A two-dimensional (2-D), mathematical model is adopted to investigate the development of circulation patterns for compressible, laminar, and shear driven flow inside a rectangular cavity. The bottom of the cavity is free to move at a specified speed and the aspect ratio of the cavity is changed from 1.0 to 1.5. The vertical sides and the bottom of the cavity are assumed insulated. The cavity is filled with a compressible fluid with Prandtl number, Pr =1. The governing equations are solved numerically using the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package ANSYS FLUENT 2015 and compared with the results for the primitive variables of the problem obtained using in house CFD code based on Coupled Modified Strongly Implicit Procedure (CMSIP). The simulations are carried out for the unsteady, lid driven cavity flow problem with moving boundary (bottom) for different Reynolds number, Mach numbers, bottom velocities and high initial pressure and temperature.

Des relations entre la France et les Pays-Bas méridionaux, l’histoire a surtout gardé le souvenir des affrontements et de la soif de conquête. Le renversement des alliances de 1756 met fin à ce voisinage conflictuel. Cette alliance inédite amène Louis XV et Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche à pacifier leurs rapports. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner comment la mise en place et le maintien de cette paix se concrétisent entre la France et les Pays-Bas, qui dépendent de Vienne depuis le traité d’Utrecht (1713). Ce sont près de deux générations des populations de ces pays qui vivent une rare période de paix. La première partie du travail porte sur la signification diplomatique et politique de l’envoi de ministres à Bruxelles - au cœur d’un territoire qui n’est pas souverain. En analysant les formes de la représentation diplomatique et la mission de ces envoyés, c’est la question des provinces belgiques comme lieu et enjeu des relations internationales qui est posée. La seconde partie s’intéresse aux hommes et aux femmes au cœur de ces relations, aux ressources qu’ils mettent en œuvre, c’est-à-dire leurs pratiques et les réseaux qu’ils forment. Dans le contexte de relations transfrontalières, l’accent est mis sur l’intervention de personnes variées, parfois éloignées des cercles et des lieux de pouvoir. / From the relations between France and the Low Countries, History has kept especially the memory of confrontations and thirst for conquest. The renversement des alliances in 1756 changes this conflictual neighborhood. This unprecedented alliance led Louis XV and Maria Theresa of Austria to pacify their relations. The objective of this doctoral thesis is to examine how this peace is concretized in the Austrian Netherlands, the nearest Hapsburg land for France. Nearly two generations of the populations of these countries live a period of peace, which is rare. The first part of the work deals with the diplomatic and political significance of sending ministers to Brussels - in the heart of a non-sovereign territory. In analyzing the forms of diplomatic representation and the mission of these envoys, emerges the question of the Belgian provinces as the place and stakes of international relations. The second part focuses on the men and women at the heart of these relationships, the resources they implement, i.e. their practices and the networks they form. In the context of cross-border relations, the emphasis is on the intervention of various people, whom sometimes are distant from Courts and places of power.

Digital platform organizations challenges the organizational landscape by utilizing technology enabling cost efficient transactions. Uber is a commonly known example of such an organization, where tensions have arisen in various local contexts due to that the organization draw their boundary tightly around the platform to the benefit of organizational efficiency. Uber has as a consequence, been highly questioned in its liability of their primary operations: Is it a technology platform, or a transportation firm?   This thesis sets out to answer:  How is the organizational boundary of Uber challenged in various local contexts? The purpose is to provide an explanation towards how the organizational boundary of a digital platform organization could be understood in relation to local context, and how it can or cannot evolve in regards to these contexts. The results show that context matters for the boundary of Uber. In addition, a pattern amongst the context specific events emerged influencing the boundary. These can be categorized into four configurations: Adjusting, Expanding, Withdrawing and Intertwining. Each of the configurations explain the underlying reasons for the varying fluctuations the boundary of Uber show, and thus answer how the organizational boundary of Uber is challenged in various local contexts.

