Bakgrund Det uppskattas att 50 miljoner människor världen över lever med demens och år 2030 förväntas siffran stiga till 82 miljoner människor. Hos majoriteten av dessa förekommer beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vilket orsakar lidande, sänkt livskvalitet och tidigare institutionalisering för personen. För personer med beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom ska icke-farmakologiska, personcentrerade omvårdnadsåtgärder prioriteras. Musiklyssnande är en relativt enkel icke-farmakologisk omvårdnadsåtgärd som kan utföras av allmänsjuksköterskan på såväl sjukhus som omsorgsboende.  Syfte Syftet var att beskriva hur musiklyssnande som omvårdnadsåtgärd påverkar personer med beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vid demens.  Metod Metoden som användes var icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt. Resultatet baserades på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar av kvantitativ metod. Databaserna som användes för inhämtning avartiklarna var Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature och PubMed. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag. Resultatet sammanställdes genom integrativ analysmetod där resultatet delades in i lämpliga kategorier.  Resultat Musiklyssnande sågs ha en påverkan på flera av de beteendemässiga och psykiska symtomen samt välbefinnandet hos deltagarna. Majoriteten av studierna visade på en positiv påverkan. De mest framkomna resultaten var minskad agitation och ökat välbefinnande. Musiklyssnande hade oftast en omedelbar påverkan och det förekom även långsiktig påverkan i vissa studier.  Slutsats Sammanställningen av studierna visade att musiklyssnande kan ha positiv påverkan på personer med demens genom att minska beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom och öka välbefinnandet för personen, i synnerhet om musik används ur ett personcentrerat perspektiv. Det finns behov av vidare empiriska studier av kvalitativ metod för att få en djupare förståelse för ämnet, samt litteraturöversikter som inkluderar artiklar där valet av mätinstrument i studierna är mer konsekvent. / Background  It is estimated that 50 million people live with dementia worldwide, and by 2030, the number is expected to rise to 82 million people. Most people with dementia experiences behavioural and psychological symptoms which causes suffering, lowered quality of life and earlier institutionalisation for the person. Non-pharmacological, person-centered care is prioritized for people with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Music listening is a simple non-pharmacological act of care which can be executed by nurses in hospitals as well as nursing homes. Aim The aim was to describe how music listening as an act of care affects people with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Method The method was a non-systematic literature review. The result was based on 15 scientific articles of quantitative methods. The databases used for data collection were Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PubMed. The quality of the articles were assessed using Sophiahemmet Högskolas quality assessment tool. The result was compiled using integrative analysis where the result was divided into appropriate categories. Results Music listening affected several of the behavioural and psychological symptoms and well-being. The majority of the studies showed a positive impact. The most emerging results were decreased agitation and increased well-being. Music listening had an impact on the person immediately. A long-term impact was measured in some studies. Conclusions The compilation of the studies implied that music listening has a positive impact by decreasing behavioural and psychological symptoms and increasing well-being for people with dementia, especially when used from a person-centered perspective. There is a need for empirical studies of qualitative methods to gain a deeper understanding, as well as further literature reviews including studies that use the same assessment tools.

