A presente dissertação tem como tema as transformações nas relações fronteiriças Brasil - Argentina ocorridas, sobretudo, a partir da criação do Mercosul. Dessa forma o objetivo geral do estudo consistiu em investigar os cenários contemporâneos que se desenham na fronteira do Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul) com a República Argentina (Misiones e Corrientes), enfatizando a atuação dos atores multiescalares – nos âmbitos do Estado, Mercado e Sociedade Civil – e a implantação e os projetos de implantação de infra-estruturas estratégicas. Os objetivos específicos consistiram em: (a) identificar ações de cooperação e integração estabelecidos entre Brasil e Argentina, assim como também identificar os diferentes atores que realizam ações com repercussões nas questões de fronteira; (b) analisar os distintos cenários em que aconteceu a incorporação de infra-estruturas estratégicas de vinculação física na fronteira, particularmente das pontes binacionais entre Uruguaiana - Passo de Los Libres e São Borja – Santo Tomé; (c) avaliar o papel dos atores locais e locais/regionais das cidades gêmeas (Porto Mauá - Alba Posse; Porto Xavier - San Javier e Itaqui – General Alvear) no processo de organização em prol do projeto de construção das novas ligações viárias sobre o Rio Uruguai. As mudanças que vêm acontecendo com as regiões de fronteira podem ser identificadas a partir dos novos usos políticos e econômicos deste território. No caso estudado, estão entre os novos elementos: a preocupação do Estado nacional com a questão da integração regional, a adaptação e/ou tentativas de modificação da legislação que regulamenta as regiões de fronteira, instalação/ampliação de infra-estruturas aduaneiras, construção de infra-estruturas de conexão, participação de novos atores e a ampliação do comércio de importação e exportação. / The present dissertation has the theme of transformations in the Brasil –Argentina that happened, overall after the Mercosul creation. In this sense, our subject here is to investigate the contemporary setting drawn upon the Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes) boundary, emphasizing the multi-scale actors role - in State, Market and Civil Society scope – and the implantation and implantation projects for strategic structures. The specific subjects consisted into: (a) identify cooperation and integration actions established between Brasil and Argentina, as well as identify the different actors doing actions with repercussion in the boundaries questions; (b) to analyze the distinct settings in which happened the incorporation of strategic infra-structures of physical boundary integration, particularly in the binational bridges between Uruguaiana – Passo de los Libres and São Borja – Santo Tomé; (c) evaluate the local and local/regional actor role from the twin cities (Porto Mauá – Alba Posse; Porto Xavier – San Javier and Itaqui – General Alvear) in the organization process toward to the building of new road links over the Uruguay River. The changes happening with the boundary regions can be identified from the new political and economic usages of such territory. In the studied case, amongst the new elements there are: the National State concern about the regional integration issue, the adaptation and/or attempts to modify the boundary region regulation laws, customs infra-structure installation/expansion, connection infra-structures building, participation of new actors and the expansion of importation and exportation trade.

