In a large agricultural operation, such as the one at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, disposal of deceased animals is an immense issue. The cost of transporting and rendering every dead animal is inhibitory to the general function of the agricultural operations and their thin budget. Therefore, we propose that composting mortalities could be an economical alternative. Composting is a recognized method for taking animal waste products along with carbon waste and turning it into a pathogen-free, nutrient-rich topsoil. Carcass composting is in fact performed in other countries and states to varying degrees of success. However, the California EPA limits carcass composing to only private land. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine the efficacy of killing pathogens by composting using bench top composting models. Ultimately, our goal is to provide “proof of concept” data in order to gain permission for a full-scale carcass compost pile to be set up at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. Using thermo tolerant Salmonella senftenberg as an indicator organism, we performed bench top trials of traditional and carcass compost in the lab. Samples were inoculated with S. senftenberg and kept at 55°C for 15 days in accordance with the California EPA and Test Method for the Examination of Composting and Compost (TMECC). Samples were then plated and processed for multiple tube analysis and most probable number. Samples were also partitioned for a viability qPCR with propidium monoazide (PMA) to compare to the classic techniques. Using these methods we were then able to track and produce thermal death time data for S. senftenberg in both traditional and carcass compost. By comparing the types of compost, we were able to determine that the composting method presented by the California EPA and the TMECC produces safe, pathogen free compost, even when inoculated carcasses were introduced. However, even with removal of dead cells by PMA, qPCR did not outperform the classical microbiological methods for as tracking pathogen killing.

<p dir="ltr">Agricultural biosecurity is a global concern, with implications for food security, public health, and economic and ecological stability. Through education and technology, threats can be predicted and better managed. Existing educational materials and spatial analysis predominantly cater to larger facilities, leaving smaller producers at a disadvantage as they often lack financial means to implement prevention strategies and have less resources at their disposal. In this dissertation, two novel uses of education and technology within agricultural biosecurity were researched: educational curricula for young and beginning farmers and the potential impact of geospatial information systems (GIS) tools in understanding the spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV). I extend my deepest gratitude to Dr. Shawn Ehlers, Clinical Assistant Professor, for his unwavering guidance and mentorship throughout my dissertation work. Special appreciation goes to my committee members, Dr. Pamela Aaltonen, Dr. William Field, and Dr. Roger Tormoehlen, for their valuable insights and constructive feedback. Collaborative efforts with Melissa Rudolph and the support from ABE GSA and QGSA greatly enriched my research experience. Heartfelt thanks to my family, including Glen Jr. Morris, Melodie Morris, Moranda Morris, Marissa and Ian Pringle, and my partner Adam Dachowicz, as well as Adam’s family Steven, Lori, Alyssa, and Holly, for their constant support. I acknowledge the contributions of Gearing Up for Safety, IN-PREPared, Indiana Board of Animal Health (BOAH), Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR), and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for their help in my research investigations and express my appreciation to Purdue libraries and ABE faculty and staff for constant support with crucial resources and facilities.</p><p><br></p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Les urgences sanitaires de portée internationale font partie de ces risques que les Etats, pris isolément, ne peuvent gérer seul pour assurer la permanence du bien-être de leur population. Cette thèse explore alors la possibilité de pallier l'insuffisante intégration de la communauté internationale en matière de gestion de ce qui sera considéré comme des risques biologiques, par l'établissement d'un système de gouvernance internationale et globale fondée sur l'échange d'informations. Pour le fonctionnement de ce système, l'information doit être produite mais elle doit également avoir la possibilité juridique d'être échangée. Dans ce contexte, l'échange d'informations se doit d'être organisé de manière à tenir compte des caractères juridiques des informations utiles à la gestion de ces risques. L'étude des conditions de cet échange met alors en évidence le rôle essentiel du droit dans l'organisation des conditions de l'efficience de ces échanges, et dès lors dans le fonctionnement de ce système de gouvernance. Elle en montre aussi les limites. / Public health emergencies of international concern are part of those risks that can not be efficiently managed by States on their own to ensure the longstanding well-being of their population. This thesis explores the possibility to supersede the international community's lack of integration for the management of what will be considered as biological risks, by the designing of an international and global governance system based on the exchange of information. For the functionning of this system, information will need to be produced and have the capacity to be exchanged. In this context, information exchanges ought to be organised, in order to take into account the legal specifities of the information involved. The study will thus aim at emphasizing on the essential role of law in the organisation of those exchanges but also on its