La maladie de Huntington s’accompagne de troubles des conduites sociales perturbant les relations interindividuelles. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse était de mieux comprendre ces troubles sociaux en examinant les habiletés en cognition sociale de personnes porteuses de la mutation ou atteintes de cette maladie neurogénétique. La cognition sociale comprend notamment la reconnaissance des émotions d’autrui, les connaissances sociales et la théorie de l’esprit, soit la capacité à attribuer aux autres des états mentaux affectifs (sentiments) ou cognitifs (intentions,croyances). Nous avons étudié la cognition sociale à la phase présymptomatique et symptomatique de la maladie de Huntington à l’aide de tests neuropsychologiques et de la neuroimagerie morphologique et fonctionnelle. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le centre national de référence pour les maladies neurogénétiques de l'adulte du CHU d’Angers et la plate-forme d’imagerie médicale Cyceron de Caen. Ce travail visait à mieux comprendre les perturbations en cognition sociale accompagnant la maladie de Huntington, leur évolution et leurs bases neurobiologiques afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des troubles du comportement accompagnant cette maladie. Nous espérons ainsi pouvoir mieux contribuer au diagnostic, au pronostic et à la prise en charge des personnes concernées par cette maladie. / Huntington's disease is accompanied by disturbances insocial behavior that disrupt inter-individual relationships.The aim of this thesis was to better understand these social disorders by examining the social cognition skills of people with the mutation or the neurogenic disease. Social cognition includes the recognition of the emotions of others, social knowledge and the theory of the mind, namely the ability to attribute to others emotional (feelings) or cognitive (intentions, beliefs) mental states. We studied social cognition in the presymptomatic and symptomatic phase of Huntington's disease using neuropsychological tests and morphological and functional neuroimaging. This work was carried out within the framework of a collaboration between the national center of reference for the neurogenic diseases of adults of the CHU of Angers and the platform of medical imaging Cyceron of Caen. This work aimed to better understand the social cognition disruptions accompanying Huntington's disease, their evolution and their neurobiological basis in order to improve our understanding of behavioral disorders accompanying this disease. We hope to be able to better contribute to the diagnosis, prognosis and care of those affected by this disease.

O estudo dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos em Doença de Alzheimer (DA) através do agrupamento destes em síndromes tem sido cada vez mais utilizado, uma vez que permitiria detectar diferenças em sua prevalência, em sua evolução, em relação a determinantes psicossociais e a correlatos neurobiológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar regiões de redução de substância cinzenta em áreas corticais associadas com sintomas e síndromes neuropsiquiátricos específicos, provenientes da Escala Inventário Neuropsiquiátricos (NPI), em pacientes com DA e comprometimento cognitivo sem demência (CIND). O método de morfometria baseada no voxel (VBM) com DARTEL (Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Using Exponentiated Lie Algebra) foi utilizado para verificar a correlação entre presença de sintomas e síndromes neuropsiquiátricos específicos e redução regional de volume de substância cinzenta em análise em todo cérebro e em regiões previstas a priori. As síndromes utilizadas foram SN1/Agitação (agitação, alterações de sono e apetite), SN2/Hiperatividade (desinibição, comportamento motor aberrante e irritabilidade), SN3/Afetiva (depressão e apatia) e SN4/Psicose (delírios e alucinações). A presença de delírios foi associada a volume de substância cinzenta reduzido em giro frontal inferior direito (BA45); depressão com xvii redução de substância cinzenta em giro temporal médio e inferior direito (BA 37/22) e giro frontal inferior (BA09-DLPFC) e giro parahipocampal esquerdos; ansiedade com redução em giro frontal médio esquerdo (BA10); e alterações de apetite com redução em córtex anterior cingulado esquerdo (BA32) em pacientes com DA. A presença de SN1/Agitação foi associada a volume de substância cinzenta reduzido em giro frontal médio direito (BA09-DLPFC); SN2/Hiperatividade com redução em giro temporal superior direito (BA22) e frontal inferior bilateral (BA47); e SN4/Psicose com redução em giro pré-central (BA44), temporal superior (BA22) e ínsula direitos em DA. No grupo CIND, somente SN1/Agitação evidenciou associação com redução de substância cinzenta regional. Atrofia de áreas corticais específicas parecem relacionadas aos sintomas e síndromes neuropsiquiátricos em DA. Síndromes