La lecture et l’écriture sont deux activités complexes qui contribuent à la réussite dans toutes les disciplines scolaires. Pour l’apprenti scripteur, et plus particulièrement pour l’élève qui éprouve des difficultés d’apprentissage (notamment l’élève dyslexique), l’apprentissage de l’orthographe représente un réel défi et nécessite souvent des années d’effort. Or, la connaissance du code orthographique constitue le socle sur lequel se construit la compétence orthographique. La reconnaissance et la production de mots écrits impliquent la mise en place d’un noyau de connaissances communes se rapportant aux connaissances orthographiques, c’est-à-dire aux connaissances rattachées aux propriétés phonologiques, morphologiques et visuelles du code orthographique. Ainsi, tout au long du développement de la compétence orthographique, le lecteur-scripteur doit notamment construire des représentations orthographiques de plus en plus stables et mieux définies qui tiennent compte de l’ensemble des propriétés du code orthographique. Des données empiriques récentes indiquent toutefois que les élèves dyslexiques, qui commettent davantage d’erreurs orthographiques de fusion et de segmentation de mots que les élèves sans difficulté à l’écrit, ne semblent pas disposer de représentations orthographiques précises des mots à orthographier, et plus spécifiquement de bonnes représentations du début et de la fin des mots. L’objectif général de cette étude est donc d’expliquer les erreurs orthographiques de frontières lexicales chez les élèves dyslexiques. Comme à notre connaissance, il n’existe pas de norme quant au développement des connaissances des frontières lexicales chez les élèves normo-lecteurs/scripteurs, le premier objectif spécifique est de décrire, de façon transversale et longitudinale, les performances d’élèves normo-lecteurs/scripteurs de la maternelle à la 4e année du primaire à des épreuves évaluant les connaissances des frontières lexicales (étude 1). La mise en place de cette référence développementale a permis de répondre au deuxième objectif spécifique qui est d’évaluer les connaissances des frontières lexicales d’élèves dyslexiques du primaire (étude 2). Pour évaluer les compétences en lecture et en production de mots, une épreuve de lecture de la batterie de tests du K-ABC et une dictée de mots insérés en contexte phrastique ont été proposées. Trois épreuves (décision lexicale, identification lexicale et permutation lexicale), variant en termes de degré de contraintes cognitives, ont été effectuées par tous les participants à l’oral et à l’écrit afin d’évaluer leurs connaissances des frontières lexicales. / Reading and writing are two complex activities that contribute to success in all school subjects. For apprentice writers, and particularly for students with learning difficulties (notably students with dyslexia), learning to spell represents a real challenge and often requires years of effort. To be successful, students require knowledge of the orthographic code, which is the foundation upon which spelling ability it built. To recognize and produce written words, students must develop a set of core skills that are linked to orthographic knowledge, including knowledge of the phonological, morphological and visual properties of the orthographic code. As their spelling skills develop, readers and writers must construct increasingly stable and better defined orthographic representations that reflect the properties of the orthographic code. However, recent empirical research has found that students with dyslexia, who tend to make more errors related to word merging and segmentation than students without writing difficulties, do not seem to have accurate orthographic representations of the words they are trying to spell, particularly of the beginnings and endings of words. Therefore, the general aim of this study is to explain spelling errors occurring at word boundaries in dyslexic children. To our knowledge, no typical trajectory of development has been established for normally-developing readers/writers with regards to knowledge of lexical boundaries. Therefore, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, this study’s first objective is to describe the performances of normally-developing reader and writers from kindergarten to grade 4 on tasks related to lexical boundary knowledge (Study 1). With this developmental reference having been established, the second study will evaluate lexical boundary knowledge in primary school students with dyslexia (study 2). To evaluate ability in reading and word production, a reading test from the K-ABC battery and a dictation task requiring students to insert words in the context of a sentence were administered. To evaluate knowledge of lexical boundaries, three tasks (a lexical decision task, a lexical identification task, and a lexical permutation task) were completed by all participants in oral and written form, each of which varied according to the level of cognitive constraint involved in completing the task.