limitations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus Geandre Nakano Ramiro.pdf: 3971475 bytes, checksum: e170b8093611f9407322ac76a93d6fd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-22 / The present work studies the current influence of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church on Brazilian law in the specific case of the trial on the constitutionality of article 5 of the Biosecurity Law (Law nº. 11,105/2005). To that end, it discusses the importance of social groups in forming the Law, the relationships in the scope of religion and international law between the Catholic Church and the Brazilian State, and the result of the trial on the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality through the study of the full votes by the justices of the Federal Supreme Court / O presente trabalho estuda a influência atual da Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana no direito brasileiro no caso específico do julgamento da constitucionalidade do artigo 5º da Lei de Biossegurança (Lei nº. 11.105/2005). Para tal aborda a importância dos grupos sociais na formação do direito, as relações no âmbito religioso e do direito internacional entre a Igreja Católica e o Estado brasileiro e o resultado do julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade através do estudo da íntegra dos votos dos ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-02T12:27:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CECY PEREIRA FIGUEIRA DA SILVA NETA MELLO.pdf: 1451626 bytes, checksum: 863ab02a5e133691994a8b778ef75e6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T12:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CECY PEREIRA FIGUEIRA DA SILVA NETA MELLO.pdf: 1451626 bytes, checksum: 863ab02a5e133691994a8b778ef75e6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / With the biotechnology advancement and development, with special focus on genetic engineering, also rises the requirement of ethical fundamentals in a scenario of constant modifications. When it comes to transgenic food, there‟s controversy in the philosophical, ethical, environmental, political, legal and economic field because it‟s a subject which is inside of the daily reality, with very fast changes and in that context, the Brazilian and international legislation seems to doesn‟t follow the technology velocity and Science becomes a political and economical instrument. In this article, international law and national law related to the using of genetically modified organism are analyzed, pointing out the 11.105/05 law, considering the origin, shape and evolution of genetically modified organism, the importance of obeying the environmental law when handling and distributing products resulting of these genetic modifications to the public consumption, this law analysis, going through the environmental impacts, giving importance to the cost-benefit and the risk expressly taken by the scientific community, besides the own concept of consumer, proving the need of genetically modified food labelling and the reality of what really happens in the process of patenting acquisition in the international law and in the Brazilian law and jurisprudence decisions. / Com o avanço e o desenvolvimento da biotecnologia, com enfoque especial na engenharia genética, surge também a necessidade da inserção da ética e de seus princípios em um cenário de modificações constantes. No que tange aos alimentos transgênicos, polêmicas são levantadas no campo filosófico, ético, ambiental, político, social, jurídico e econômico, pois o tema está inserido em uma realidade do nosso dia a dia, com mudanças muito rápidas e diante deste contexto, as legislações brasileiras e internacionais parecem não acompanhar a velocidade da tecnologia e a ciência passa a ser instrumento da política e da economia. No presente trabalho são analisadas leis internacionais, legislações relativas à utilização dos organismos geneticamente modificados, ressaltando-se a Lei 11.105/05, considerando a origem, a forma e a evolução do organismo geneticamente modificado, a importância da obediência às leis de Direito Ambiental no manuseio e distribuição dos produtos oriundos destas modificações genéticas para o consumo da população, a análise desta legislação, passando pelos impactos ambientais, dando ênfase ao custo benefício e ao risco assumido expressamente pela comunidade científica, discorrendo ainda sobre o direito do consumidor, além do próprio conceito de consumidor, demonstrando também a necessidade da rotulagem dos alimentos geneticamente modificados e a forma como acontece o processo para obtenção de patentes tanto na legislação exterior quanto na legislação brasileira e as decisões jurisprudenciais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PSO - Dolores Galindo.pdf: 2664975 bytes, checksum: 4bb325a42db7867259b5242171e84279 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The relation between art and life s sciences is old, but it began to be seen as life security problem recently. We defend that this transformation happened because of two different types of question: (1) The growing evidence of the security in the government of bodies and life and (2) the change in art from the function of mimesis (emphasising the illustrating function) to the direct intervention in bodies (body art and body modifications) and in life (biotechnological art). Moreover, we propose that the control of artistic practices is overall caused by migration to the artistic context of biosecurity and bioethics procedures that have been developed considerating scientific and wealth problematics. To understand how art became a question from the point of view of life security, we study three related movements, even if they are different, that together permit us to understand this transformation: (1) the inquisition of art from moral and from the big schools of medicine during dissections, focusing