neuropsiquiátricas em DA mostraram-se correlacionadas à atrofia de estruturas centrais de alguns circuitos neuronais envolvidos na fisiopatologia de transtornos psiquiátricos / The study of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) by grouping these symptoms into syndromes has been increasingly used because it would detect differences in its prevalence and evolution, in relation to psychosocial determinants and neurobiological correlates. The aim of this study was to identify regions of reduced gray matter in cortical areas associated with specific neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) in patients with AD and cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) plus Dartel (Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Exponentiated Using Lie Algebra) was used to verify the correlation between the presence of specific neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes and regional gray matter volume reduction throughout the brain and in regions predicted a priori. The syndromes were NS1/ Agitation (agitation, sleep and eating disorders), NS2/Hyperactivity (disinhibition, aberrant motor behavior and irritability), NS3/Affective (depression and apathy) and NS4/Psychosis (delusions and hallucinations). The presence of delusions was associated with gray matter volume reduction in right inferior frontal gyrus (BA45), depression with reduced gray matter in right inferior middle temporal gyrus (BA 37/22) and left inferior frontal gyrus (BA09-DLPFC) and left parahippocampal gyrus; anxiety with reduction in left middle frontal gyrus (BA10), and eating disorders with reduction in left anterior cingulate cortex (BA32) in patients with AD. The presence of NS1/Agitation was associated with gray matter volume reduction in the right middle frontal gyrus (BA09-DLPFC); NS2/ Hyperactivity with reduction in right superior temporal gyrus (BA22) and bilateral inferior frontal (BA47) and NS4/Psychosis with a reduction in right precentral gyrus (BA44), right superior temporal (BA22) and in right insula in AD. In the CIND group, only SN1/Agitation showed association with regional gray matter reduction. Atrophies of specific cortical areas were showed to be related to symptoms and neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with AD

INTRODUÇÃO: Embora os quadros demenciais sejam caracterizados, principalmente, por comprometimentos cognitivos e funcionais, muitos pacientes apresentam alterações comportamentais ou sintomas neuropsiquiátricos (SNPs) em alguma fase de sua história clínica. De acordo com a literatura atual, os SNPs são muito frequentes, podendo ocorrer em até 90% dos casos de demência. Dentre os SNPs mais comuns, estão incluídos: agressividade, apatia, agitação, perambulação, desinibição, ansiedade, humor deprimido e sintomas psicóticos (alucinações e delírios). Diretrizes internacionais têm sugerido que os tratamentos não-farmacológicos devem ser a primeira opção na abordagem dos SNPs. Recentemente, os estudos têm mostrado que as intervenções não-farmacológicas são tão eficazes quanto os tratamentos farmacológicos, no entanto, sem ocasionar os efeitos colaterais e riscos das medicações. Uma abordagem não-farmacológica promissora é o uso de atividades. Um método de Terapia Ocupacional, denominado Tailored Activity Program (TAP - Programa Personalizado de Atividades - versão domiciliar) foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de reduzir e prevenir SNPs em idosos com demência moderada a grave e, de acordo com os estudos, tem se mostrado eficaz. No Brasil, existem poucos estudos sobre abordagens nãofarmacológicas no tratamento de SNPs em indivíduos com demência. OBJETIVOS: Realizar a tradução e adaptação transcultural do método TAP para a língua portuguesa, bem como sua adequação para o uso ambulatorial. Avaliar a eficácia do método TAP (versão ambulatorial brasileira) no tratamento de SNPs de indivíduos com demência moderada a grave e na redução da sobrecarga dos seus cuidadores. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico aleatorizado, controlado, duplamente encoberto, para o tratamento de SNPs em idosos com demência moderada a grave, através da versão traduzida e adaptada do método TAP para uso ambulatorial. O grupo experimental recebeu oito sessões baseadas no método TAP, em regime ambulatorial, e o grupo controle recebeu oito sessões baseadas em um programa psicoeducativo com orientações sobre demência. As medidas de desfecho consistiram na avaliação de SNPs dos indivíduos com demência, por meio do The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C), e da avaliação da sobrecarga dos seus cuidadores, por meio da Escala Zarit. Todos os participantes foram avaliados nos momentos pré (T0) e pós-intervenção (T1). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 54 indivíduos com demência, que foram alocados para as condições experimental (n= 28) e controle (n= 26). Observou-se melhora estatisticamente significante no grupo experimental nos seguintes SNPs: delírios (p=0,05), agitação (p=0,001), agressividade (p=0,007), depressão (p=0,008), ansiedade (p=0,006), euforia (p=0,007), apatia (p=0,02), desinibição (p=0,03), irritabilidade (p=0,03), distúrbio motor (p=0,007) e vocalizações aberrantes (p=0,03). Por sua vez, não foi observada melhora nos seguintes SNPs: alucinações (p=0,06), distúrbios do sono (p=0,06) e distúrbios do apetite (p=0,5). O método TAP para uso ambulatorial também se mostrou clinicamente eficaz na redução da sobrecarga nos cuidadores do grupo experimental (p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Este ensaio clínico é o primeiro estudo controlado sobre a eficácia de uma intervenção de Terapia Ocupacional baseada na versão ambulatorial do método TAP para aliviar os SNPs em pacientes com demência moderada a grave. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de atividades prescritas de maneira personalizada, aliada ao treinamento do cuidador, pode ser uma abordagem clinicamente eficaz na redução de SNPs e da sobrecarga de cuidadores de indivíduos com demência / INTRODUCTION: Although dementia is characterized mainly by cognitive and functional deficits, many patients present behavioral changes or neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) at some stage of their clinical evolution. According to the current literature, NPS are very frequent and may occur in up to 90% of dementia cases. The most common NPS are aggression, apathy, agitation, wandering, disinhibition, anxiety, depressed mood and psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions). International guidelines have suggested that non-pharmacological treatments should be the first option in clinical approaching to NPS. Recently, studies have shown that nonpharmacological interventions are as effective as pharmacological treatments, however without the side effects and risks of medications. A promising nonpharmacological approach is the use of activities. An Occupational Therapy method, called Tailored Activity Program (TAP), was developed with the objective of reducing and preventing NPS in the elderly with moderate to severe dementia and, according to published studies, has shown to be effective. In Brazil, there are few studies on non-pharmacological approaches in the treatment of NPSs in individuals with dementia. OBJECTIVES: To perform the translation and transcultural adaptation of the TAP method to Brazilian Portuguese, as well as its adequacy for outpatient use. To evaluate the efficacy of the TAP (Brazilian outpatient version) method in the treatment of NPS in individuals with moderate to severe dementia and in the burden reduction of their caregivers. METHOD: This is a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial for the treatment of NPS in elderly with moderate to severe dementia., using the transcultural translation and adaptation of the outpatient TAP method. The experimental group received eight sessions based on the TAP method, on an outpatient basis, and the control group received eight sessions based on a psychoeducational program with orientations about dementia. Outcome measures consisted of assessing the NPS of individuals with dementia, through the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C), and assessing the burden on their caregivers, using the Zarit Scale. All the participants were evaluated at pre (T0) and post-intervention (T1). RESULTS: We included 54 individuals with dementia, who were allocated to the experimental (n=28) and control (n=26) groups. There was improvement of the following NPS in the experimental group: delusions (p=0.05), agitation (p=0.001), aggressiveness (p=0.007), depression (p=0.008), anxiety (p=0.006), euphoria (p=0.007), apathy (p=0.02), disinhibition (p=0.03), irritability (p=0.03), motor disturbance (p=0.007) and aberrant vocalization (p=0.03). No improvement was observed in the following NPS: hallucinations (p=0.06), sleep disturbances (p=0.06) and appetite disorders (p=0.5). The TAP method for outpatient use was also clinically effective in reducing burden in the caregivers of the experimental group (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: This clinical trial is the first controlled study of the efficacy of an Occupational Therapy intervention based on the outpatient version of the TAP method to relieve NPS in patients with moderate to severe dementia. The results showed that the use of personalized prescribed activities, coupled with the caregiver training, may be a clinically effective approach to reduce NPS and caregiver burden of individuals with dementia

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