abstract: Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a phenomenon that affects both the physical and chemical properties of several intrinsically ductile metals. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms behind HE has been of particular interest in both experimental and modeling research. Discrepancies between experimental observations and modeling results have led to various proposals for HE mechanisms. Therefore, to gain insights into HE mechanisms in iron, this dissertation aims to investigate several key issues involving HE such as: a) the incipient crack tip events; b) the cohesive strength of grain boundaries (GBs); c) the dislocation-GB interactions and d) the dislocation mobility. The crack tip, which presents a preferential trap site for hydrogen segregation, was examined using atomistic methods and the continuum based Rice-Thompson criterion as sufficient concentration of hydrogen can alter the crack tip deformation mechanism. Results suggest that there is a plausible co-existence of the adsorption induced dislocation emission and hydrogen enhanced decohesion mechanisms. In the case of GB-hydrogen interaction, we observed that the segregation of hydrogen along the interface leads to a reduction in cohesive strength resulting in intergranular failure. A methodology was further developed to quantify the role of the GB structure on this behavior. GBs play a fundamental role in determining the strengthening mechanisms acting as an impediment to the dislocation motion; however, the presence of an unsurmountable barrier for a dislocation can generate slip localization that could further lead to intergranular crack initiation. It was found that the presence of hydrogen increases the strain energy stored within the GB which could lead to a transition in failure mode. Finally, in the case of body centered cubic metals, understanding the complex screw dislocation motion is critical to the development of an accurate continuum description of the plastic behavior. Further, the presence of hydrogen has been shown to drastically alter the plastic deformation, but the precise role of hydrogen is still unclear. Thus, the role of hydrogen on the dislocation mobility was examined using density functional theory and atomistic simulations. Overall, this dissertation provides a novel atomic-scale understanding of the HE mechanism and development of multiscale tools for future endeavors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2015

abstract: In the proposed project I simultaneously and reflexively identify and characterize social boundaries in the archaeological record by examining material culture distributions in novel ways to re-assess the scale of the Verde Confederacy, a proposed regional-scale multi-settlement alliance in Late Prehistoric central Arizona. I focus on boundaries between entities larger than villages, but smaller than regions or culture areas. I propose three innovations to better accomplish these goals. First, unlike previous conceptualizations of social boundaries as monolithic, I argue that they are better conceived of as a heterogeneous, multi-faceted phenomenon. Second, I investigate social boundaries by examining multiple lines of evidence. Previous researchers have tended to focus on one category of data at the expense of others. Third, I associate boundaries with relational and categorical collective social identification. An alliance requires regular collective actions including communication and coordinated action between large groups. These actions are most likely to emerge among groups integrated by relational networks who share a high degree of categorical homogeneity. I propose a plain ware ceramic provenance model. Seven reference groups represent ceramic production in specific geographic areas. The reference groups are mineralogically and geochemically distinct, and can be visually differentiated. With this provenance model, I reconstruct the organization of utilitarian ceramic production and exchange, and argue that plain ware distribution is a proxy for networks of socially proximate friends and relatives. The plain ware data are compared to boundaries derived from settlement patterns, rock art, public architecture, and painted ceramics to characterize the overall nature of social boundaries in Late Prehistoric central Arizona. Three regions in the study area are strongly integrated by relational networks and categorical commonality. If alliances existed in Late Prehistoric central Arizona, they were most likely to emerge at this scale. A fourth region is identified as a frontier zone, where internal connections and shared identities were weaker. As seen among the League of the Iroquois, smaller integrated entities do not preclude the existence of larger social constructs, and I conclude this study with proposals to further test the Verde Confederacy model by searching for integration at a broader spatial scale. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2016

This thesis was elaborated on the topic: The delineation of boundaries of wood lands in cadastral area Vrcov in the region of České Budějovice as a part of complex land adaptation. The aim was to delineate and to measure the ground control and consequently set out the boundaries of the lots. Fallowing the technical and map bases the reconnaissance of the terrain and the ground control was done. The ground control was completed by 127 secondary measuring points using the GPS method and the method of area survey net. The main part of the thesis describes the process of the delineation. For the measuring in terrain there was used the electronic total station Leica TC 1103 and the polar method. The last part is about checking of the precision of measurement, elaboration of the setting out sketch and the process of the transfer to the owners of lots.

The aim of this paper is to describe the way of creation of cartographic papers in ArcGIS programme. I would like to also mention the display possibilities of the programme and point out potential difficulties in the work with more shapefile layers, grid system, cartographic schemes and as well with the portrayal of the plan which influences the final form of the map essentially. Created cartographic papers show the real historical setout of the territorial integrity in the time and space. Morover the time resolution is able to provide the chance to compare and peep into the emergence of the state boundaries in 20 th century. The result of this paper is the set of historical and geographical maps which can be used not only in history and geography education.

