INTRODUÇÃO: Anorexia nervosa (AN) e transtorno alimentar não especificado (TANE) são os transtornos alimentares (TA) mais frequentes na adolescência. Cursam com amenorreia e comprometimento da massa óssea. A Anorexia nervosa é responsável por anormalidades na mineralização óssea, que são bem conhecidas e descritas em mulheres adultas, porém menos documentadas em adolescentes. Está associada à diminuição da densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em adolescentes, comprometendo o pico de massa óssea e aumentando o risco de fraturas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade mineral óssea lombar (L1-L4) em adolescentes do sexo feminino com transtorno alimentar no momento do diagnóstico e a evolução após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com 35 adolescentes do sexo feminino, portadoras de anorexia nervosa ou TANE acompanhadas ao longo de um ano em serviço especializado no tratamento de transtornos alimentares. As pacientes foram submetidas a tratamento psicológico, acompanhamento psiquiátrico e endocrinológico e terapia nutricional. A densitometria óssea da coluna lombar L1-L4 pelo método de DXA (absorciometria por dupla emissão de raios X) foi realizada no início do acompanhamento, após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. RESULTADOS: Das 35 pacientes avaliadas, inicialmente quatro pacientes apresentavam DO lombar L1-L4 com escore-Z < -2 DP (11,4 %), esta proporção diminuiu para duas (5,7%) após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. Houve um aumento significativo do peso, da altura e do IMC das pacientes quando comparados os valores iniciais com os valores com seis meses e um ano de tratamento (p<0,001). Houve progressão da idade óssea (p<0,001) e 70% das adolescentes com amenorreia secundária restabeleceram os ciclos menstruais durante o primeiro ano de tratamento. No entanto não houve diferença significativa do escore-Z da densitometria óssea lombar ao longo de um ano de seguimento (p = 0,76). CONCLUSÕES: Amenorreia e comprometimento do ganho de massa óssea foram complicações frequentes encontradas no estudo. Mais de dois terços das pacientes recuperaram a função menstrual, porém no seguimento de um ano, não houve uma melhora da massa óssea nesta amostra estudada. Considerando que a amostra estudada é pequena, novos estudos, incluindo um maior número de pacientes, são necessários para confirmar nossos achados / INTRODUCTION: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) are the most frequent eating disorders in adolescence. Amenorrhea and bone loss are the main complications. Anorexia nervosa is responsible for abnormalities in bone mineralization, which are well known and described in adults, but less well documented in adolescents. It is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents, concerning for suboptimal peak bone mass and for an increased risk of fractures. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate lumbar (L1-L4) bone mineral density in female adolescents with eating disorders in the beginning of the study, at six months and after one year of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study involved 35 female adolescents with anorexia nervosa or EDNOS who were treated at an eating disorders unit during one year. Patient treatment involved psychotherapy, medical intervention and nutritional rehabilitation. Lumbar (L1-L4) bone mineral density by DXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) was performed on patients in the beginning of the study, at six months and after one year of treatment. RESULTS: In total, four patients presented lumbar BMD Z-score < -2 SD (11,4 %) in the beginning, and from those, only two patients (5,7%) presented Z-score < -2 after six months and one year of treatment. Patients had good nutritional recovery, with improvement of weight, length and BMI (p<0.001). There was improvement of bone age (p<0.001) and 70% of the adolescents with secondary amenorrhea had their menstrual cycles restored. However, the Z-score of lumbar BMD did not showed significant difference during one year of follow-up (p = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Amenorrhea and lack of bone mass gain were the main complications showed by this study. More than two thirds of the patients had restoration of menses, but there was no significant change in lumbar DXA with treatment. One limitation to this study was the short size of the sample. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings

Introdução: Programas de exercício físico têm sido recomendados preventivamente para promover uma maior modelação óssea. A escolha da modalidade de exercício físico, assim como a manipulação de variáveis do exercício durante os programas de treinamento físico é tema ainda controverso. Incrementos de carga e presença de impacto durante o exercício físico têm sido princípios utilizados na maioria dos programas de exercício. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficiência de dois modelos de exercícios sem sobrecarga ou impacto e impacto mínimo. Método e material: Foram utilizadas 36 ratas Wistar, randomizadas em três grupos: Grupo Roda (GR), Grupo Natação (GN e Grupo Controle (GC). Os grupos foram treinados durante 32 semanas, após as quais foram sacrificados. Resultados: Estudaram-se as propriedades mecânicas da tíbia e fêmur, a saber, momento de inércia, força máxima, flecha e tensão, assim como a densidade e conteúdo mineral do ósseo na tíbia, fêmur e coluna vertebral. Os resultados mostraram aumento da modelação óssea, principalmente na coluna vertebral e aumento do conteúdo mineral ósseo. Houve também aumento das propriedades biomecânicas das ratas treinadas comparadas com o grupo controle. O GR apresentou maior modelação óssea quando comparado co o GN. Não houve correlações entre os ensaios mecânicos e a densidade e conteúdo mineral ósseo. Conclusões: O modelo de exercícios empregado mostrou-se eficaz para promover maior modelação óssea. / Introduction: Preventive physical exercise\'s programs have been recommended in order to promote a bigger bone shape. Physical exercises modality selection, as well as exercises variable manipulation during physical training programming is a controversial topic yet. Weight increase and impact\'s presence during physical exercise have been principles used in the majority of exercise programming. Objective: to evaluate two models of exercise without overload and impact and minimal impact efficacy. Method and Materials: Thirty six female Wistar rats, at random divided in three groups, have utilized: Wheel Group (WG), Swimming Group (SG) and Control Group (CG). They trained for 32 weeks and then were sacrificed. Mechanical properties of tibia and femur such as inactivity moment, maximum strength, flexibility and tension were studied. Tibia, femur and spine density and mineral bone content were studied. Results: Results proved bone shape increase, mainly at the spine, as well as bone mineral density. Biochemical properties increased in trained when compared to Control Group female rats. No correlation was found among mechanical trails, density and mineral bone content. Conclusions: Pattern utilized exercises have shown their efficiency to promote a higher bone shape.

In cell culture, the cellular responses on Day 6 and Day 18, and matrix mineralization (Day 35) of human periosteal cells after stimulated by ESW, LIPUS and ESW+LIPUS treatments were studied. Our results showed that LIPUS only exerted transiently beneficial effects on Day 6, but no effect was observed on Day 18. In contrast, ESW inhibited the differentiation on Day 6, and then exerted a time-delayed stimulation effect on cellular response and matrix mineralization. Data of the ESW+LIPUS showed that it was mainly under ESW effects, but LIPUS might impact the beneficial effect of ESW on Day 18, leading to reduced ALP and matrix mineralization. The potentials of the osteocytes to function as mechanosensors and signal relay were also investigated with untreated periosteal cells that separately received conditioned medium from MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells, which received the ESW LIPUS and ESW+LIPUS treatments. The periosteal cells showed stimulated proliferation in the ESW+LIPUS and ESW groups, indicating that the stimulus of ESW was transferred in the conditioned medium. / In conclusion, although our in vivo and in vitro findings did not support our hypothesis of the beneficial effects of combined treatment, but ESW had been shown to improve BMD and bone microarchitecture in osteoporotic bone, by stimulation of osteogenic activities in osseous cells. ESW might potentially be developed as treatment for osteoporosis. Our study also indicated that stimulation of osteogenic activities may be the direct interaction of ESW on osteoblast/periosteal cells, or indirectly through biochemical signals relayed by the osteocytes which acted as mechanosensors. / Osteoporosis is a bone disorder with decreased bone mass and deteriorated microarchitecture, leading to increased fracture risk. By using non-invasive biophysical interventions that stimulate osteogenesis, i.e. extracorporeal shockwave (ESW) and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), may reduce bone loss effectively. We hypothesized that the combined treatment of ESW and LIPUS might produce synergistic effects on osteoporotic bone. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of using ESW treatment alone and combined treatment of ESW and LIPUS to increase bone mineral acquisition on intact osteoporotic bone in vivo, and to investigate their underlying mechanisms in vitro. / Ten osteoporotic goats were used and divided into ESW and ESW+LIPUS groups (n=5). The ESW group received shockwave at calcaneus, distal radius, and femoral condyle on the left limbs once per month. The ESW+LIPUS group also received ESW treatment monthly and LIPUS for 6 day/week. The opposite limbs served as contralateral control. After nine months, percentage BMD changes, mineral apposition rate, trabecular thickness in treatment sites were found higher than that of controls in both groups. Cumulatively increase of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase indicated that the improvements were due to the increased osteogenic activities in bone. Of all parameter, no significant difference was found between the ESW+LIPUS and ESW groups. / by Tam Kam Fai. / "August 2006." / Adviser: Kwok Sui Leung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1550. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-184). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Introdução: Com o desenvolvimento das artroplastias não cimentadas, estudos vêm sendo realizados com o objetivo de se determinar se as hastes femorais não cimentadas poderiam ser utilizadas em qualquer paciente,ou estaria reservada apenas para aqueles que possuem boa qualidade óssea. Um estudo comparativo é realizado para avaliar a osteointegração de hastes femorais não cimentadas nas artroplastias totais de quadril em pacientes que apresentam má qualidade óssea, comparando com pacientes que apresentam boa qualidade óssea. Materiais e métodos: Este estudo inclui 196 pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril primária não cimentada por diagnóstico de osteoartrite primária e secundária com no mínimo de 12 meses de seguimento, divididos em dois grupos: um contendo pacientes com boa qualidade óssea (DorrA); e outro com pacientes com má qualidade óssea (Dorr B e C). Foi avaliada a osteointegração através da análise radiográfica seguindo os critérios estabelecidos por Engh, além de avaliar o resultado clínico e funcional através do questionário de WOMAC. Foram também avaliadas as complicações decorrentes do processo cirúrgico em ambos os grupos. Resultados:Há diferença na frequência do gênero no grupo Má Qualidade Óssea (MQO) (p=0,009) com predomínio de mulheres e diferença no diagnóstico inicial,havendo um número maior de casos de patologias reumatológicas e sequelas de displasia no grupo MQO (p=0,0002). Não observamos diferença quanto a idade, lado operado e tempo de seguimento entre os dois grupos. Não observamos diferença entre os grupos quando avaliado o escore clínico, a osteointegração ou a necessidade de revisão. Observamos um maior risco de fratura intraoperatória do fêmur proximal no grupo MQO (p=0.03) comparando-se com o grupo Boa Qualidade Óssea (BQO). Conclusão: Concluímos que as hastes femorais não cimentadas osteointegram igualmente, independentemente da qualidade óssea do paciente e que fraturas intraoperatórias ocorrem mais quando realizadas hastes femorais não cimentadas em pacientes com má da qualidade óssea / Introduction: With the development of the non cemented total hip replacement, many studies were carried out to determinate if uncemented femoral stem can be used in every patient, or if this kind of implants are reserved for those patients with good bone quality. A comparative study was carried out to evaluate the osseointegration of uncemented femoral stem in total hip replacements in patients that have poor bone quality, comparing with patients that have good bone quality. Methods: The study included 196 cases of primary uncemented total hip arthroplasties due to a diagnosis of primary or secondary osteoarthritis, with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up, divided in two groups: one with patients that have good bone quality (Type A Dorr), and another with patients that have poor bone quality (Types B and C Dorr). Osseointegration was evaluated by X ray analysis, following the Engh\'s criteria. Clinical and functional results were also evaluated by the application of the WOMAC questionnaire, and complication in both groups were reported. Results: Regarding our patient\' gender, we observed a significant difference between the two groups: there was more women in the group of Poor Bone Quality (PBQ) (p=0,009). We also observed a significant difference in the initial diagnosis of the patients: there was more osteoarthritis secondary to rheumatic pathologies and hip dysplasia in the PBQ group (p=0,0002). There was no difference when observed the mean age, operation\' side and mean time of follow-up between the two groups. We also did not observed differences between the groups when evaluated the clinical scores, the osseointegration of the femoral stem and the need of revision of the arthroplasty by any reason. But, in the PBQ, we observed a higher risk of intra operative fracture in the proximal femur compared with the group Good Bone Quality (GBQ) (p=0,03). Conclusion: We concluded that the uncemented femoral stem has an equal rate of osseointegration, despite the bone quality and that there is a higher risk of intra operative fracture when implanted an uncemented femoral stem in bone with poor quality

INTRODUÇÃO: A prática de exercício físico e esporte tem sido recomendada para pacientes com hemofilia com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir a morbidade ocasionada por episódios recorrentes de sangramento no sistema musculoesquelético. A natação e os exercícios aquáticos são amplamente indicados para essa população por ocasionar uma menor sobrecarga articular e um menor risco de sangramento. Porém, ainda não se sabem os efeitos que o exercício aeróbico aquático pode ocasionar na inflamação articular e densidade mineral óssea após episódios de hemartrose de repetição. MÉTODOS: 26 ratos wistar foram divididos em Grupo-controle (C; n=8), Grupo Hemartrose (H; n=8) e Hemartrose Exercício (HE; n=10). A hemartrose foi induzida na articulação do joelho direito semanalmente por 8 semanas no Grupo H e HE por meio de infusão de sangue