O estudo dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos em Doença de Alzheimer (DA) através do agrupamento destes em síndromes tem sido cada vez mais utilizado, uma vez que permitiria detectar diferenças em sua prevalência, em sua evolução, em relação a determinantes psicossociais e a correlatos neurobiológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar regiões de redução de substância cinzenta em áreas corticais associadas com sintomas e síndromes neuropsiquiátricos específicos, provenientes da Escala Inventário Neuropsiquiátricos (NPI), em pacientes com DA e comprometimento cognitivo sem demência (CIND). O método de morfometria baseada no voxel (VBM) com DARTEL (Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Using Exponentiated Lie Algebra) foi utilizado para verificar a correlação entre presença de sintomas e síndromes neuropsiquiátricos específicos e redução regional de volume de substância cinzenta em análise em todo cérebro e em regiões previstas a priori. As síndromes utilizadas foram SN1/Agitação (agitação, alterações de sono e apetite), SN2/Hiperatividade (desinibição, comportamento motor aberrante e irritabilidade), SN3/Afetiva (depressão e apatia) e SN4/Psicose (delírios e alucinações). A presença de delírios foi associada a volume de substância cinzenta reduzido em giro frontal inferior direito (BA45); depressão com xvii redução de substância cinzenta em giro temporal médio e inferior direito (BA 37/22) e giro frontal inferior (BA09-DLPFC) e giro parahipocampal esquerdos; ansiedade com redução em giro frontal médio esquerdo (BA10); e alterações de apetite com redução em córtex anterior cingulado esquerdo (BA32) em pacientes com DA. A presença de SN1/Agitação foi associada a volume de substância cinzenta reduzido em giro frontal médio direito (BA09-DLPFC); SN2/Hiperatividade com redução em giro temporal superior direito (BA22) e frontal inferior bilateral (BA47); e SN4/Psicose com redução em giro pré-central (BA44), temporal superior (BA22) e ínsula direitos em DA. No grupo CIND, somente SN1/Agitação evidenciou associação com redução de substância cinzenta regional. Atrofia de áreas corticais específicas parecem relacionadas aos sintomas e síndromes neuropsiquiátricos em DA. Síndromes neuropsiquiátricas em DA mostraram-se correlacionadas à atrofia de estruturas centrais de alguns circuitos neuronais envolvidos na fisiopatologia de transtornos psiquiátricos / The study of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) by grouping these symptoms into syndromes has been increasingly used because it would detect differences in its prevalence and evolution, in relation to psychosocial determinants and neurobiological correlates. The aim of this study was to identify regions of reduced gray matter in cortical areas associated with specific neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) in patients with AD and cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) plus Dartel (Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Exponentiated Using Lie Algebra) was used to verify the correlation between the presence of specific neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes and regional gray matter volume reduction throughout the brain and in regions predicted a priori. The syndromes were NS1/ Agitation (agitation, sleep and eating disorders), NS2/Hyperactivity (disinhibition, aberrant motor behavior and irritability), NS3/Affective (depression and apathy) and NS4/Psychosis (delusions and hallucinations). The presence of delusions was associated with gray matter volume reduction in right inferior frontal gyrus (BA45), depression with reduced gray matter in right inferior middle temporal gyrus (BA 37/22) and left inferior frontal gyrus (BA09-DLPFC) and left parahippocampal gyrus; anxiety with reduction in left middle frontal gyrus (BA10), and eating disorders with reduction in left anterior cingulate cortex (BA32) in patients with AD. The presence of NS1/Agitation was associated with gray matter volume reduction in the right middle frontal gyrus (BA09-DLPFC); NS2/ Hyperactivity with reduction in right superior temporal gyrus (BA22) and bilateral inferior frontal (BA47) and NS4/Psychosis with a reduction in right precentral gyrus (BA44), right superior temporal (BA22) and in right insula in AD. In the CIND group, only SN1/Agitation showed association with regional gray matter reduction. Atrophies of specific cortical areas were showed to be related to symptoms and neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with AD

