea de partículas metálicas no suporte e, portanto, maior dispersão da fase metálica. As etapas reacionais de contração, abertura de ciclo e craqueamento são consecutivas para a hidroconversão de decalina. Destacam-se para os sistemas catalíticos estudados e condições operacionais empregadas, rendimentos de produtos de abertura de ciclo de até 45 %mol e craqueamento inferior a 15 %mol, obtidos para conversões de decalina tão elevadas quanto 90 %. O catalisador Pt/BEA apresentou melhores desempenho, tiotolerância (menor seletividade a craqueados na presença de H2S) e recuperação da seletividade após remoção do H2S, seguido pelo bimetálico de Pt-Ir/BEA e monometálico de Ir/BEA. O presente estudo permitiu colocar em evidência algumas peculiaridades da hidroconversão da decalina sobre catalisadores metal nobre/zeólita. Apesar de se tratar de uma molécula saturada, seu caráter naftênico e, provavelmente, a presença de um carbono terciário na sua estrutura, facilita a ativação da molécula diretamente sobre os sítios ácidos fortes da zeólita, mesmo em temperatura relativamente moderadas. Dessa forma, não necessita a formação de uma olefina num sítio metálico para posterior protonação, como num mecanismo bifuncional clássico de hidroisomerização e hidrocraqueamento de n-parafinas. A componente de hidrogenação do catalisador influencia, no entanto, a seletividade da reação, controlando o processo de dessorção/adsorção e hidrogenação das olefinas intermediárias formadas. Quanto maior a atividade hidrogenante, menor a disponibilidade de carbocátions adsorvidos que podem ser convertidos a produtos de craqueamento. Esta proposição é consistente com os resultados obtidos ao se variar o tipo e o teor de metal, a acidez do suporte e pelo envenenamento dos sítios de hidrogenação dos catalisadores.