autólogo (0.1ml). O Grupo HE realizou um protocolo de exercício aeróbico aquático com um peso de 5% do peso corporal fixado na cauda com sessões diárias de 1 hora, 5x por semana por 8 semanas. A densidade mineral óssea (DMO) foi avaliada pré e pós-protocolo nas seguintes regiões: corpo total, fêmur, tíbia e articulação do joelho. Ao final do experimento, o plasma e o lavado do líquido sinovial foram avaliados para as concentrações das seguintes citocinas: interleucina (IL)-1alfa, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, proteína quimiotática de monócitos 1 (MCP-1), fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-alfa) e interferon y (IFN-y). A concentração plasmática dos hormônios: adrenocoticotrófico (ACTH), corticosterona e melatonina, e os marcadores plasmáticos do metabolismo ósseo pró-peptídeo aminoterminal do pró-colágeno tipo I (P1NP) e telopeptídeo carboxiterminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX) foram avaliados também no final do estudo. RESULTADOS: O protocolo de exercício reduziu os níveis de MCP-1 (p=0,036) e VEGF (p=0,014), e aumentou os níveis de IL-4 (p < 0,02) e IL-10 (p < 0,01) no líquido sinovial em relação ao Grupo H. A análise plasmática mostrou um aumento da concentração de IL-4 (p=0,002) e melatonina (p=0,04), e uma redução de MCP-1 (p=0,02) e TNF-alfa (p=0,04) no Grupo HE quando comparado com o H. O grupo H mostrou uma redução da DMO no fêmur, tíbia e articulação do joelho quando comparado com os Grupos C e HE (p < 0,0001 para todas as comparações vs. C e HE). O nível de P1NP foi maior no Grupo HE do que no H (p=0,002) e de CTX menor no Grupo H quando comparado com o HE (p=0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem a capacidade do exercício aeróbico aquático em reduzir a inflamação articular, dor e prevenir a perda óssea local em modelo experimental de hemartrose / INTRODUCTION: Physical exercise and sports has been recommended for patients with hemophilia with the aim to improve the quality of life and co-morbid related to repetitive episodes of bleeds into musculoskeletal system. Swimming and aquatic exercises has been widely indicated for this population given the fact that it promote less joint overload and a decreased risk of bleeding. However, we still don´t know how the aquatic aerobic exercise can influence the joint inflammation and bone mineral density after repetitive episodes of hemarthrosis. METHODS: 26 male rats wistar were divided in Control Group (C; n=8), hemarthrosis Group (H; n=8) and hemarthrosis exercise Grup (HE; n=10). hemarthrosis was weekly induced via autologous blood injections (0.1 mL) over 8 weeks. The HE Group was subjected to a swimming exercise protocol that included a weight attached to the tail (5% of body weight), and it was performed in 1-hour sessions 5 times a week for 8 weeks. The bone mass density (BMD) was evaluated at the femur, tibia, knee joint regions and total body at baseline and after the haemarthrosis protocol. At end of exercise protocol plasma and synovial fluid concentration of interleukin (IL)-1alfa, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-alfa) and interferon interferon (IFN-y). Hormone plasmatic concetration were assesed for adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), corticosterone and melatonin and bone turnover markers Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide (P1NP) and collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX) were also assessed at the end of the study. RESULTS: A decrease in concentration of MCP-1 (p=0,036) and VEGF (p=0,014) as well as a increase in IL-4 (p < 0,02) and IL-10 (p < 0,01) levels were observed at HE group when compared to H group. Plasmatic analysis showed a increase in IL-4 (p=0,002) and melatonin (p=0,04) and a reduction in MCP-1 (p=0,02) and TNF-alfa (p=0,04) in HE Group in relation to H group. The H Group showed significantly reduced gains in BMD at the femur, tibia and knee joint compared with that of the HE Group (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons vs. the H). The P1NP concentrations were higher in the HE Group than in the H (p=0.002), and the CTX levels were lower in the HE Group than in the H (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results suggests that aquatic aerobic exercise has the capacity to reduce the joint inflammation, pain and prevent bone loss in an experimental-induced hemarthrosis model

Chen Yu-ming. / "January 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-197). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

