Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire avait pour objectif d’étudier le processus de la pénétration d'eau dans les composites en carbone/époxyde dans un premier temps, et dans un deuxième temps, d’étudier l’effet de la prise en eau par ces matériaux sur les performances mécaniques des composites et leur joints collés. L'intégration de ces phénomènes physiques dans la modélisation numérique est d'une grande importance dans la prédiction de la durabilité d’une structure en composite subissant un vieillissement hygrothermique. Par conséquent, ce travail consiste non seulement en des observations expérimentales, mais aussi en des simulations numériques. Des corrélations entre les résultats obtenus permettent d’une part de mieux comprendre ce qui se passe dans un système composite avec l’assemblage collé soumis à des charges mécaniques, de l’initiation d’endommagement jusqu’à la rupture finale ; d'autre part, de valider un modèle numérique robuste dans le but de la conception et de l’optimisation. Les originalités de ce travail se situent à différents niveaux en proposant : 1. un nouveau modèle de diffusion à deux-phases permettant de mieux décrire l’effet de l’épaisseur des stratifiés sur la pénétration de l’eau; 2. un nouveau modèle RPM « Residual Property Model » afin de prévoir la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques due à la prise en eau ; 3. une nouvelle loi de traction-séparation linéaire-exponentiel pour décrire la courbe-R observée dans les essais DCB en mode I pur sur les composites stratifiés afin de les intégrer plus facilement dans les modèles numériques / Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire avait pour objectif d’étudier le processus de la pénétration d'eau dans les composites en carbone/époxyde dans un premier temps, et dans un deuxième temps, d’étudier l’effet de la prise en eau par ces matériaux sur les performances mécaniques des composites et leur joints collés. L'intégration de ces phénomènes physiques dans la modélisation numérique est d'une grande importance dans la prédiction de la durabilité d’une structure en composite subissant un vieillissement hygrothermique. Par conséquent, ce travail consiste non seulement en des observations expérimentales, mais aussi en des simulations numériques. Des corrélations entre les résultats obtenus permettent d’une part de mieux comprendre ce qui se passe dans un système composite avec l’assemblage collé soumis à des charges mécaniques, de l’initiation d’endommagement jusqu’à la rupture finale ; d'autre part, de valider un modèle numérique robuste dans le but de la conception et de l’optimisation. Les originalités de ce travail se situent à différents niveaux en proposant : 1. un nouveau modèle de diffusion à deux-phases permettant de mieux décrire l’effet de l’épaisseur des stratifiés sur la pénétration de l’eau; 2. un nouveau modèle RPM « Residual Property Model » afin de prévoir la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques due à la prise en eau ; 3. une nouvelle loi de traction-séparation linéaire-exponentiel pour décrire la courbe-R observée dans les essais DCB en mode I pur sur les composites stratifiés afin de les intégrer plus facilement dans les modèles numériques