A presente dissertação tem como tema as transformações nas relações fronteiriças Brasil - Argentina ocorridas, sobretudo, a partir da criação do Mercosul. Dessa forma o objetivo geral do estudo consistiu em investigar os cenários contemporâneos que se desenham na fronteira do Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul) com a República Argentina (Misiones e Corrientes), enfatizando a atuação dos atores multiescalares – nos âmbitos do Estado, Mercado e Sociedade Civil – e a implantação e os projetos de implantação de infra-estruturas estratégicas. Os objetivos específicos consistiram em: (a) identificar ações de cooperação e integração estabelecidos entre Brasil e Argentina, assim como também identificar os diferentes atores que realizam ações com repercussões nas questões de fronteira; (b) analisar os distintos cenários em que aconteceu a incorporação de infra-estruturas estratégicas de vinculação física na fronteira, particularmente das pontes binacionais entre Uruguaiana - Passo de Los Libres e São Borja – Santo Tomé; (c) avaliar o papel dos atores locais e locais/regionais das cidades gêmeas (Porto Mauá - Alba Posse; Porto Xavier - San Javier e Itaqui – General Alvear) no processo de organização em prol do projeto de construção das novas ligações viárias sobre o Rio Uruguai. As mudanças que vêm acontecendo com as regiões de fronteira podem ser identificadas a partir dos novos usos políticos e econômicos deste território. No caso estudado, estão entre os novos elementos: a preocupação do Estado nacional com a questão da integração regional, a adaptação e/ou tentativas de modificação da legislação que regulamenta as regiões de fronteira, instalação/ampliação de infra-estruturas aduaneiras, construção de infra-estruturas de conexão, participação de novos atores e a ampliação do comércio de importação e exportação. / The present dissertation has the theme of transformations in the Brasil –Argentina that happened, overall after the Mercosul creation. In this sense, our subject here is to investigate the contemporary setting drawn upon the Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes) boundary, emphasizing the multi-scale actors role - in State, Market and Civil Society scope – and the implantation and implantation projects for strategic structures. The specific subjects consisted into: (a) identify cooperation and integration actions established between Brasil and Argentina, as well as identify the different actors doing actions with repercussion in the boundaries questions; (b) to analyze the distinct settings in which happened the incorporation of strategic infra-structures of physical boundary integration, particularly in the binational bridges between Uruguaiana – Passo de los Libres and São Borja – Santo Tomé; (c) evaluate the local and local/regional actor role from the twin cities (Porto Mauá – Alba Posse; Porto Xavier – San Javier and Itaqui – General Alvear) in the organization process toward to the building of new road links over the Uruguay River. The changes happening with the boundary regions can be identified from the new political and economic usages of such territory. In the studied case, amongst the new elements there are: the National State concern about the regional integration issue, the adaptation and/or attempts to modify the boundary region regulation laws, customs infra-structure installation/expansion, connection infra-structures building, participation of new actors and the expansion of importation and exportation trade.

Este trabalho é uma análise crítica do tema da mutação constitucional. Buscouse a partir da revisitação de temas como o constitucionalismo e do conceito de Constituição, construir uma dogmática da mutabilidade das normas constitucionais e assim procedendo, verificar empiricamente, com base em precedentes da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, o acerto desta construção. Uma vez estabelecidas as bases para a verificação do fenômeno da mutação constitucional, foi possível parametrizar os limites possíveis a esta hipótese de atualização das normas constitucionais. Pois bem, nesses termos, fixado o conceito, verificado a sua aplicabilidade na jurisprudência, bem como estabelecidos os limites de sua utilização, foi possível ainda a partir da análise do contexto atual em que se insere o instituto, vislumbrar as hipóteses de sua aplicação futura. Em suma, trata-se de um trabalho no qual se tenta compreender o papel da jurisdição constitucional com respeito ao tema de mutabilidade das normas constitucionais, sobretudo diante da realidade pós-moderna circundante, que pela sua complexidade, influencia, sensivelmente, a normatividade dos preceitos legais e, notadamente, dos constitucionais, objeto principal do estudo. / This work is a critical analysis of the issue of constitutional change. We sought from revisiting issues such as constitutionalism and the concept of constitution building a dogmatic mutability of constitutional norms and in so doing, to verify empirically, based on the precedents jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, the correctness of this construction. Once established the basis for the verification of the phenomenon of constitutional change, it was possible to parameterize the possible limits to this hypothesis update of constitutional norms . Well , in these terms , the concept set, verifying their applicability in case law as well as established the limits of their use, it was still possible from the analysis of the current context in which it appears the institute, envision the chances of its future application. In short, it is a work in which one tries to understand the role of constitutional jurisdiction with respect to the theme of mutability of constitutional norms, particularly in the surrounding postmodern reality, which by their complexity, significantly influences the normativity of legal precepts and especially, constitutional, the main object of study.