on spectacle of dead bodies; (2) the questioning of body art and body modifications from the hygienic-wealth logics, putting in evidence blood and other potentially infecting materials and (3) biotechnological art, specially in its transgenic modality questioned from biosecurity and bioethics. Biotechnological art, showing new dilemmas in technoscience in experimentation and laboratories perspective, signalises a problematic that goes over the aesthetics question, becoming a fight for the definition of what is conceived as being a space in genetic change / A relação entre arte e ciências da vida é antiga, mas apenas recentemente passou a ser pautada pela segurança da vida. Postulamos que essa transformação se deu por questões de duas ordens: (1) A evidência crescente dos dispositivos de segurança no governo dos corpos e da vida e (2) O deslocamento da arte da função de mimese (com destaque para a função de ilustração) em direção à intervenção direta sobre os corpos (arte corporal e modificações corporais) e sobre a vida (arte biotecnológica). Propomos ainda que o controle das práticas artísticas dá-se, sobretudo, pela migração para o contexto artístico de procedimentos de bioética e de biossegurança desenvolvidos tendo em vista problemáticas científicas e da ordem da saúde pública. Para compreender como a arte se tornou uma questão do ponto de vista da segurança da vida, estudamos três movimentos relacionados, porém distintos, que triangulados permitem compreender tal transformação: (1) a indagação da arte a partir da moral e das grandes escolas de medicina durante as dissecações, tendo como foco o espetáculo do corpo morto; (2) o questionamento da arte corporal e modificações corporais a partir do dispositivo higiênico-sanitário, estando em evidência o sangue e outros materiais potencialmente infectantes e (3) a arte biotecnológica, em especial na sua vertente transgênica indagada a partir da biossegurança e bioética. A arte biotecnológica, ao apontar para novos dilemas da tecnociência na perspectiva da experimentação e dos laboratórios, sinaliza para uma problemática que extrapola a questão da estética, interpondo-se como a luta pela definição do que é concebido como sendo o espaço do intercâmbio genético

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-03T17:26:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Adriana Gallotti Studart.pdf: 5477496 bytes, checksum: 8ffde9ac7ac95870e0b166e4c1357723 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-03T17:26:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Adriana Gallotti Studart.pdf: 5477496 bytes, checksum: 8ffde9ac7ac95870e0b166e4c1357723 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-03 / This paper deals with the hygienic and sanitary issues in campaign activities of the Brazilian Army. In these situations, large number of people may be exposed to serious health risks, even before entering combat. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the practices to be implemented to enhance biosecurity related to water supply, food service and waste management in the campaign. To this end, it was raised the processes and issues of interest to health by non-participant observation of four campaign activities conducted at the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras (AMAN), from June to November 2010. A specific checklist was developed and implemented in the first three activities were subsequently produced a Manual of Good Practice. In order to validate this document, an instruction was given on topics related to the military involved. Subsequently, a new application of the checklist was performed in a final activity to compare the results. In parallel, were analyzed for microbiological and physical-chemical water consumption in all the activities together. Furthermore, it was evaluated the cleanliness of water tanks by aerobic mesophilic count and the presence or absence of coliform bacteria. Tabulated the results confirmed the trend of improvement in the overall situation of biosecurity. It was concluded therefore that the application of good practices, consolidated in the proposed manual, can increase levels of biosecurity of troops on campaign in the Brazilian Army. / O presente trabalho trata das quest?es higi?nico-sanit?rias nas atividades de campanha do Ex?rcito Brasileiro. Nessas situa??es, grandes efetivos podem estar expostos a s?rios riscos ? sa?de, antes mesmo das atividades b?licas em si. Por essa raz?o, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as pr?ticas a serem implementadas para se aumentar a biosseguran?a relacionada ao suprimento de ?gua, servi?o de alimenta??o e gest?o de res?duos em campanha. Para tal, foram levantados os processos e assuntos de interesse sanit?rio pela observa??o n?o-participante de quatro atividades de campanha realizadas na Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN), de junho a novembro de 2010. Uma lista de verifica??o espec?fica foi elaborada e aplicada nas tr?s primeiras atividades sendo, posteriormente, produzido um Manual de Boas Pr?ticas. No sentido de validar este documento, uma instru??o sobre assuntos correlatos foi ministrada aos militares envolvidos. Posteriormente, uma nova aplica??o da lista de verifica??o foi realizada em uma ?ltima atividade para comparar os resultados. Paralelamente, foram realizadas an?lises microbiol?gicas e f?sico-qu?micas da ?gua de consumo de todas as atividades acompanhadas. Al?m disso, foi avaliada a higieniza??o dos reservat?rios de ?gua atrav?s da contagem de mes?filos aer?bios e da presen?a ou aus?ncia de bact?rias do grupo coliforme. Tabulados os resultados, confirmou-se a tend?ncia de melhoria na situa??o geral de biosseguran?a. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a aplica??o das boas pr?ticas, consolidadas no Manual proposto, ? capaz de aumentar os n?veis de biosseguran?a de uma tropa em campanha no ?mbito do Ex?rcito Brasileiro.