Durant ces dernières années, les émissions de CO2 liées à l’utilisation des voitures ont atteint des niveaux critiques contribuant au réchauffement climatique et causant des problèmes de santé. Afin de réduire ces émissions, l’industrie automobile française a décidé de réduire la masse des véhicules via l’utilisation de matériaux plus légers tels que les matériaux composites. Cependant, les techniques d'assemblage classiquement utilisées ne sont pas compatibles pour assembler ces nouveaux matériaux à la structure du véhicule (acier et aluminium). Le principal objectif de cette étude a donc été la caractérisation et la modélisation de nouvelles techniques d'assemblages multimatériaux permettant une bonne résistance mécanique.Quatre techniques d’assemblages multi-matériaux (métal/composite) ont été étudiées : (i) le collage par goujon, (ii) la soudure laser, (iii) le rivetage auto-perçant et (iv) le collage. Des essais traditionnels de simple recouvrement et de traction transverse ont été utilisés pour caractériser les deux premières techniques. Ensuite, un nouveau test de caractérisation basé sur un dispositif Arcan modifié a été proposé pour analyser le comportement des assemblages rivetés et le collage. Parmi les quatre techniques testées, le collage a été retenu comme la technique la plus adaptée aux exigences de l'industrie. Par conséquent, des essais Arcan ont été réalisés afin de déterminer le comportement quasi-statique des adhésifs de l’étude (Betamate1822 et Sikapower498). Ces essais ont ensuite été utilisés pour proposer et identifier une nouvelle loi de comportement 3D viscoélastique spectrale non-linéaire. La procédure d'identification des paramètres des adhésifs n'est basée que sur trois essais de fluage multiniveaux, permettant un dimensionnement rapide des structures collées. Enfin, la loi de comportement proposée a été validée grâce à la bonne corrélation entre les prédictions numériques et les courbes expérimentales des essais monotones à différents vitesses de sollicitation et des essais de traction incrémentale.La présente étude a été développée dans le cadre d’un projet automobile. Néanmoins, les conclusions et les perspectives de l'étude peuvent être extrapolées à d'autres domaines tout aussi intéressants. / Nowadays, the emissions of CO2 due to the use of automobiles have reached critical levels causing global warming and health problems. In order to reduce these emissions, the French automotive industry has decided to reduce the car weight by means of the use of lighter materials such as composite materials. However, the classical joining techniques are not adapted to assembly these new materials to the structure of the car (aluminum and steel alloys). Therefore, the characterization and modeling of new joining techniques of dissimilar materials is a problem that has been treated in the current study.Four different joining techniques of dissimilar materials (metal/composite) have been studied: (i) stud bonding, (ii) laser welding, (iii) self-pierce riveting and (iv) adhesive bonding systems. Traditional lap-shear and cross-tension tests were used to characterize the first two joining techniques. Then, a new characterization test based on a modified Arcan device has been proposed to analyze the behavior of self-piercing rivet and adhesive bonding systems. Among all the four tested techniques, adhesive joints have been selected as the most adapted technique according to the requirements of the industry. Therefore, modified Arcan tests have been performed in order to determine the behavior of the adhesives of the study (Betamate1822 and Sikapower498). These tests were then used to propose and identify a new 3D non-linear viscoelastic spectral model. The identification procedure of the material parameters is only based on three multilevel creep tests, which permits the rapid dimensioning of adhesively bonded structures. Finally, the proposed behavior law was validated by the good concordance between the numerical predictions and the experimental curves of monotonic tests at different loading rates and increasing cyclic tests.The current study was developed in the framework of an automotive project. Nevertheless, the conclusions and prospects of the study can be extrapolated to other interesting fields.

This diploma thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The is a review om the topic of recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete and their possible use in road construction in the theoretical part. The individual chapters deal with describing these materials, their production, and their use in construction layers of pavements. In the next chapters the attention is also paid to their problematic features and foreign experience using these materials in pavements. In the practical part, laboratory samples of recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete and their mixtures with cement are tested. The main purpose is to verify the applications of these mixtures of recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete in the bonded base layers of the pavement. Another purpose is to compare how these mixtures individual properties with different proportions of both components and different amounts of cement will be different. In the end, the two mixtures with the best properties was selected and the modulus of elasticity was experimentally determined for the possibility of replacing the currently used base layers and the economic evaluation of this design was made.

Master´s thesis is based on the design of energy efficient huts in the mountain resort Čenkovice . The specified property is currently located existing building mountain rescue . Land is the bigger size , medium steep , overgrown with trees higher . The existing building is of timber construction and is already inadequate to the needs of mountain rescue . The concept of the new HS object is to achieve the lowest power consumption of utility power to operate the building and to endeavor the least possible burden on the environment during construction. The new building is designed largely from natural materials , mostly of wood that form the supporting structure and it is well insulated. The house is rectangular in shape , with 2 floors and galleries. The first floor serves HS , second floor stay for ski school instructors . The rooms are oriented to the southwest side . The building uses solar energy to power and ventilation is forced.

The final thesis deals with strengthening of cast-in-place concrete ceiling in existing construction for couple of escalators. New prestressed beam, columns in new positions and strengthened girder with unbonded strands are building in this adjustments. Every member, including the existing construction, is verified for ultimate and serviceability limit state. Prestressed members are alternatively designed with bonded strands and these variants are comparison in terms of utilization and calculation.

The work deals with the possibilities of using fine crushed and quarried aggregate to base layers of roads. The introduction of the theoretical part explains the origin of this type of aggregate. There are also described the tests, which were used to verify the attributes and features of these mixtures and their use in cemented base layers of roads. In a brief way, the work also deals with foreign research and the possibilities that arise from it. In the practical part is then described the process of mixture preparing and laboratory tests carried out on them, the production of test specimens, load tests of these specimens and interpretation of the results. The conclusion summarizes the findings. Here are also discussed ways to apply them in practice.

Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgte die Zielstellung der Substitution des etablierten Weißmetalls als Laufschicht von hydrodynamischen Mehrflächengleitlagern durch neuartige Kunststoffschichten. Dazu wurden vergleichende Bauteilversuche an Mehrflächengleitlagern mit verschiedenen Laufschichten und Bohrungsformen vorgenommen. Eine Zinnbasislegierung als Laufflächenbeschichtung diente dabei als Referenzwerkstoff. Zur Durchführung des Versuchsprogrammes kam ein vorhandener, messtechnisch neu konditionierter Turbinenlagerprüfstand zum Einsatz. Die Versuchsreihen haben durchweg positive Beurteilungen der Lagerkennwerte im untersuchten Betriebsbereich der neuen Lagervarianten ergeben. Die neuartigen Laufschichtvarianten erfüllten die hohen tribologischen und thermischen Anforderungen. Einzelne Abweichungen der ermittelten Kennwerte wurden zahlenmäßig dokumentiert und können mit bereits verfügbaren physikalischen Modellen beschrieben werden. Die Ergebnisse erwiesen sich als unabhängig von der Lagerbauform aber abhängig von der gewählten Schichtvariante. Die Untersuchungen zum Betriebsverhalten unter hydrodynamischer Dauerbelastung sowie im Mischreibungsgebiet und im Notlaufbetrieb führten zu teilweise unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Im Mischreibungsgebiet wiesen die untersuchten Lager kaum Unterschiede im Betriebsverhalten auf. Im Dauerversuch zeigten die Lager mit Weißmetall, Gleitlack und Keramikschicht hervorragende Eigenschaften. Die Variante Klüberplast besaß eine ungenügende Bindefestigkeit und führte zu plastischen Verformungen der Schicht infolge der hydrodynamischen Drücke. Im Notlaufbetrieb übertrafen die untersuchten Kunststoffvarianten die Standzeiten des Referenzwerkstoffs Weißmetall. / The aim of this study was to identify and test an alternative liner material instead of common liner materials such as white alloy for multi-lobe radial bearings. For this purpose comparative tests with different radial bearings were carried out. The white alloy material was taken as a reference. In preparation for these test series, the measurement system of the turbine bearing test rig was upgraded. Experiments showed beneficial performances of the bearings with a plastic liner by evaluating the static and dynamic properties of different bearing geometries and liner thicknesses under a wide range of operating conditions. The new bearings fulfilled the high tribological and thermal requirements. Observed deviations of the determined parameters were documented in number and can be described with available physical models. The results were independent of the bearing type and depending on the selected liner material variant. The studies on operating performance in continuous operation in the mixed friction area and in dry running operation led to partially different results. The mixed friction tests showed little difference in the examined stock performance. The bearings with white alloy, ceramic layer and bonded coating showed excellent fatigue properties of long-term experiment. On Klüberplast insufficient bonding strength and plastic deformation of the layer due to the hydrodynamic pressure was found. In the dry running operation the investigated polymers exceeded the lifetime of the referencematerial white alloy.

In response to serious environmental and economic concerns, the design and production of aircrafts have been changing profoundly over the past decades with the nose-to-tail switch from metallic materials to lightweight composite materials such as carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP). In this context, the present doctoral research work aimed to contribute to the development of a CFRP booster casing, a real innovation in the field initiated and conducted by Safran Aero Boosters. More specifically, this thesis addresses the matter of joining metal/CFRP hybrid structures, which are prone to possibly detrimental residual stresses.The issue is treated with an approach combining experimental characterisation and finite element (FE) simulations. The multi-layered system’s state of damage was systematically examined on hundreds of micrographs, and the outcome of this study is presented under the form of a statistical analysis. Further, the defects’ 3D morphology is investigated by incremental polishing. A number of thermal and mechanical properties are measured by diverse physical tests on part of the constituent materials, i.e. the aerospace grade RTM6 epoxy resin, the structural Redux 322 epoxy film adhesive, and AISI 316L stainless steel. They are used as input data in a FE model of the multilayer that is developed and progressively refined to obtain detailed residual stress fields after thermal loading. These results are compared to experimental data acquired by X-ray diffraction stress analysis and with the curvature-based Stoney formula. Cohesive elements are placed at specific locations within the FE model to allow simulating progressive damage. Peel tests, mode I, mode II and mixed mode I/II fracture tests are thus performed in view of measuring the joint toughness. The results of these tests are discussed and the presence of residual stress in the fracture specimens is highlighted. Key information for the calibration of the cohesive law is finally identified via inverse FE analysis of the mode I test, this being a significant step in the process of building a damage predictive FE model of the multi-layered system. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

We focused on a non-cooling room temperature microbolometer infrared imaging array device which includes a sensing layer of p-type a-Si:H component layers doped with boron. Boron incorporation and bonding configuration were investigated for a-Si:H films grown by plasma enhanced chemical deposition (PECVD) at varying substrate temperatures, hydrogen dilution of the silane precursor, and dopant to silane ratio using multiple internal reflection infrared spectroscopy (MIR-IR). This study was then confirmed from collaborators via Raman spectroscopy. MIR-IR analyses reveal an interesting counter-balance relationship between boron-doping and hydrogen-dilution growth parameters in PECVD-grown a-Si:H. Specifically, an increase in the hydrogen dilution ratio (H2/SiH4) or substrate temperature was found to increase organization of the silicon lattice in the amorphous films. It resulted in the decrease of the most stable SiH bonding configuration and thus decrease the organization of the film. The new chemical bonding information of a-Si:H thin film was correlated with the various boron doping mechanisms proposed by theoretical calculations. The study revealed the corrosion morphology progression on aluminum alloy (Al, 0.5% Cu) under acidic chloride solution. This is due to defects and a higher copper content at the grain boundary. Direct galvanic current measurement, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and Tafel plots are used to measure corrosion current and potential. Hydrogen gas evolution was also observed (for the first time) in Cu/Al bimetallic interface in areas of active corrosion. Mechanistic insight that leads to effective prevention of aluminum bond pad corrosion is explored and discussed. (Chapter 4) Aluminum bond pad corrosion activity and mechanistic insight at a Cu/Al bimetallic interface typically used in microelectronic packages for automotive applications were investigated by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electrochemistry. Screening of corrosion variables (temperature, moisture, chloride ion concentration, pH) have been investigated to find their effect on corrosion rate and to better understand the Al/Cu bimetallic corrosion mechanism. The study revealed the corrosion morphology progression on aluminum alloy (Al, 0.5% Cu) under acidic chloride solution. The corrosion starts as surface roughening which evolves into a dendrite structure and later continues to grow into a mud-crack type corrosion. SEM showed the early stage of corrosion with dendritic formation usually occurs at the grain boundary. This is due to defects and a higher copper content at the grain boundary. The impact of copper bimetallic contact on aluminum corrosion was explored by sputtering copper microdots on aluminum substrate. Copper micropattern screening revealed that the corrosion is activated on the Al/Cu interface area and driven by the large potential difference; it was also seen to proceed at much higher rates than those observed with bare aluminum. Direct galvanic current measurement, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and Tafel plots are used to measure corrosion current and potential. Hydrogen gas evolution was also observed (for the first time) in Cu/Al bimetallic interface in areas of active corrosion. Mechanistic insight that leads to effective prevention of aluminum bond pad corrosion is explored and discussed. Micropattern corrosion screening identified hydrogen evolution and bimetallic interface as the root cause of Al pad corrosion that leads to Cu ball lift-off, a fatal defect, in Cu wire bonded device. Complete corrosion inhibition can be achieved by strategically disabling the mutually coupled cathodic and anodic reaction cycles.

Die Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie ermöglicht eine selektive Detektion von niedrigkonzentrierten Gasen in Luft. Darauf beruhende Analysegeräte können verhältnismäßig einfach umgesetzt werden und in vielfältigen mobilen Einsatzszenarien wie der Umweltanalytik Anwendung finden. Die vorliegende Dissertation gibt einen Überblick über die Grundlagen der Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie und setzt die funktionellen Teilkomponenten Ionenfilter und Ionendetektor mit Mikrosystemtechniken um. Dafür werden Möglichkeiten aus dem Stand der Technik vorgestellt und eine für die Umsetzung optimale Variante identifiziert. Ein Ionenfilter basierend auf der Differenzionenmobilitätsspektrometrie zeigt diesbezüglich ein sehr geeignetes Skalierungsverhalten. Zur Integration in einen Demonstrator-Chip wird ein neuartiges Bauelementkonzept verfolgt, mit technologischen Vorversuchen untersetzt und erfolgreich in einen Gesamtherstellungsablauf überführt. Mit Hilfe von weiterführenden analytischen Untersuchungen werden spezifische Phänomene bei der elektrischen Kontaktierung der verwendeten BSOI-Wafer als Ausgangsmaterial hergeleitet und Empfehlungen zur Vermeidung gegeben. Der Funktionsnachweis der Teilkomponente Ionendetektor wird anhand von hergestellten Demonstrator-Chips und mit Hilfe eines entwickelten Versuchsaufbaus begonnen. Es werden die weiteren Schritte zum Nachweis der Gesamtfunktionalität abgeleitet und festgehalten. Auf Basis des umgesetzten Bauelement- und Technologiekonzepts und der vorliegenden Ergebnisse, wird das entwickelte und realisierte Gesamtkonzept als sehr aussichtsreich hinsichtlich der favorisierten Verwendung als Teilkomponente eines miniaturisierten Ionenmobilitätsspektrometers eingeschätzt.