by Martin Li. / Year shown on spine: 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-157). / DECLARATION --- p.II / ABSTRACT --- p.III / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.VII / CONTENTS --- p.VIII / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XIV / LIST OF TABLES --- p.XVI / LIST OF CHART --- p.XXIII / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XXIV / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE: PUBLIC HEALTH AND CLINICAL ASPECTS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Magnitude of the problem --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Asthma --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Prevalence of osteoporosis in Hong Kong --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- History of asthma care --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.5. --- Treatment of OAD --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3. --- Side effects of Glucocorticoid in OAD patients --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4. --- Side effccts of inhaled corticosteroids in OAD patients --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5. --- Trend of asthma therapy in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- OSTEOPOROSIS: PUBLIC HEALTH AND CLINICAL ASPECTS --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1. --- Bone Biology --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2. --- Skeletal Organisation --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3. --- Bone remodelling --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4. --- Effect of corticosteroids on bone remodelling --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5. --- Corticosteroids induccs osteoporosis --- p.13 / Chapter 2.6. --- Factors affecting BMD --- p.14 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- Peak bone mass --- p.14 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- Ethnic factors --- p.14 / Chapter 2.6.3. --- Aging --- p.15 / Chapter 2.6.4. --- Calcium intake --- p.15 / Chapter 2.6.5. --- Oestrogen --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6.6. --- Alcohol consumption --- p.17 / Chapter 2.6.7. --- Cigarette smoking --- p.17 / Chapter 2.7. --- Physical activity and BMD --- p.17 / Chapter 2.8. --- Body composition in Chinese subjects --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- "PHASE I: BODY COMPOSITION AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE PATIENT AND NORMAL CONTROL SUBJECTS: OBJECTIVES, SUBJECTS AND METHODS" --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1. --- Objectives --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2. --- Subjects and methods --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- OAD patients --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Disease definition and selection criteria --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2.1.2. --- Normal Control subjects --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3. --- Power of estimation --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4. --- Survey methods --- p.22 / Chapter 3.5. --- Questionnaire --- p.23 / Chapter 3.6. --- Body composition and bone mineral density measurement --- p.23 / Chapter 3.6.1. --- Body composition analysis --- p.24 / Chapter 3.6.2. --- Lumbar spine and proximal hip bone mineral density analysis --- p.24 / Chapter 3.6.3. --- Routine quality control of measurements --- p.24 / Chapter 3.6.4. --- Precision on patient repositioning --- p.25 / Chapter 3.7. --- Statistical methods --- p.25 / Chapter 3.8. --- Bone mineral density of normal control subjects --- p.25 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- PHASE II: FLUORIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2. --- Mechanisms of action --- p.28 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Antiresorptive effect of fluoride --- p.28 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Force-oriented osteogenic effect of fluoride --- p.28 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Biochemical osteogenic effect --- p.29 / Chapter 4.3. --- Effect of fluoride salts on BMD: results of clinical trials --- p.29 / Chapter 4.4. --- Effcct of fluoride on bone histomorphology --- p.30 / Chapter 4.5. --- Compliance with sodium fluoride therapy --- p.31 / Chapter 4.6. --- Contradiction of fluoride treatment --- p.31 / Chapter 4.7. --- Sodium monofluorophosphate preparation --- p.32 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- PHASE II: THE EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY OF OAD PATIENTS ON STEROID TREATMENT --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1. --- Objectives --- p.37 / Chapter 5.2. --- Subjects and methods --- p.37 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Power of the study --- p.37 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Subjects --- p.37 / Chapter 5.2.3. --- Method of randomisation --- p.38 / Chapter 5.2.4. --- Treatment modalities --- p.39 / Chapter 5.2.4.1. --- Treatment group --- p.39 / Chapter 5.2.4.2. --- Control group --- p.39 / Chapter 5.2.5. --- Bone mineral density measurements --- p.39 / Chapter 5.2.6. --- Routine quality control of measurement and precision on patient repositioning --- p.40 / Chapter 5.2.7. --- Methods of monitoring drug compliance --- p.40 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Statistical methods --- p.40 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- RESULTS FOR PHASE I --- p.42 / Chapter 6.1. --- Statistical power of this phase of the study --- p.42 / Chapter 6.2. --- Clinical features of OAD subjects on inhaled steroid --- p.42 / Chapter 6.3. --- Anthropometric measurements and bone mineral density --- p.45 / Chapter 6.4. --- Analysis of covariance for BMDs differences --- p.48 / Chapter 6.5. --- Multiple regression --- p.50 / Chapter 6.6 --- Correlation --- p.51 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- RESULTS FOR PHASE II: FLUORIDE AND CALCIUM TRIAL --- p.81 / Chapter 7.1. --- Factors affects the power of studies --- p.81 / Chapter 7.2. --- Clinical findings --- p.82 / Chapter 7.3. --- Body measurements and bone mineral densitometry --- p.85 / Chapter CHAPTER 8: --- DISCUSSION FOR PHASE I --- p.117 / Chapter CHAPTER 9: --- DISCUSSION FOR PHASE II: TRIDIN AND CALCIUM TRIAL --- p.124 / APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR OAD BONE MINERAL DENSITY STUDY --- p.132 / APPENDIX 2: BONE SCANS FROM HOLOGIC QDR2000 --- p.137 / APPENDIX 3. TABLES AND REFERENCE CURVES FOR NORMAL HONG KONG CHINESE FEMALE OR MALE BMD --- p.142 / REFERENCE --- p.150

