Stigmatization involves the application of labels to individuals in social contexts, leading to impaired access to social, economic, and political power. Although actual stigmatizing beliefs that society holds about particular groups are important, the extent to which individuals themselves perceive stigma from others and internalize stigmatizing beliefs is being increasingly recognized as a cause of psychological and physical distress. Little research has been done on explanatory mechanisms of the relations between perceived stigma and health outcomes, particularly in the area of stigma related to finances. Two important dimensions of overall health include depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life. According to Self-Determination Theory feeling controlled by external forces decreases subjective vitality, a measure of energy that is available to self for engaging in life pursuits. Changes in subjective vitality may, in turn, affect health outcomes. Interpersonal variables including how connected one feels with others and whether or not one feels like a burden may affect the manner in which stigma relates to subjective vitality and health. In the current study a sample of 100 individuals receiving medical treatment from a primary clinic that targets the working uninsured population in a region of Appalachia completed questionnaires assessing for perceived stigma of finances, depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life, subjective vitality, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness. Results confirmed that experienced and internalized perceived stigma were moderately associated with poorer health outcomes and lower subjective vitality. Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness were, likewise, associated with worse health outcomes. In mediation analyses subjective vitality significantly explained the relations between each dimension of stigma and each outcome. Subsequent conditional indirect effect analyses found that thwarted belongingness moderated the mediation effect for some of the models by impacting the relation between stigma and subjective vitality or by moderating the relation between subjective vitality and the dependent variable. The findings suggest the importance of subjective vitality and feelings of belongingness in understanding how perceived stigma negatively affects health. Results and implications are discussed along with considerations for future research and interventions.

Syftet med studien var att sammanställa tidigare forskning om multikulturalismen och identitet för att studera multikulturalismens påverkan på individens identitetsutveckling. Studiens frågeställningar var ”Hur påverkar kultur formandet av individens identitet? och ”Hur hanterar individen upplevelsen/upplevelserna av att leva mellan olika kulturer?”. Den metoden som användes var en litteraturstudie och åtta artiklar valdes ut genom elektroniska databassökningar i OneSearch och ProQuest. För att tolka det empiriska materialet användes Andrafiering som teoretiskt begrepp samt R/CID modellen. Studiens resultat visar att nackdelarna av att uppleva brist på tillhörighet i båda sina kulturer och anpassningen till den ena kulturen skapar en isolering av den andra. När individen känner sig trygg i sin identitet tar man avstånd från den etnocentristiska mentaliteten och inser att man är en blandning av olika kulturer och försöker förena dessa istället för att skifta identitet. Studien visade vidare att individerna uppskattar resan de gjort igenom stegen då de inser alla fördelarna med sina erfarenheter. Tredje kulturs individer anser att tillhörigheten kommer från delade upplevelser med folk i sin omgivning snarare än land, kultur och etnicitet. Slutsatsen av studien var att den identitetsutvecklingen som Third Culture Individuals genomgår bidrar till att de blir mer öppensinnade och fördomsfria. Att inte ha en säker omgivning, och vara delad mellan flera kulturer, gör det svårt för individen att nå en trygg identitet och därför skiftar individerna identiteter beroende på vilket sammanhang de befinner sig i. / The aim of the study was to compile previous research about multiculturalism and identity to study multiculturalism's effects on identity development. Our research questions were: “How does culture affect the construction of the individual’s identity?” and “How does the individual cope with the experiences of living between different cultures?”. The method chosen was a literature review and eight articles were selected through electronic database searches in OneSearch and ProQuest. The theoretical framework used to analyze the result was “Otherization” and the R/CID model. The study highlights the disadvantages of the lack of belonging to both cultures and how adaptation to one culture creates isolation to the other. When the individual feels safe in their identity, they abandon the ethnocentric mentality and realize that they are a mix of cultures and try to unite these. The study showed that individuals appreciate the journey through the levels as they benefit from the experience. TCI:s believe that belonging comes from shared experiences with people in their surrounding rather than country, culture and ethnicity. The study concludes that the identity development that TCI:s fulfill contributes to them becoming more open-minded and unbiased. Also, lacking a stable environment and being in the middle of several cultures makes it difficult for the individual to reach a secure and confident identity, and therefore TCI:s shift their identity depending on the context in which they find themselves.

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Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lagerarbetare i ett svenskt grossistföretag uppfattar arbetsplatsidentitet och hur betydelsen av det påverkar upplevelsen av arbetet och välbefinnandet på arbetsplatsen. Vidare är syftet i studien att undersöka hur arbetsplatsidentitet påverkas av hur arbete och arbetsuppgifter är organiserade. Uppsatsens övergripande frågeställning är Hur påverkas arbetsplatsidentitet av hur arbete och arbetsuppgifter är organiserade? Social identity theory och Need to belong theory har använts i studien för att få en djupare förståelse om begreppet arbetsplatsidentitet. I studien tillämpas kvalitativ forskning genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in empiriskt material. Respondenterna i studien är lagerarbetare som har arbetat i minst ett år på grossistföretaget och har hunnit skapa en uppfattning om arbetsplatsen. Resultatet i studien visar att arbetsplatsidentitet är förknippad med känsla av tillhörighet till andra individer och till arbetsuppgifter. Ytterligare visar resultatet att arbetsplatsidentitet är betydelsefull för lagerarbetarnas välmående och inställning till arbetet. Vidare visar resultatet att arbetsplatsidentitet är kontextberoende och har större betydelse i arbeten som utförs i grupp. / The purpose of this study is to explore how workplace identity is perceived by warehouse workers in a Swedish wholesale company and how it affects their experience of work and wellbeing in the workplace. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to explore how organizing work and work tasks affects workplace identity. This study's general issue is How is workplace identity affected by how work and tasks are organized? To gain a deeper understanding of the concept of workplace identity we have applied Social Identity Theory and Need to belong theory. To collect empirical material a qualitative research was applied in the study by doing seven semi-structured interviews. The respondents in our study consists of people working as warehouse workers, who had at least one year of experience in the company and developed an opinion about the workplace. The study results show that workplace identity is associated with a sense of belonging with other individuals and a sense of belonging to work tasks. Furthermore, the results show that workplace identity is of importance to warehouse employees wellbeing and work attitudes. Finally, the result shows that workplace identity is specific to the context and of greater importance in work that is performed in groups.

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The thesis titled “The theory of thwarted belongingness and its relation to youth violence” presents the findings of a qualitative study that focussed on late adolescents who have committed physical assault and who were referred to a diversion programme by a court. The study followed a grounded theory methodology approach for which convenience sampling, purposeful sampling and theoretical sampling were used to obtain participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the data were analysed through constant comparative analysis. From the analysis the theory on thwarted belongingness emerged that explains how the adolescents attempt to negotiate a sense of belonging. The theory further explains how failed negotiations are dealt with and when one could expect violent behaviour to occur. In general, the current research study creates awareness of the psychological non-shared environment and its potential role in the development of behaviour. Future research should be focussed on the saturation of categories and dimensions that have not been fully saturated in the current study and to test the theory of thwarted belongingness since it is a newly generated theoretical stance that needs to be validated. / Psychology / Ph. D. (Psychology)

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:06:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Daniel Rodrigues.pdf: 929080 bytes, checksum: da4db89bfdec7ec99ff5836ad5b5327e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-02 / The together-belongingness (Zusammengehörigkeit) of Be-ing and man is discussed in this dissertation in the style of a Phenomenological reflection the together-belongingness (Zusammengehörigkeit) of Be-ing and man. It treats of a concept which appears explicitily in the phenomenological thought of Martin Heidegger, especially, beginning in the 30s, when he questioned the meaning of Truth according to the history of Be-ing, that is, as enowning (Ereignis). The reflection, however, begins with the presupposition together-belongingness is a notion present in the thought of Heidegger from the outset of the fundamental-ontological development of the question of Be-ing, represented principally by the primary work of 1927, Sein und Zeit. For this reason, the reflection begins discussing the unity of the thought itinerary of Heidegger, showing that the reversal of the thinking (Kehre) of the 30s is responsible for the transformation which establishes the same question of Be-ing in a more originating extent than that of Sein und Zeit. Admitting from the beginning that together-belongingness translates the mutual reference between Be-ing and man, coming from the primordial unity, in dependence upon which both bring about historically their essence, and not a secondary and posterior relation between two self-subsisting poles, the discussion proceeds determining the structures of human existence, by which together-belongingness is considered in the different levels of elaboration of the question of Be-ing. Consequently, the central thrust of the dissertation is summarized in limiting the spatial-temporal ambience of the common reference. In the first place, attention is given to the analyses of the comprehension-interpretation project of human existence and language, according to Sein und Zeit. Then, according to Beiträge zur Philosophie, the same ambience is limited taking into consideration the grounding of Da-sein as the intermediary dimension between man and Be-ing, it being the instance of supportability of happening of Truth. Finally, the projection of human existence is revealed as the leap of Be-ing, in such a manner that movement of realization of the essence of Be-ing is shown as being the same as the consummation of the historical existence of men. Thus, the coming about of the Truth, by which Be-ing is experienced as abysmal grounding, is coordinated with the historical coming about of human existence, granting it, in virtue of the depth of its grounding, a unitary movement of revealing and of hiding the mystery of Be-ing. Being that this coordination is the manifestation of the originating space and time, human existence appears as the establishment of the space-time dimension of the abyss of Being, always in agreement with an historical possibility. In this way, the together-belongingness appears as an historical sending-forth, in the form of a questioning which Be-ing directs to man, but which is consumed in the measure which man responds, or as it may be, assumes the responsibility for the destiny of his existence according to the appeals of Be-ing. Thus, thought, understood as a human faculty during all of the history of metaphysics, is reduced to its essence: that by which man corresponds to the historical appeals of Be-ing. To think consumes the intimate reference of man to Be-ing and, therefore, is the privileged manner of placing in operation human existence in union with Be-ing. By means of thought, therefore, man has understood himself separated from and in front of Be-ing. For that reason, the reflection of this dissertation is a path in search of the forgotten unity between man and Be-ing. / Discute-se nessa dissertação, ao modo de uma reflexão fenomenológica, a co-pertinência (Zusammengehörigkeit) entre Ser e homem. Trata-se de um conceito que aparece explicitamente no pensamento fenomenológico de Martin Heidegger, sobretudo a partir dos anos 30, quando o pensamento heideggeriano interroga o sentido da Verdade segundo a história do Ser, isto é, como Ereignis. A reflexão, entretanto, parte do pressuposto de que a co-pertinência é uma noção presente no pensamento de Heidegger desde o desenvolvimento fundamental-ontológico da questão do Ser, representado principalmente pela obra capital de 1927, Sein und Zeit. Por essa razão, a reflexão principia discutindo a unidade do itinerário de pensamento de Heidegger, mostrando que a viragem (Kehre) dos anos 30 é responsável por uma transformação que instaura a mesma questão do Ser em um âmbito mais originário que aquele de Sein und Zeit. Admitindo desde o início que a co-pertinência traduz a mútua referência entre Ser e o homem, advinda da unidade primordial, em dependência da qual ambos realizam historicamente sua essência, e não uma relação secundária e posterior entre dois pólos subsistentes em si, a discussão prossegue explicitando as estruturas da existência humana, pelas quais a co-pertinência é abordada nos diferentes níveis de elaboração da questão do Ser. Nesse sentido, o esforço central da dissertação se resume em circunscrever a ambiência espaço-temporal da mútua referência. Primeiramente, privilegiam-se as análises do projeto compreensivo-interpretativo da existência humana e da linguagem, conforme Sein und Zeit. Depois, conforme os Beiträge zur Philosophie, a mesma ambiência é circunscrita tendo em vista a fundação do Da-sein como a dimensão intermediária entre homem e Ser, por ser a instância de suportabilidade do acontecimento da Verdade. Ao final, o projetar-se da existência humana se desvela como um lance do Ser, de tal maneira que o movimento de realização da Essência do Ser se mostra como sendo o mesmo da consumação da existência histórica dos homens. Assim, o acontecer da Verdade, pelo qual o Ser se dá como fundamento abissal, conjuga-se com o acontecer histórico da existência humana, conferindo a ela, em virtude da abissalidade de seu fundamento, um movimento unitário de abrir e de velar o mistério do Ser. Sendo essa conjunção a manifestação do espaço e tempo originários, o existir humano aparece como a instauração do espaço-temporal do abismo do Ser, sempre em consonância com uma possibilidade histórica. Desse modo, a co-pertinência aparece como um envio histórico, na forma de uma interpelação que o Ser dirige ao homem, mas que se consuma à medida que o homem responde, ou seja, responsabiliza-se pela destinação de sua existência segundo os apelos do Ser. Assim, o pensamento, compreendido como uma faculdade humana durante toda a história da metafísica, é reconduzido a sua essência: aquilo pelo qual o homem corresponde aos apelos históricos do Ser. Pensar consuma a íntima referência do homem ao Ser e, portanto, é o modo privilegiado de pôr em obra a existência humana em unidade com o Ser. Pelo pensamento, porém, o homem tem se compreendido separado e diante do Ser. Por isso, a reflexão dessa dissertação é um caminho em busca da unidade esquecida entre homem e Ser.

Guided by attachment theory and principles of positive psychology, a conceptual model was developed depicting the direct and indirect effects of attachment insecurity, state hope, belongingness, and meaning in life on wellness indicators (i.e., life satisfaction, physical health, and depression) of first generation Latino immigrants in the U.S. Specifically, the present study proposed that the effects of attachment insecurity on Latino immigrants' wellness would be mediated by two tiers of factors. The first tier consisted of state hope (i.e., general state hope, spiritual state hope, mastery state hope) and sense of belonging (i.e., general belongingness; connectedness with mainstream/ethnic community), which represented individual-level and relational factors, respectively, salient in Latino culture. Greater attachment insecurity was hypothesized to contribute to a compromised MIL and poorer wellness by decreasing state hope and sense of belongingness. A total of 352 first-generation Latino immigrants from Texas participated in this study. The exploratory factor analysis on the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale revealed a two-factor factor structure that is different from the two factors of adult attachment typically found with American samples (i.e., anxiety and avoidance). The emerged two factors represent anxious-distancing attachment and comfort-seeking attachment. Results from structural equation modeling analysis showed adequate model fit with the data. The final model indicated that the effects of comfort-seeking attachment on wellness were fully mediated by two layers of mediators (belongingness and state hope as the first layer and meaning in life as the second layer). In addition, the effect of anxious-distancing attachment on wellness was fully mediated by belongingness and meaning in life but not through state hope. Bootstrap methods were used to assess the significance magnitude of these indirect effects. Comfort-seeking attachment explained 13% of the variance in state hope and both attachment variables explained 36% of the variance in sense of belongingness. Anxious-distancing attachment, comfort-seeking attachment, state hope, and sense of belongingness explained 78% of the variance in meaning in life, and the overall model explained 75% of the variance in wellness. Limitations, future directions, and implications for counseling and theory are discussed from attachment theory, positive psychology, and immigration perspectives.

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