INTRODUÇÃO: Embora os quadros demenciais sejam caracterizados, principalmente, por comprometimentos cognitivos e funcionais, muitos pacientes apresentam alterações comportamentais ou sintomas neuropsiquiátricos (SNPs) em alguma fase de sua história clínica. De acordo com a literatura atual, os SNPs são muito frequentes, podendo ocorrer em até 90% dos casos de demência. Dentre os SNPs mais comuns, estão incluídos: agressividade, apatia, agitação, perambulação, desinibição, ansiedade, humor deprimido e sintomas psicóticos (alucinações e delírios). Diretrizes internacionais têm sugerido que os tratamentos não-farmacológicos devem ser a primeira opção na abordagem dos SNPs. Recentemente, os estudos têm mostrado que as intervenções não-farmacológicas são tão eficazes quanto os tratamentos farmacológicos, no entanto, sem ocasionar os efeitos colaterais e riscos das medicações. Uma abordagem não-farmacológica promissora é o uso de atividades. Um método de Terapia Ocupacional, denominado Tailored Activity Program (TAP - Programa Personalizado de Atividades - versão domiciliar) foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de reduzir e prevenir SNPs em idosos com demência moderada a grave e, de acordo com os estudos, tem se mostrado eficaz. No Brasil, existem poucos estudos sobre abordagens nãofarmacológicas no tratamento de SNPs em indivíduos com demência. OBJETIVOS: Realizar a tradução e adaptação transcultural do método TAP para a língua portuguesa, bem como sua adequação para o uso ambulatorial. Avaliar a eficácia do método TAP (versão ambulatorial brasileira) no tratamento de SNPs de indivíduos com demência moderada a grave e na redução da sobrecarga dos seus cuidadores. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico aleatorizado, controlado, duplamente encoberto, para o tratamento de SNPs em idosos com demência moderada a grave, através da versão traduzida e adaptada do método TAP para uso ambulatorial. O grupo experimental recebeu oito sessões baseadas no método TAP, em regime ambulatorial, e o grupo controle recebeu oito sessões baseadas em um programa psicoeducativo com orientações sobre demência. As medidas de desfecho consistiram na avaliação de SNPs dos indivíduos com demência, por meio do The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C), e da avaliação da sobrecarga dos seus cuidadores, por meio da Escala Zarit. Todos os participantes foram avaliados nos momentos pré (T0) e pós-intervenção (T1). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 54 indivíduos com demência, que foram alocados para as condições experimental (n= 28) e controle (n= 26). Observou-se melhora estatisticamente significante no grupo experimental nos seguintes SNPs: delírios (p=0,05), agitação (p=0,001), agressividade (p=0,007), depressão (p=0,008), ansiedade (p=0,006), euforia (p=0,007), apatia (p=0,02), desinibição (p=0,03), irritabilidade (p=0,03), distúrbio motor (p=0,007) e vocalizações aberrantes (p=0,03). Por sua vez, não foi observada melhora nos seguintes SNPs: alucinações (p=0,06), distúrbios do sono (p=0,06) e distúrbios do apetite (p=0,5). O método TAP para uso ambulatorial também se mostrou clinicamente eficaz na redução da sobrecarga nos cuidadores do grupo experimental (p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Este ensaio clínico é o primeiro estudo controlado sobre a eficácia de uma intervenção de Terapia Ocupacional baseada na versão ambulatorial do método TAP para aliviar os SNPs em pacientes com demência moderada a grave. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de atividades prescritas de maneira personalizada, aliada ao treinamento do cuidador, pode ser uma abordagem clinicamente eficaz na redução de SNPs e da sobrecarga de cuidadores de indivíduos com demência / INTRODUCTION: Although dementia is characterized mainly by cognitive and functional deficits, many patients present behavioral changes or neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) at some stage of their clinical evolution. According to the current literature, NPS are very frequent and may occur in up to 90% of dementia cases. The most common NPS are aggression, apathy, agitation, wandering, disinhibition, anxiety, depressed mood and psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions). International guidelines have suggested that non-pharmacological treatments should be the first option in clinical approaching to NPS. Recently, studies have shown that nonpharmacological interventions are as effective as pharmacological treatments, however without the side effects and risks of medications. A promising nonpharmacological approach is the use of activities. An Occupational Therapy method, called Tailored Activity Program (TAP), was developed with the objective of reducing and preventing NPS in the elderly with moderate to severe dementia and, according to published studies, has shown to be effective. In Brazil, there are few studies on non-pharmacological approaches in the treatment of NPSs in individuals with dementia. OBJECTIVES: To perform the translation and transcultural adaptation of the TAP method to Brazilian Portuguese, as well as its adequacy for outpatient use. To evaluate the efficacy of the TAP (Brazilian outpatient version) method in the treatment of NPS in individuals with moderate to severe dementia and in the burden reduction of their caregivers. METHOD: This is a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial for the treatment of NPS in elderly with moderate to severe dementia., using