The naturalisation and subsequent spread of non-indigenous plant species (NIPS) is a major problem for most regions of the world. Managing plant invasions requires greater understanding of factors that determine initial naturalisation and distribution of wild NIPS. By the year 2000, 2252 NIPS were recorded as wild (1773 fully naturalised and 479 casual) in New Zealand. From published literature and electronic herbaria records, I recorded year of discovery of wild populations, and regional distribution of these wild NIPS. I also recorded species related attributes hypothesised to affect naturalisation and/or distribution, including global trade, human activities, native range and biological data; and regional attributes hypothesised to affect distribution, including human population densities, land use/cover, and environmental data. I used interval-censored time-to-event analyses to estimate year of naturalisation from discovery records, then analysed the importance of historical, human activity, biogeographical and biological attributes in determining patterns of naturalisation. Typically, NIPS that naturalised earlier were herbaceous, utilitarian species that were also accidentally introduced and/or distributed, with a wide native range that included Eurasia, naturalised elsewhere, with a native congener in New Zealand. In the year 2000, 28% of wild NIPS occupied only one region, 18% occupied two regions, decreasing incrementally to 2.5 % for nine regions, but with 13.5% occupying all ten regions. I used generalised linear models (GLMs) with binomial distribution to determine predictors of whether a wild NIPS occupied ten regions or not, and GLMs with Poisson distribution for wild NIPS occupying 0 – 9 regions. As expected, the dominant effect was that species discovered earlier occupied more regions. Utilitarian wild NIPS that were also accidentally introduced and/or distributed, and wild NIPS with a native congener tended to be more widely distributed, but results for other attributes varied between datasets. Although numbers of wild NIPS recorded in regions of New Zealand were sometimes similar, composition of wild NIPS was often very different. I used nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to determine dissimilarity in composition between regions. Then, after reducing correlation between predictor variables using principal components analyses (PCAs), I tested the importance of regional variables in determining the regional composition of wild NIPS using metaMDS. The density of human populations best explained the dissimilarity in composition, but temperature gradients and water availability gradients were also important. In the year 2000 more than 1100 (60%) of the 1773 fully naturalised NIPS in mainland New Zealand had each been recorded in Northland/Auckland and Canterbury, and at the other end of the scale, Southland and Westland each had fewer than 500 (30%). I used GLMs to analyse the importance of people and environment in determining the numbers of wild NIPS in each region. Because I conducted multiple tests on the same dataset I used sequential Bonferroni procedures to adjust the critical P-value. Only human population density was important in explaining the numbers of NIPS in the regions. Overall, humans were the dominant drivers in determining the patterns of naturalisation and spread, although environment helps determine the composition of NIPS in regions. Incorporating human associated factors into studies of wild NIPS helps improve the understanding of the stages in the naturalisation and spread process.

Life scientists have increasingly been asked to incorporate a dual use responsibility in their research conduct. In this thesis, different aspects of what constitutes a reasonable responsibility in terms of avoiding harmful misuse of research for biological weapon purposes have been explored. The first study investigated the claim that scientists have a dual use responsibility, and also outlined some of its possible content. Criteria for what may constitute preventable harm were used to analyze some proposed obligations in the field, and it was concluded that reasonable obligations include: e.g. considering the potential negative implications of one’s research and reporting activities of concern. In the second study, the conditions for a Precautionary Principle (PP) were explored and applied to the dual use research context. The study found that the main conditions of the PP frequently appear in present discussions and formulations of life scientists’ responsibility. It was also concluded that the PP is applicable to the dual use field and that it is meaningful and useful as a normatively guiding principle. The third study suggested an ethics of dissemination, based on the assumption that scientists have a responsibility to occasionally constrain the dispersion of their research findings. Three core aspects were proposed for an ethics of dual use dissemination. Additionally, to help scientists understand when constraints may be justified, three corresponding conditions for their application were suggested. In the fourth study, the concept of ethical competence was introduced and explored within a dual use context. It was concluded that competence-building is important in the nurturing of individual responsibility and, subsequently, in achieving a culture of dual use responsibility in the life sciences. Finally, the discussion on ethical competence was included in a proposed ethic of deliberation, in which various stakeholders in the dual use debate are conceived to participate in communicative processes. It was argued that spaces for deliberative activities should be institutionalized by the scientific community to ensure structural opportunities for individuals to both assume responsibility and share it. Moreover, it was argued that deliberation can constitute a cornerstone of responsible dual use governance.