Orientador: Roberto Luiz do Carmo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T21:04:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lombardi_ThaisTartalhaNascimento_D.pdf: 3666303 bytes, checksum: d35d79d869751f055a70a1283c01fca6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Um conceito que parece ser constantemente aplicado à Amazônia é o de fronteira. Da primeira expedição pelos grandes rios da região até as controversas construções de usinas hidrelétricas, a Amazônia, enquanto bioma e região, é pensada como uma fronteira. No entanto, seria a fronteira uma boa lente para se pensar e compreender a Amazônia? E sendo a fronteira a ótica adequada para se olhar para a Amazônia, quantas lentes poderia ter a fronteira para que melhor refletisse a realidade? Para tentar responder essas perguntas esta tese reflete sobre o conceito de fronteira e sobre a pertinência de usá-lo como instrumento para pensar dinâmicas populacionais na Amazônia brasileira. Foi feito um recorte temático cujo foco foram as mudanças na composição e estrutura etária da população vis-à-vis o processo de urbanização, estudadas a partir das estratégias de sobrevivência das famílias. Como recorte metodológico e espacial foi escolhido um estudo comparativo de três áreas urbanas na Amazônia brasileira, todas na porção oriental da mesma, e foram feitas análises descritivas e aplicadas técnicas de análise multivariada, numa combinação de dados censitários e dados de surveys conduzidos nessas áreas. Havia a hipótese de que as famílias ¿ imersas em um processo mais amplo de mudanças na composição e estrutura etária ¿ estariam colocando em prática diferentes estratégias de sobrevivência como resposta às dinâmicas econômicas e de ocupação do espaço. Os resultados confirmaram esta hipótese e identificaram três diferentes classes de estratégias de sobrevivência familiar que mesmo vivenciando níveis e ritmos similares de mudança na estrutura e composição etária fazem com que as famílias respondam de maneira particular a tais mudanças, influenciadas também por capacidades e práticas adquirida de processos anteriores. A partir delas chegamos até as faces da fronteira. Traduzimos como faces da fronteira tipologias que combinam as características das estratégias familiares e os processos de ocupação para entender o quanto as áreas urbanas são próximas ou distantes de áreas rurais. Chegou-se a três faces: O urbano conectado, o urbano expandindo suas conexões urbanas, e os urbano-urbano. Observando-se a combinação dessas três faces e suas variações se torna possível compreender a fronteira, que permite entrever um emaranhado de conexões, onde os espaços urbanos figurariam como nós de interligação tanto com as áreas rurais e delas com os mercados e os serviços que necessitam, quanto a um sistema endógenos de conexões entre urbanos dentro e fora da Amazônia / Abstract: An enduring and common concept applied to the Amazon is the frontier. From the first expedition along the Amazon River to the recent implementation of hydropower dams, the Amazon as a biome has been thought and describe as a frontier. However, what it means? Is the frontier describing a homogenous humid tropical forest called Amazon, or it is better to say that one is dealing with frontiers inside this humid tropical forests? How different is the frontier throughout the Amazon, and how to tackle those differences? Those are all questions we intend to answer here. To fulfil our pursuit we dialogue with the population and environment field to elaborate a comparative study of three urban areas located at the Central-South portion of the area known as Legal Amazon in Brazil. The three urban areas offers the opportunity to understand the process of settlement and urbanization of the Amazon underlining the growing importance of thinking about changes on age structure and population distribution at the region. Thus, this research attempted to be a study of the urban-rural relations of the region looking from the urban point of view. Using multivariate analysis to access the livelihoods strategies of families and households it was possible to show that urbanization at the Amazon has support multiples livelihoods strategies dissimilarly distributed and accommodated within each urban areas. Nonetheless it was found that those strategies are very much contextual, rooted in deep connection to cultural and economic aspects. Therefore, the frontier regarded as the theoretical framework allowed to move from the specificities of the local strategies to the generalization of Amazon¿s dynamic. Through the so-called, frontier¿s faces, representing the local context and process, it was possible to grasp the mutiple livelihoods strategies both within the urban areas and across them. Following, the comparisson across the livelihood strategies enacted us to describe general patterns or the population and environment dynamics. Thus, emerge the importance of urban areas to the Amazon region as they act as knots uniting two different dynamics, one highly connected to rural areas, through people and goods flows and productive strategies, and other just operating on urban to urban connections. The weight of each of the dynamics, as much as how it will reflects on population and environment determined by the frontier¿s face where it is rooted / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutora em Demografia

Sojabönor är en global gröda med odlingar i bland annat Brasilien, Kina och USA och i de köttsubstitut som säljs i Sverige baseras ungefär hälften av dem på sojaprotein. I Sverige domineras baljväxtodlingen av ärter och åkerbönor som blir djurfoder och odlingarna av baljväxter för humankonsumtion är mindre omfattande. Konsumenter i Sverige har dock fått ett ökat intresse för livsmedel med svenskt ursprung. För att öka variationen i den svenska baljväxtodlingen, bemöta konsumenters efterfrågan på inhemska livsmedel och minska miljöpåverkan i länder där sojabönorna produceras, har bondbönors möjligheter till att ersätta sojabönor i köttsubstitut undersökts. Metoden har varit en litteraturstudie som har kompletterats med en kvalitativ intervju med en person som är marknadsansvarig på ett köttsubstitutföretag. Kemiska föroreningar i naturen, minskad biodiversitet och för stor färskvatten användning är tre globala problem som uppmärksammats i Kina, USA och/eller Brasilien. På dessa faktorer ger svenskodlade bondbönor en lägre miljöpåverkan än sojabönor från dessa länder. Odlingen av bondbönor för humankonsumtion i Sverige har möjlighet att öka med ca 59 000 ha och de kan även samodlas med spannmål. Bristande tillgång till tillräckligt stora mängder bondbönor året runt samt avsaknaden av en förädling av bönorna till texturerat protein utgör de största hindren för att svenskodlade bondbönor ska börja användas i köttsubstitutprodukter. Näringsvärdet och egenskaperna hos bondbönor bör inte utgöra ett hinder. Problemen verka ligga i leden innan tillverkningen.

Syftet med den här essän är att belysa vikten av föräldrakontakt i förskolan genom att undersöka hur en pedagog bör förhålla sig till sin egen och föräldrars syn på gränssättning och uppfostran. Essäns utgångspunkt är en självupplevd situation där ett barn blir hämtad av sin förälder på förskolan. Föräldern verkar inte sätta tillräckligt tydliga gränser för att få med sig barnet hem när han önskar. I situationen framkommer det att pedagogen och föräldern har olika syn på uppfostran och gränssättning och därmed olika förhållningssätt när de bemöter barnet. Problemet blir hur pedagogen ska förhålla sig till deras olika förhållningssätt och bemöta föräldern på förskolan. Ska pedagoger påverka föräldrars uppfostran och gränserna de sätter? Och hur ska det göras i sådana fall? Essän belyser hur ett gott samarbete kan ske genom kommunikation mellan pedagog och förälder. Den belyser också vilka aspekter som kan vara viktiga att ta hänsyn till när föräldrar och pedagoger sätter gränser för barnen. Den vetenskapliga inriktningen på uppsatsen är hermeneutisk och ett normkritiskt perspektiv intas för att få en bred reflektion. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för essän är forskaren Diana Baumrinds tre uppfostringsstilar. De tre uppfostringsstilarna är den auktoritära, den fria och den auktoritativa uppfostringsstilen. Några begrepp som används i uppsatsen är modellmakt, kunskapsmakt, det kompetenta barnet, personliga gränser, generella gränser och auktoritet. Jag kommer att undersöka följande två frågeställningar för att kunna reflektera kring berättelsen: Hur påverkar förskolans och hemmets olika uppfostringsstilar och syn på gränssättning barns lärande och utveckling? Hur bör en god kommunikation och ett gott samarbete ske mellan pedagog och föräldrar gällande barns uppfostran? Genom undersökningen har jag kommit fram till att föräldrasamarbete bidrar till mycket positiva effekter för barns lärande och utveckling. Pedagoger och föräldrar behöver samtala om deras olika förhållningsätt för att lära hur de ska samarbeta i framtiden. Att sätta gränser skapar trygga barn men gränserna behöver anpassas efter varje barn. Genom vägledning av vuxna utvecklar barn sin känslouppfattning och de lär sig ta hänsyn till andras känslor. Den auktoritära uppfostringsstilen är inte eftersträvandsvärd i dagens samhälle. Den auktoritativa uppfostringsstilen är eftersträvansvärd och jag uppfattar den som en norm i förskolan. Det för att föräldrars förhållningssätt i hemmet är likvärdigt med förskole pedagogernas och värderingarna i läroplanen. Barnen får därmed erfarenheter hemifrån som är till fördel i förskolan. Den fria uppfostran ger inte barnen lika fördelaktiga erfarenheter. / The purpose of this essay is to shed light on the importance of parental contact in preschool by examining how a pedagogue should relate to his/her own and the parents view on boundaries and upbringing. The starting-point of the essay is a self-experienced situation where a child is being picked up by his parent at preschool. The parent does not seem to put distinct enough boundaries in order to bring the child home when he wishes to. The situation reveals that the pedagogue and the parent have different views on upbringing and boundaries, and therefore use different approaches with the child. The issue for the pedagogue is how to handle their different approaches and respond to the parent at the preschool. Should pedagogues influence how parents bring up their children and the boundaries that they set? If so, how should it be done? The essay highlights how good cooperation can be achieved through communication between pedagogues and parents. It also sheds light on what aspects may be important to consider when parents and pedagogues set boundaries for the children. The scientific approach of this paper is hermeneutic and a norm-critical perspective has been taken to allow broader reflections. The theoretical starting point for the essay is the researcher Diana Baumrind's three upbringing styles. The three upbringing styles are the authoritarian, the permissive and the authoritative upbringing style. Some concepts used in the essay are model power, knowledge power, the competent child, personal boundaries, general boundaries and authority. I will investigate the following two questions to reflect on the situation: How do different upbringing styles at preschool and at home affect children's learning and development? What should good communication and good cooperation between pedagogues and parents look like regarding the upbringing of the children? The study finds that parental cooperation contributes to very positive effects for children's learning and development. Pedagogues and parents need to talk about their different approaches in order to learn how to collaborate in the future. Setting boundaries form confident children, but the boundaries need to be adapted to each child. Through the guidance of adults, children develop their feelings of understanding and they learn to take into account the feelings of others. The authoritarian upbringing style is not desirable in today's society. The authoritative upbringing style is desirable and I perceive it as a norm at preschools. This is because the parents approach at home would be equivalent to the one of the preschool pedagogues and to the values in the curriculum. The children thereby gain experiences at home that are beneficial in preschool. The permissive upbringing does not give the children equally beneficial experiences.