the transcultural translation and adaptation of the outpatient TAP method. The experimental group received eight sessions based on the TAP method, on an outpatient basis, and the control group received eight sessions based on a psychoeducational program with orientations about dementia. Outcome measures consisted of assessing the NPS of individuals with dementia, through the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C), and assessing the burden on their caregivers, using the Zarit Scale. All the participants were evaluated at pre (T0) and post-intervention (T1). RESULTS: We included 54 individuals with dementia, who were allocated to the experimental (n=28) and control (n=26) groups. There was improvement of the following NPS in the experimental group: delusions (p=0.05), agitation (p=0.001), aggressiveness (p=0.007), depression (p=0.008), anxiety (p=0.006), euphoria (p=0.007), apathy (p=0.02), disinhibition (p=0.03), irritability (p=0.03), motor disturbance (p=0.007) and aberrant vocalization (p=0.03). No improvement was observed in the following NPS: hallucinations (p=0.06), sleep disturbances (p=0.06) and appetite disorders (p=0.5). The TAP method for outpatient use was also clinically effective in reducing burden in the caregivers of the experimental group (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: This clinical trial is the first controlled study of the efficacy of an Occupational Therapy intervention based on the outpatient version of the TAP method to relieve NPS in patients with moderate to severe dementia. The results showed that the use of personalized prescribed activities, coupled with the caregiver training, may be a clinically effective approach to reduce NPS and caregiver burden of individuals with dementia

Problème. L'administration de médicaments aux propriétés sédatives pour la gestion des symptômes comportementaux, aussi appelée contention chimique, est une intervention complexe dont les finalités de contrôle, de protection, de traitement et d'alternative à d'autres coercitions entrent en conflit et sèment le désaccord chez les acteurs en établissements de santé. Tous s'entendent toutefois sur la nécessité d'en mesurer l'usage et d'évaluer la conformité des pratiques des soignants aux normes de qualité applicable. Or, à l'heure actuelle, aucune définition opérationnelle de la contention chimique, aucun outil ni indicateur de qualité des soins valide ne permet d'évaluer l'usage des contentions chimiques. But. Cette étude métrologique a pour but de développer et de valider un outil d'évaluation réflexive de la qualité des soins en matière de contention chimique de la perspective de l'infirmière. Méthodologie. Quatre questions de recherche rassemblées en deux grandes phases de l'étude ont permis de poursuivre ce but, lors desquelles des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives ont été utilisées. La phase de développement de l'outil d'évaluation réflexive impliquait la conduite d'une revue réaliste pour rassembler, à l'intérieur d'un modèle théorique, un inventaire d'items potentiels. Cette méthode systématique de synthèse des connaissances suggère une étape préliminaire destinée à clarifier la nature et les contextes de déploiement de l'intervention d'intérêt, ici l'usage des contentions chimiques. Pour ce faire, un examen de la portée a été réalisé. Puis, une technique Delphi a permis la validation du contenu des items recensés, lesquels ont ensuite été intégrés dans une plateforme virtuelle d'évaluation réflexive qui permet de mesurer les perceptions des professionnelles en charge de la décision d'administrer la contention chimique, soit les infirmières. L'outil d'évaluation au format innovant, appelé E-value-action, a ensuite été pré-testé pour une appréciation de la validité apparente (face validity) auprès de futurs- utilisateurs d'un Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Québec, Canada, lesquels ont offert une rétroaction qualitative suite à une simulation d'évaluation. Résultats. L'examen de la portée basé sur 33 articles de provenance internationale a fait ressortir la nécessité d'élargir le concept à définir et à mesurer pour aborder la contention chimique comme une notion synonyme à la sédation des symptômes comportementaux. Ensuite, par le biais de la revue réaliste, 28 normes de pratique répertoriées dans 45 articles scientifiques ou textes de lignes directrices ont pu être insérées au modèle théorique puis libellés sous forme d'items à intégrer à l'outil d'évaluation. Ces normes, appuyées d'exemples concrets, reflètent la qualité des soins infirmiers en trois contextes principaux : les soins en santé mentale, les soins aigus à l'adulte et les soins de longue durée à la clientèle âgée. Au niveau de la validité de contenu, les items de l'outil ont présenté un degré d'accord sur la clarté des items de 90% et de 95% sur la pertinence, témoignant d'un consensus (>70%) chez le