INTRODUÇÃO: A prática de exercício físico e esporte tem sido recomendada para pacientes com hemofilia com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir a morbidade ocasionada por episódios recorrentes de sangramento no sistema musculoesquelético. A natação e os exercícios aquáticos são amplamente indicados para essa população por ocasionar uma menor sobrecarga articular e um menor risco de sangramento. Porém, ainda não se sabem os efeitos que o exercício aeróbico aquático pode ocasionar na inflamação articular e densidade mineral óssea após episódios de hemartrose de repetição. MÉTODOS: 26 ratos wistar foram divididos em Grupo-controle (C; n=8), Grupo Hemartrose (H; n=8) e Hemartrose Exercício (HE; n=10). A hemartrose foi induzida na articulação do joelho direito semanalmente por 8 semanas no Grupo H e HE por meio de infusão de sangue autólogo (0.1ml). O Grupo HE realizou um protocolo de exercício aeróbico aquático com um peso de 5% do peso corporal fixado na cauda com sessões diárias de 1 hora, 5x por semana por 8 semanas. A densidade mineral óssea (DMO) foi avaliada pré e pós-protocolo nas seguintes regiões: corpo total, fêmur, tíbia e articulação do joelho. Ao final do experimento, o plasma e o lavado do líquido sinovial foram avaliados para as concentrações das seguintes citocinas: interleucina (IL)-1alfa, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, proteína quimiotática de monócitos 1 (MCP-1), fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-alfa) e interferon y (IFN-y). A concentração plasmática dos hormônios: adrenocoticotrófico (ACTH), corticosterona e melatonina, e os marcadores plasmáticos do metabolismo ósseo pró-peptídeo aminoterminal do pró-colágeno tipo I (P1NP) e telopeptídeo carboxiterminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX) foram avaliados também no final do estudo. RESULTADOS: O protocolo de exercício reduziu os níveis de MCP-1 (p=0,036) e VEGF (p=0,014), e aumentou os níveis de IL-4 (p < 0,02) e IL-10 (p < 0,01) no líquido sinovial em relação ao Grupo H. A análise plasmática mostrou um aumento da concentração de IL-4 (p=0,002) e melatonina (p=0,04), e uma redução de MCP-1 (p=0,02) e TNF-alfa (p=0,04) no Grupo HE quando comparado com o H. O grupo H mostrou uma redução da DMO no fêmur, tíbia e articulação do joelho quando comparado com os Grupos C e HE (p < 0,0001 para todas as comparações vs. C e HE). O nível de P1NP foi maior no Grupo HE do que no H (p=0,002) e de CTX menor no Grupo H quando comparado com o HE (p=0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem a capacidade do exercício aeróbico aquático em reduzir a inflamação articular, dor e prevenir a perda óssea local em modelo experimental de hemartrose / INTRODUCTION: Physical exercise and sports has been recommended for patients with hemophilia with the aim to improve the quality of life and co-morbid related to repetitive episodes of bleeds into musculoskeletal system. Swimming and aquatic exercises has been widely indicated for this population given the fact that it promote less joint overload and a decreased risk of bleeding. However, we still don´t know how the aquatic aerobic exercise can influence the joint inflammation and bone mineral density after repetitive episodes of hemarthrosis. METHODS: 26 male rats wistar were divided in Control Group (C; n=8), hemarthrosis Group (H; n=8) and hemarthrosis exercise Grup (HE; n=10). hemarthrosis was weekly induced via autologous blood injections (0.1 mL) over 8 weeks. The HE Group was subjected to a swimming exercise protocol that included a weight attached to the tail (5% of body weight), and it was performed in 1-hour sessions 5 times a week for 8 weeks. The bone mass density (BMD) was evaluated at the femur, tibia, knee joint regions and total body at baseline and after the haemarthrosis protocol. At end of exercise protocol plasma and synovial fluid concentration of interleukin (IL)-1alfa, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-alfa) and interferon interferon (IFN-y). Hormone plasmatic concetration were assesed for adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), corticosterone and melatonin and bone turnover markers Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide (P1NP) and collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX) were also assessed at the end of the study. RESULTS: A decrease in concentration of MCP-1 (p=0,036) and VEGF (p=0,014) as well as a increase in IL-4 (p < 0,02) and IL-10 (p < 0,01) levels were observed at HE group when compared to H group. Plasmatic analysis showed a increase in IL-4 (p=0,002) and melatonin (p=0,04) and a reduction in MCP-1 (p=0,02) and TNF-alfa (p=0,04) in HE Group in relation to H group. The H Group showed significantly reduced gains in BMD at the femur, tibia and knee joint compared with that of the HE Group (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons vs. the H). The P1NP concentrations were higher in the HE Group than in the H (p=0.002), and the CTX levels were lower in the HE Group than in the H (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results suggests that aquatic aerobic exercise has the capacity to reduce the joint inflammation, pain and prevent bone loss in an experimental-induced hemarthrosis model