No contexto de Dinâmica de Fluidos Computacional, métodos de simulação de objetos imersos em Malhas Cartesianas têm se mostrado vantajosos tanto em termos de Custo Computacional quanto em termos de precisão numérica. Entretanto, a representação física de objetos imersos nesses domínios computacionais impõe a perda de validade dos esquemas de Diferenças Finitas empregados, na região das superfícies introduzidas. Este trabalho analisa um Método de Interfaces Imersas quanto ao desempenho em aplicações a esquemas de solução numérica de Alta Ordem de precisão. Através de Testes de Refinamento de Malha, é feita a apreciação da ordem de decaimento dos erros das soluções numéricas em comparação com as soluções analíticas para 2 problemas unidimensionais. O primeiro envolve a solução da Equação de Calor unidimensional sujeita a uma Condição Inicial Unitária, e o segundo relaciona-se ao cálculo das duas primeiras derivadas espaciais das funções analíticas Seno e Tangente Hiperbólica. Também é promovida uma análise de forma fragmentária do método, a fim de individualizar a contribuição dos elementos envolvidos no comportamento das soluções geradas. Os resultados obtidos indicam eventuais alterações na ordem de precisão dos esquemas de Diferenças Finitas originalmente aplicados. Esse comportamento e visto como uma dependência que o método escolhido apresenta em relação a função discretizada. Por fim, são elaboradas considerações sobre restrições de aplicabilidade do método escolhido. / In the Computational Fluid Dynamics context, methods for simulating immersed objects in Cartesian Grids have shown advantages regarding both Computational Cost and numerical precision. Nevertheless, the physical representation of immersed objects within these computational domains leads to the loss of validity of the emplyed Finite Dierence Schemes near the immersed surfaces. This work analizes a Immersed Interface Method regarding its performance in High Order Schemes applications. The error decay order for numerical solutions of two 1D problems is observed. The rst problem relates to the solution of the Heat Equation subjected to the unitary initial condition. The second relates to the computation of the rst two derivatives of analytical functions Sin and Hyperbolic Tangent. It\'s also conducted a fragmentary analysis, which is intended to identify the contribution of each element of this method to the character of the generated solution. The results indicate some eventual changes in the Order of the Finite Dierences Schemes employed. This behaviour is regarded as a dependency of this method to the nature of the discretized function. Finaly, some remarks regarding restrictions to this method\'s applicability are made.

Esta pesquisa pretende contribuir para o entendimento da formação e da manutenção de uma fronteira cultural no contexto do médio Amazonas, durante o período pré-colonial tardio. O objeto de estudo insere-se no âmbito do ápice demográfico na Amazônia central, decorrente da convergência de movimentos populacionais em larga escala, associados à expansão das duas últimas grandes tradições culturais pré-coloniais: a Polícroma da Amazônia e a Inciso-Ponteada. Tal período foi descrito ressaltando a ocorrência de fortes conflitos em um processo de reconfiguração cultural. Através de uma abordagem que considera as fronteiras como processos históricos, propomos que na região do baixo rio Urubu (AM), a partir do ano 1000 d. C., a penetração de elementos exógenos faça de contrapeso à formação de um estilo local, a tradição Saracá, capaz de incorporar tais elementos e naturaliza-los sobre a base de uma ideologia de persistência cultural. Portanto, a hipótese com a qual trabalhamos vira ao avesso a visão tradicional, ao sustentar que à base da formação dessa fronteira persistente tenhamos que admitir o desenvolvimento e a afirmação de uma política interacionista. Com o objetivo de testar tal hipótese, investigamos o contexto de uma casa, localizada no sítio arqueológico Bom Socorro (Itacoatiara-AM); partindo do pressuposto que o âmbito doméstico possa ser altamente informativo das relações que se instauram entre o nível local e o nível regional. A escavação de tal estrutura possibilitou inserir a variabilidade artefatual dentro da dimensão social de uma comunidade circunscrita. Os resultados apontam para um período de ocupação do sítio entre 1430 e 1650 AD, quando, a interação entre diferentes grupos na região tem levado a formação de grandes assentamentos, compostos por casas comunais dispostas segundo fileiras paralelas. No setor central da maloca foi encontrada uma área de consumo de alimentos, possivelmente associada ao âmbito político-convivial. As cerâmicas desse contexto condensam toda a variabilidade estilística regional, revelando a ocorrência de relações sociais que perpassam as fronteiras culturais. O estudo das relações estilísticas entre a cerâmica Saracá e os outros conjuntos demostra que essa tradição local compartilha muitos traços diagnósticos também com os estilos mais antigos; inclusive, é evidente uma forte semelhança iconográfica com a arte rupestre regional. Tais elementos apontam para a produção de um estilo local fortemente embasado na tradição, que possivelmente reflete a intenção de reificar uma fronteira social. / This research aims to understand the formation and maintenance of a cultural frontier in the context of Middle Amazonas, during the late pre-contact period. The scope of this research is focused on the demographic peak period of central Amazonia, due to large population movements, along with the spread of the two last important traditions of pre-contact period: Polychrome and Incised and Punctate. This period has been characterized by heavy conflicts in a context of culture change. If we consider the frontier as an historical process, we argue that in this region, from 1000 AD onward, exogenous cultural elements are coexistent with a local style, Saracá tradition, which was able to include these items on a pre-existing ideological conservativism. Because of this, we argue the opposite of customary approach, stressing that at the very basis of this cultural frontier a cultural interchange has been developed and strengthened. In order to test this hypothesis, from the standpoint that domestic context is highly informative, we studied a communal house of Bom Socorro archaeological site (Amazonas state, Brazil). The excavation of this domestic structure made possible the contextualization of this artefactual variability in the social dimension of a small community, showing the connections of different cultural traditions with extra-frontier social bonds. Results point to an occupation period which extends between 1430 and 1650 AD, when the interaction between different groups lead to formation of large settlements made by large communal houses placed in parallel lines. In the central area of the house a feeding area has been recovered, possibly associated to a political or religious function. Ceramic production from this context is a synthesis of the entire regional stylistic variability, pointing to social relationships crossing cultural frontiers. The study of stylistic relationship between Saraca ceramics and other groups demonstrates that this local tradition shares many specific traits with the oldest stylistic assemblages. A strong iconographic relationship with regional rock art is also evident. All these elements point to the production of a local style deeply rooted into the tradition, maybe reflecting the aim of stressing a real social frontier.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o modelo de moradia mínima destinado ao povo sob as condições do sistema capitalista neoliberal e apontar suas latentes contradições sociais e ambientais. Para isso, busca-se construir uma revisão histórica que recupera as origens da habitação operária durante o desenvolvimento da cidade industrial, ou seja, o momento em que a questão da moradia se estabelece enquanto uma dimensão de conflito. E, a partir disso, refletir sobre o modo como a habitação mínima foi sendo assimilada dentro do desenvolvimento do capital, inclusive através do movimento moderno, de modo a desmobilizar as resistências sociais através de uma cultura pautada pelo consumo. A presente pesquisa se concentra no esforço de desnaturalizar algumas das questões constitutivas do imaginário que cercam a questão da moradia a fim de apontar a gravidade dos efeitos da lógica econômica, que se baseia na acumulação de capital e que distancia a habitação de sua real finalidade enquanto direito social. / The aim of the present investigation is to discuss minimum housing standards intended to a society under the conditions of the neoliberal capitalism system and to highlight its social and environmental latent contradictions. So, this work seeks to construct a historical review that recovers the origins of the workers dwellings during the development of the industrial city, in other words, this is the moment when the housing issue is established as a dimension of conflict. From this, reflecting on how minimal housing has been assimilated by the currency development, including by the the modern movement, in order to demobilize social resistance through a culture based on consumption. Therefore, this research focuses on the effort to rethink the common sense that surrounds the housing issue, aiming to emphasize the impact of the economic effects, which is based on capital accumulation and that distances the housing from its real purpose as a social right.

Chan Yuk Shing Brain. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1998-99, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter 00 --- book / Chapter 00.1 --- brief ofbook / Chapter 002 --- design of the book´ؤbookof senses / Chapter 003 --- how to read / book [i]- writing / Chapter 01 --- foreplay / Chapter 01.1 --- acknowledgements / Chapter 01.2 --- preface / Chapter 02 --- prologue explains the thesis topic: unseen vision / Chapter 02.1 --- background study / Chapter 0211 --- sense study / sensation dialogue between blindness & non-blindness / Chapter 0212 --- blindness experience / Chapter - --- spatial experience / Chapter - --- concept of time / Chapter - --- concept of position / Chapter - --- concept of direction / Chapter - --- concept of orientation & mobility / Chapter 02.1.3 --- blindness text / Chapter - --- braille / Chapter 0214 --- novel of vision / Chapter - --- invisible cities / Chapter 02.2 --- existing situation / Chapter 02.3 --- precedent study / Chapter 03 --- vision(s) / Chapter 03.1 --- refer to approach 1 / Chapter 03.1.1 --- sense & concept / Chapter 03.1.2 --- sense & space / Chapter 03.1.3 --- sense & architecture / Chapter 03.2 --- refer to approach 2 / Chapter 03.2.1 --- program??? / Chapter 03.2.2 --- activities / Chapter 03.3 --- refer to approach 3 / Chapter 03.3.1 --- music/ sound / Chapter 03.3.2 --- other symbols / Chapter 04 --- dialogue / Chapter 05 --- spectrum / Chapter 05.1 --- spectrum of vision / Chapter 05.2 --- spectrum from blindness to non- blindness / Chapter 05.3 --- vision???reliable??? / Chapter 06 --- wall / Chapter 07 --- conclusion of book [i]

No description available.

Cette thèse développe la théorie de l'identité en économie en utilisant les frontières de la firme pour étudier l'effet de l'identification à la firme sur la coopération intrafirme. Nous nous appuyions sur la définition de l'identité personnelle de John B. Davis et proposons un cadre théorique qui conceptualise la relation entre l'identité et la coopération. Dans ce cadre, l'identité personnelle est le produit du management des identités sociales qu'un individu développe et maintient au travers d'effort d'investissement dans ces identités. Nous utilisons les frontières de la firme pour distinguer les identités sociales qui sont liées à l'entreprise de celles qui ne le sont pas. Nous testons les prédictions théoriques avec des expérimentations de terrain dans de vraies firmes et avec leurs employés, et nous contrôlons l'effet des différents degrés d'affiliation à la firme, notamment en étudiant la coopération entre individus de deux firmes appartenant au même groupe. En cohérence avec la théorie, nous trouvons que l'affiliation à la firme a un impact positif et progressif sur la coopération dans un jeu de contributions volontaires. De plus, une plus grande distance sociale entre les individus implique moins de coopération. Notre stratégie théorique et expérimentale permet de surmonter les nombreuses critiques des approches en termes d'identité sociale. Elle rend compte de l'hétérogénéité des stratégies individuelles dans la gestion des identités sociales, l'impact des institutions sur le comportement individuel et la coopération intrafirme. L'identité personnelle ajoute à l'étude traditionnelle de l'identification à la firme les questions de l'individuation et de l'effet des identités sociales multiples. Nous identifions la structure de cette nouvelle approche du lien entre la cognition et la motivation dans la firme. Nous expliquons comment les questions de cette théorie étendue de l'identité sont liées aux questions centrales de la nature de la firme, de l'organisation interne et des frontières de la firme. Nous analysons les implications de l'inclusion de l'analyse de l'individuation et d’identités sociales multiples sur l'analyse de la coopération. Nous étudions également les effets de l'apprentissage et de la culture d'entreprise sur les stratégies identitaires dans la firme / This thesis develops the current theory on identity in economics to study the effect of individuals' identification with the firm on intrafirm cooperation by using the boundaries of the firm. We rely on the definition of personal identity given by John B. Davis to develop a theoretical framework that conceptualizes the relationship between identity and cooperation. In that framework, personal identity is the product of the management of the social identities that an individual develops and maintains through investment efforts in those social identities. We exploit firm boundaries to identify how social identities that are related to the firm can be distinguished from those that are not. We test the theoretical predictions by using framed field experiments involving real firms their employees, and we control the effect of different degrees of firm affiliation, notably by studying cooperation between individuals of two firms which are part of the same corporate group. We find that, consistent with theory, affiliation to firms has a positive and gradual impact on cooperation in voluntary contributions mechanism experiments. In addition, higher social distance among individuals implies less cooperation. Our theoretical and experimental strategy overcomes the numerous critiques of social identity approaches. It accounts for the heterogeneity of individual strategies as regards the management of their social identities, the impact of institutions on individual behavior as well as intrafirm cooperation. Personal identity adds to the traditional study of identification with the firm the questions of individuation and of the effect of multiple social identities. We identify the structure of this new approach to the link between cognition and motivation in the firm. We explain how the questions of this extended theory of identity are related to the central questions of the nature of the firm, of internal organization and of the boundaries of the firm. We analyze the implications of the inclusion of the analysis of individuation and multiple social identities concerning cooperation. We also study the effect of learning and corporate culture on identity strategies.