panel d'experts chercheurs, gestionnaires et cliniciens (n = 20) de différentes régions administratives du Québec, Canada. L'adéquation de la plateforme virtuelle d'évaluation et l'intérêt pour son implantation en contextes cliniques ressortent de l'analyse des données de la validité apparente auprès d'infirmières en soins directs (n = 7) d'un CIUSSS québécois. Discussion. L'usage de cet outil d'évaluation réflexive devrait favoriser l'intégration des normes de pratique en soins infirmiers en plus de promouvoir une culture de réduction des mesures de contrôle favorable à des soins plus sécuritaires, efficaces et centrés sur la personne. Une validation ultérieure à plus grande échelle et la traduction du contenu d'E-value-action avec validations transculturelles sont recommandées pour soutenir les nombreux états/provinces et pays anglophones qui possèdent, comme le Québec, une règlementation sur la réduction ou l'usage d'exception des mesures de contrôle dont la substance chimique. / Background. The administration of sedative agents for the management of behavioral symptoms, also called chemical restraint, is a complex intervention of which the various goals of control, protection, treatment and alternative to other coercion inspire vigorous debate among professionals within the health care field. There is general consensus, however, on the necessity to reduce the application and to evaluate professional practices against relevant quality standards. Despite this clear recommendation, there is currently no operational definition of chemical restraint, and there is no valid measurement tool or indicator available for the evaluation of chemical restraint interventions in healthcare. Aim. This metrological study aims to develop and validate an instrument to assess the quality of chemical restraint practices from the perspective of nurses. Methods. This goal has been pursued through the formulation of four research questions organized into two large phases of study, involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. The development phase was based on a realist review of existing quality standards in order to gather, within a theoretical model, an inventory of potential items. This systematic method of knowledge synthesis requires, as a preliminary step, the clarification of the nature and various contexts of the intervention of interest, in this case, chemical restraint. This was accomplished through a scoping review. Following this, the Delphi method enabled the content validation of the identified items, which were then integrated into a virtual reflexive assessment tool within which the perceptions of the nurses in charge of administering chemical restraints could be measured. In order to gain an appreciation of the face validity of this innovative assessment tool, called E-value- action, it was then pre-tested among future users at one of Quebec's Integrated University Health and Social Services Centers (CIUSSS), Canada. After completing this simulated evaluation, participants were invited to provide a qualitative description of their experience. Results. The scoping review, based on 33 internationally sourced articles, highlighted the necessity to expand the concept being defined and measured to include chemical restraint or behavioral sedation. The realist review method was then used to identify 28 quality standards, inventoried within 45 scientific articles or practical guidelines, which were then integrated into the theoretical model and itemized to facilitate their inclusion within the quality assessment tool. These items, supported by concrete examples, reflect nursing practices in three principal contexts: mental health care, acute care for adults and long- term elder care. As concerns the content validity, the items within the theoretical model presented an agreement of 90% for the clarity, and of 95% for the relevance, demonstrating a consensus (>70%) among the panel of expert researchers, managers and clinicians (n = 20) from different administrative regions of Quebec, Canada. The alignment between the virtual self-evaluation platform and the interest for its implementation within clinical contexts is palpable from the analysis of the face validity data gathered from direct care nurses (n = 7) in the Quebec CIUSSS. Discussion. The application of this reflexive self-evaluation tool should engender a deeper integration of nursing standards in addition to promoting a diminished utilization of coercive measures leading to care that is more secure, effective and patient-centered. A subsequent large-scale pilot testing of the E-value-action platform is recommended, including the translation and adaptation for cross-cultural analysis, in order to support the numerous English-speaking jurisdictions which, like Quebec, have developed regulations concerning the reduction or exceptional application of coercive measures such as pharmacological agents.