O presente trabalho discutiu os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos na movimentação dentária induzida e as possíveis consequências deste procedimento, essencial para o tratamento ortodôntico. O estudo do movimento dentário induzido em animais tem como objetivo compreender as reações dos tecidos envolvidos e analisar as variáveis que podem interferir na mecânica ortodôntica aplicada. Assim, pode-se prevenir o efeito mais indesejado de um tratamento ortodôntico: a reabsorção dentária associada. Histomorfometricamente analisou-se a influência do gênero na movimentação dentária em ratos da linhagem Wistar, nos períodos de 3, 5, 7 e 9 dias de movimentação, quando se concluiu que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na frequência e nas dimensões das reabsorções radiculares entre os gêneros nos diferentes períodos experimentais analisados (p&#8804;0,05). Fatores externos também podem influenciar nas reações teciduais frente à movimentação dentária induzida e na ocorrência das reabsorções radiculares. Desta forma, o estudo também analisou o efeito dos bisfosfonatos, o alendronato, na densidade óssea, já que os bisfosfonatos são reconhecidamente potentes inibidores da reabsorção óssea. Também em ratos Wistar e utilizando histomorfometria determinou-se a densidade óssea alveolar maxilar em cortes transversais na região entre as raízes do primeiro molar murino. Os resultados revelaram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na densidade óssea alveolar entre os animais que receberam alendronato e o grupo controle (p=0,3754). De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, pôde-se concluir que o bisfosfonato do tipo alendronato não altera morfologicamente a qualidade óssea alveolar, mantendo as características estruturais e mecânicas do tecido em animais saudáveis. Fatores como o gênero e o uso de bisfosfonatos do tipo alendronato não influenciam de forma decisiva os fenômenos biológicos da movimentação dentária. Este fato pôde ser exemplificado em um relato de caso clínico de um paciente do gênero feminino e que fez uso de alendronato. Os tratamentos ortodôntico e reabilitador foram executados sem qualquer complicação, após minucioso procedimento de anamnese, diagnóstico e plano de tratamento, podendo ser assim restabelecida a condição estética e funcional ideal para o paciente. / The work talked over the biologic mechanisms involved on induced tooth movement and the possible consequences, essential in orthodontic treatment. The tooth movement research in animals has the objective to understand the reactions of the involved tissues and analyze the variables that can interfere in the orthodontic treatment. Thus, we can avoid undesirable effects of the orthodontic treatment such as the external root resorption. The influence of the gender on tooth movement in Wistar rats was quantified by histomorphometry, at the periods of 3, 5, 7 and 9 days of tooth movement. There was no statiscally significant difference in the frequency and in the dimensions of root resorptions between the genders in the analyzed periods (p&#8804;0.05). External factors such as the use of biphosphonate, also may have some influence on the tissue reactions when induced tooth movement is applied and also on the occurrence of root resorption. Therefore, the study also aimed to evaluate the influence of the bisphosphonates (alendronate) on bone density, since the bisphosphonates are recognized as a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. Wistar rats were used to determine histomorphometricly the maxillary bone density. For this, transverse sections in the region between the roots of the first rat up molar were taken. The results showed no statistically significant difference when alveolar bone density was evaluated between the alendronate and the control group (p=0.3754). It can be concluded that the alendronate may not change alveolar bone density, probably keeping the structural and mechanic properties of the tissue in healthy rats. Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that gender and the use of alendronate may not influence the tissue reactions when induced tooth movement is applied. This fact could be exemplified in a clinical case of a female patient who used alendronate. The orthodontic and rehabilitation treatments have been carried out without any complication. A careful medical history, diagnosis, and treatment plan were essential and thus, the aesthetic and functional condition could be reestablished for the patient.

INTRODUÇÃO: Anorexia nervosa (AN) e transtorno alimentar não especificado (TANE) são os transtornos alimentares (TA) mais frequentes na adolescência. Cursam com amenorreia e comprometimento da massa óssea. A Anorexia nervosa é responsável por anormalidades na mineralização óssea, que são bem conhecidas e descritas em mulheres adultas, porém menos documentadas em adolescentes. Está associada à diminuição da densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em adolescentes, comprometendo o pico de massa óssea e aumentando o risco de fraturas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade mineral óssea lombar (L1-L4) em adolescentes do sexo feminino com transtorno alimentar no momento do diagnóstico e a evolução após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com 35 adolescentes do sexo feminino, portadoras de anorexia nervosa ou TANE acompanhadas ao longo de um ano em serviço especializado no tratamento de transtornos alimentares. As pacientes foram submetidas a tratamento psicológico, acompanhamento psiquiátrico e endocrinológico e terapia nutricional. A densitometria óssea da coluna lombar L1-L4 pelo método de DXA (absorciometria por dupla emissão de raios X) foi realizada no início do acompanhamento, após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. RESULTADOS: Das 35 pacientes avaliadas, inicialmente quatro pacientes apresentavam DO lombar L1-L4 com escore-Z < -2 DP (11,4 %), esta proporção diminuiu para duas (5,7%) após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. Houve um aumento significativo do peso, da altura e do IMC das pacientes quando comparados os valores iniciais com os valores com seis meses e um ano de tratamento (p<0,001). Houve progressão da idade óssea (p<0,001) e 70% das adolescentes com amenorreia secundária restabeleceram os ciclos menstruais durante o primeiro ano de tratamento. No entanto não houve diferença significativa do escore-Z da densitometria óssea lombar ao longo de um ano de seguimento (p = 0,76). CONCLUSÕES: Amenorreia e comprometimento do ganho de massa óssea foram complicações frequentes encontradas no estudo. Mais de dois terços das pacientes recuperaram a função menstrual, porém no seguimento de um ano, não houve uma melhora da massa óssea nesta amostra estudada. Considerando que a amostra estudada é pequena, novos estudos, incluindo um maior número de pacientes, são necessários para confirmar nossos achados / INTRODUCTION: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) are the most frequent eating disorders in adolescence. Amenorrhea and bone loss are the main complications. Anorexia nervosa is responsible for abnormalities in bone mineralization, which are well known and described in adults, but less well documented in adolescents. It is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents, concerning for suboptimal peak bone mass and for an increased risk of fractures. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate lumbar (L1-L4) bone mineral density in female adolescents with eating disorders in the beginning of the study, at six months and after one year of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study involved 35 female adolescents with anorexia nervosa or EDNOS who were treated at an eating disorders unit during one year. Patient treatment involved psychotherapy, medical intervention and nutritional rehabilitation. Lumbar (L1-L4) bone mineral density by DXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) was performed on patients in the beginning of the study, at six months and after one year of treatment. RESULTS: In total, four patients presented lumbar BMD Z-score < -2 SD (11,4 %) in the beginning, and from those, only two patients (5,7%) presented Z-score < -2 after six months and one year of treatment. Patients had good nutritional recovery, with improvement of weight, length and BMI (p<0.001). There was improvement of bone age (p<0.001) and 70% of the adolescents with secondary amenorrhea had their menstrual cycles restored. However, the Z-score of lumbar BMD did not showed significant difference during one year of follow-up (p = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Amenorrhea and lack of bone mass gain were the main complications showed by this study. More than two thirds of the patients had restoration of menses, but there was no significant change in lumbar DXA with treatment. One limitation to this study was the short size of the sample. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings