De nombreuses invasions par les mouches des fruits de la famille des Tephritidae sont observées dans le monde. C'est notamment le cas aux Comores, de par sa position géographique et de ses importations de produits frais depuis les pays voisins. Afin de déterminer les stratégies nécessaires permettant de diminuer les populations de plusieurs espèces de cette famille, il est indispensable de disposer d'un état des lieux sur l'écologie et la distribution des espèces présentes dans l'archipel. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient : i) d'inventorier les espèces de Tephritidae présentes aux Comores et d'analyser les fluctuations saisonnières des populations en lien avec les facteurs climatiques et la phénologie des principales plantes-hôtes, ii) de déterminer la gamme de plantes-hôtes des principales espèces et iii) d'inventorier les parasitoïdes indigènes des Tephritidae et de suivre l'acclimatation du parasitoïde Fopius arisanus introduit à partir de 2013. Afin de mener à bien ces objectifs, un suivi hebdomadaire d'un réseau de piégeage ainsi que la phénologie des plantes présentes dans les îles Grande-Comore, Mohéli et Anjouan, a été réalisé durant une période deux ans. De même, des fruits cultivés et sauvages ont été échantillonnés dans différentes régions de la diversité écoclimatique de l'île de la Grande-Comore durant une période de trois ans. Cinq espèces de mouches de fruits ont été retrouvées dans l'ensemble de l'archipel à partir du réseau de piégeage : Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis capitata, Dacus bivittatus, Dacuspunctatifrons et Dacus ciliatus. Une forte dominance de l'espèce envahissante B. dorsalis a été observée à toutes les saisons et dans tous les sites. La densité des espèces de Tephritidae était plus importante durant la saison chaude et humide que pendant la saison fraiche et sèche. De plus, les résultats ont montré une forte abondance de B. dorsalis dans les régions humides de basses altitudes alors que C. capitata, subsiste dans les régions sèches et d'altitude plus élevée. Les résultats suggèrent un phénomène de séparation de niches entre ces deux espèces liée au climat. Parmi 42 espèces de fruits échantillonnées apparentant à 22 familles de plantes, 22 fruits de 11 familles étaient infestés par des Tephritidae. Six espèces de mouches des fruits ont émergées des fruits échantillonnés avec une large dominance (91%) de B. dorsalis. Cette dernière espèce occupe une large gamme de plantes-hôtes (16 espèces), utilisant des fruits préalablement infestés par C. capitata. Quatre espèces de parasitoïdes de la famille des Braconidae, sous-famille d'Opiinae ont émergés des fruits dont l'espèce introduite F. arisanus. Cependant très peu d'individus ont été retrouvés pour le moment et il sera nécessaire de suivre l'acclimatation du parasitoïde, en termes de taux de parasitisme, de distribution et de gamme de fruit et d'espèces de Tephritidae hôtes. / Numerous invasions by fruit flies of the Tephritidae family are observed worldwide. This is particularly the case in Comoros, because of its geographical position and its imports of fresh products from neighboring countries. In order to determine the strategies necessary to reduce the populations of several species of this family, it is essential to have a current status on the ecology and distribution of the species present in the archipelago. The objectives of this thesis were to: (i) inventory the Tephritidae species present in Comoros and analyze the seasonal fluctuations of populations in relation to climatic factors and phenology of the main host plants, (ii) determine the host plants range of the main species and (iii) inventory the Tephritidae indigenous parasitoids and follow the acclimatization of theparasitoid Fopius arisanus introduced since 2013. In order to achieve these objectives, a weekly monitoring of a trapping network as well as plants phenology present in Grande-Comore, Mohéli and Anjouan islands was carried out during a period of two years. Similarly,cultivated and wild fruits were sampled in different regions of the ecoclimatic diversity of Grande-Comore island during a period of three years. Five fruit fly species were found throughout the archipelago from the trapping network: Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis capitata, Dacus bivittatus, Dacus punctatifrons and Dacus ciliatus. High dominance of the invasive species B. dorsalis was observed at all seasons and at all sites. The density of Tephritidae species was greater during the hot and wet season than during the cool and dry season. In addition, the results showed a high abundance of B. dorsalis in humid regions of low altitudes while C. capitata, persists in dry regions of higher elevation. The results suggest a niche separation phenomenon between these two species related to climate. Among 42 fruit species sampled from 22 plant families, 22 fruits belonging to 11 families were infested with Tephritidae. Six fruit fly species have emerged with a large dominance (91%) of B. dorsalis. The latter species occupies a wide range of host plants (16 species), using fruits previously infested with C. capitata. Four parasitoids species of Braconidae subfamily Opiinae have emerged in fruits including introduced species F. arisanus. However, very few individuals have been found at this timeand it will be necessary to follow acclimatization of the parasitoid in terms of parasitism rates, distribution and host fruit and Tephritidae species range.

Orientador: José Roberto Trigo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T04:31:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariscal_AdrianoAffonso_M.pdf: 5931496 bytes, checksum: beff506193372fed1f1ae62149a3f37d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Biologia Animal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4080.pdf: 25033714 bytes, checksum: 53bfe486e4c53508c5e1093741e915a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-03 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The taxonomy, despite its recognized importance within biological sciences, has not had the attention it deserves, especially in Brazil and in mega-diverse countries where biodiversity is largely unknown or underestimated. This thesis aims to contribute to the taxonomic knowledge by revising the genus Notiospathius, admittedly speciose in the Neotropics, but not revised yet. The material studied in this work comes from several collections from Brazil and the world and combine a total of 2163 specimens from more than 130 cities in 12 countries. It was made a new and broader diagnosis of the genus. Twenty-six probable new species are described; ten species are registered and their geographic distributions were expanded. The first record of males for six of these species is done. Maps and photos for each species and morphospecies are presented. It was performed an identification key for all morphospecies and for most Notiospathius species. According to this revision, the genus is confirmed as one of the most important within the Subfamily Doryctinae in the Neotropical region in terms of species richness, besides nearly to double the knowledge of it. / A taxonomia, apesar de sua reconhecida importância entre as ciências biológicas, não tem tido a atenção que merece, especialmente no Brasil e nos países megadiversos, onde grande parte da biodiversidade está subestimada ou desconheida. Esta tese tem o objetivo de contribuir com o conhecimento taxonômico, revisando o gênero Notiospathius, reconhecidamente especioso na região Neotropical. O material deste trabalho é proveniente de diversas coleções do Brasil e do exterior e reuniu um total de 2163 exemplares provenientes cerca de 130 localidades em 12 países. Apresenta-se uma diagnose com novos caracteres que definem o gênero. Vinte e seis novas espécies são descritas. Dez espécies são novos registros com a ampliação do conhecimento da distribuição geográfica. Registro de 6 machos das espécies já descritas é feito. Mapas e fotos para cada uma das espécies são apresentados. Uma chave de identificação para a maioria das espécies de Notiospathius é apresentada. Com esta revisão, confirma-se o gênero como um dos mais importantes dentro da Subfamília Doryctinae na região Neotropical em termos de riqueza de espécies e amplia-se o conhecimento a respeito do grupo.

Two separate phylogenetic studies were performed for two different taxonomic levels within Hymenoptera. The first study examined the utility of expressed sequence tags for resolving relationships among hymenopteran superfamilies. Transcripts were assembled from 14,000 sequenced clones for 6 disparate Hymenopteran taxa, averaging over 660 unique contigs per species. Orthology and gene determination were performed using modifications to a previously developed computerized pipeline and compared against annotated insect genomes. Sequences from additional taxa were added from public databases with a final dataset of 24 genes for 16 taxa. The concatenated dataset recovered a robust and well-supported topology; however, there was extreme incongruity among individual gene trees. Analyses of sequences indicated strong compositional and transition biases, particularly in the third codon positions. The use of filtered supernetworks aided visualization of the existing congruent phylogenetic signal that existed across the individual gene trees. Additionally, treeness triangle plots indicated a strong residual signal in several gene trees and across codon positions in the concatenated dataset. However, most analyses of the concatenated dataset recovered expected relationships, known from other independent analyses. Thus, ESTs provide a powerful source of information for phylogenetic analysis, but results are sensitive to low taxonomic sampling and missing data. The second study examined subfamilial relationships within the parasitoid family Braconidae, using over 4kb of sequence data for 139 taxa. Bayesian inference of the concatenated dataset recovered a robust phylogeny, particularly for early divergences within the family. There was strong evidence supporting two independent lineages within the family: one leading to the noncyclostomes and one leading to the cyclostomes. Ancestral state reconstructions were performed to test the theory of ectoparasitism as the ancestral condition for all taxa within the family. Results indicated an endoparasitic ancestor for the family and for the non-cyclostome lineage, with an early transition to ectoparasitism for the cyclostome lineage. However, reconstructions of some nodes were sensitive to outgroup coding and will also be impacted with increased biological knowledge.

Prior exposure to plants cues can enhance assortative mating in insects. We hypothesized that, as previously reported for females, males of Cotesia congregata would display inherent responses to plant cues that could be modified by postemergence experience and further, that males originating from two different host-plant complexes (HPCs) would display different behavioral responses to these HPCs. In no-choice contact assays with a non-host plant, searching responses of males and females increased sharply at Day 2 and remained stable through Day 4. In no-choice assays with potential host plants, males searched longer on catalpa than tobacco; responses were not modified by postemergence experience. In choice assays with both HPCs, naïve males did not display orientation preferences; however, males experienced with their natal plant preferred their natal HPC. Results indicate that postemergence experience on the natal host plant induces an orientation preference for the natal HPC and thus, can facilitate assortative mating.

Changes to traditional taxonomic methods to incorporate new technologies and methods have already improved the quality of species hypotheses, but more work can be done to improve the speed of new species documentation. The mitochondrial COI DNA barcode has been successfully used to identify species with high accuracy since the early 2000s, and has been used in conjunction with morphological examinations and other DNA markers to discover and delimit new species. This thesis explores the application of DNA barcodes as the primary data for delimitation and diagnosis of new species of ichneumonoids. The genera Zelomorpha and Hemichoma are revised and 18 new species from the Área de Conservación Guanacaste in Costa Rica are diagnosed based on COI barcodes. Two additional species are described based on morphology. An illustrated morphological key and morphological diagnoses for each species are also included.

Parasitic wasps constitute one of the last remaining frontiers in the charting of animal diversity. The Braconidae is the second most species-rich family of parasitic wasps; the world fauna has been estimated at 40 000 species and the Swedish fauna is believed to include a little more than 2 000 species, 1 200 of which are currently documented. This thesis is a contribution to the rapidly increasing knowledge of braconid diversity. In paper I, a new gregarious parasitoid, Meteorus acerbiavorus sp. nov. (Braconidae: Eupohrinae), is described from specimens reared from the cocoons of the butterfly Acerbia alpina (Quensel) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) in northwestern Finnish Lapland. Based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis, the new species is shown to belong to the M. rubens species group. In the second paper, the Western Palearctic fauna of the tribe is revised, seven new species are described and a key to the Western Palearctic species is presented. Two molecular markers, 28S and COI, are used to study phylogenetic relationships in the tribe. The molecular results showed that the Meteorini fall into four well supported clades. The results also reveal a considerable cryptic species diversity. The third paper deals with distributional, phenological and in many cases rearing data from nearly 2 500 specimens (44 species) of the Meteorini in the collection of the National Museums of Scotland (NMS), Edinburgh. Patterns in the breadth of host ranges are discussed in relation to a reiterated speciation hypothesis. Paper IV examines the phylogenetic relationships of the entire subfamily Euphorinae based upon four gene regions (18S, CAD, 28S D2, and COI). A revised classification of the Euphorinae is proposed that recognizes 55 genera and 14 tribes. Our study shows that early members of the Euphorinae were parasitoids of coleopteran larvae, with a host shift to larval Lepidoptera, adult or immature hosts in the Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Psocoptera. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: In press. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-03T14:00:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMG.pdf: 10653928 bytes, checksum: c96fdb4c007cd69e404ce32a399ea97c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T18:04:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMG.pdf: 10653928 bytes, checksum: c96fdb4c007cd69e404ce32a399ea97c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T18:04:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMG.pdf: 10653928 bytes, checksum: c96fdb4c007cd69e404ce32a399ea97c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T18:09:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMG.pdf: 10653928 bytes, checksum: c96fdb4c007cd69e404ce32a399ea97c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-07 / Não recebi financiamento / Larvae of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) were obtained with an entomological umbrella, from October 2013 to September 2015, in two areas of semi-deciduous forest (Mata/Cerradão and Mata) at Estação Ecológica de Jataí, Luiz Antônio, São Paulo state. The larvae of Geometridae were kept in the laboratory until the adult or parasitoid emergence. Especimens of the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae were obtained, from January 2014 to February 2015, with two Malaise traps located in the same local of collection of Geometridae larvae. The material obtained in the Malaise traps was sorted, the individuals of the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae were identified in subfamily level and the Microgastrinae, Cheloninae and Rogadinae, Campopleginae and Mesochorinae subfamilies were identified at the genus level. A total of 416 larvae of Geometridae weas collected, 190 in the Mata/Cerradão stretch and 226 in the Mata stretch, of which, 52 and 39, respectively, were parasitized. Among the Geometridae, the subfamily Ennominae was represented by individuals of 14 genera (Argyrotome, Glena, Hymenomima, Iridopsis, Ischnopteris, Lomographa, Macaria, Nepheloleuca, Patalene, Phrygionis, Physocleora, Prochoerodes, Rhomboptila and Trotopera), the subfamily Larentiinae by four (Eubaphe, Eupithecia, Euphyia and Pterocypha) and the subfamily Sterrhinae by two (Cyclophora and Idaea). A total of 91 larvae of Geometridae, from 11 genera, were obtained parasitized by 198 parasitoids. The parasitoids obtained belong to the families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae and Diptera. The Malaise traps provided 2720 individuals of the Ichneumonoidea superfamily, of these 1210 are Braconidae and 1510 are Ichneumonidae, in the Mata/Cerradão stretch, and 702 in the Mata stretch, of which 214 individuals of the Braconidae family and 488 individuals of the Ichneumonidae family. Among the Braconidae, the subfamily Microgastrinae was the most abundant, with 44.5% of individuals in the Mata/Cerradão stretch and 31.8% in the Mata stretch. Eighteen genera of Microgastrinae were recorded (Alphomelon, Apanteles, Choeras, Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Distatrix, Glyptapanteles, Hypomicrogaster, Iconella, Microplitis, Papanteles, Parapanteles, Pholetesor, Prasmodon, Promicrogaster, Protapanteles, Pseudapanteles and Rasivalva), five of Rogadinae (Aleiodes, Choreborogas, Rogas, Stiropius and Yelicones) and four of Cheloninae (Ascogaster, Chelonus, Microchelonus and Phanerotoma). Between the Ichneumonidae collected, 161 individuals were obtained from the subfamily Campopleginae in the Mata/Cerradão stretch and 35 in the Mata stretch. The genera of Campopleginae obtained were Campoletis, Campoplex, Casinaria, Charops, Cryptophion, Cymodusa, Diadegma, Dusona, Hyposoter, Microcharops and Venturia. / Larvas de Geometridae (Lepidoptera) foram obtidas por meio de guarda-chuva entomólogico, no período de outubro de 2013 a setembro de 2015, em duas áreas de mata estacional semidecídua (transecto Mata/Cerradão e transecto Mata) na Estação Ecológica de Jataí, Luiz Antônio, São Paulo. As larvas de Geometridae foram mantidas em laboratório até a emergência do adulto ou do parasitoide. Exemplares das famílias Braconidae e Ichneumonidae foram obtidos, no período de janeiro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015, por meio de duas armadilhas Malaise localizadas nos mesmos transectos de coleta das larvas de Geometridae. O material obtido nas armadilhas Malaise foi triado, os indivíduos das famílias Braconidae e Ichneumonidae foram identificados em nível de subfamília e as subfamílias Microgastrinae, Cheloninae e Rogadinae, Campopleginae e Mesochorinae foram identificados em nível de gênero. Foram coletadas 416 larvas de Geometridae, 190 no transecto Mata/Cerradão e 226 no transecto Mata, das quais, 52 e 39, respectivamente, estavam parasitadas. Entre os Geometridae, a subfamília Ennominae foi representada por indivíduos de 15 gêneros (Argyrotome, Cimicodes, Glena, Hymenomima, Iridopsis, Ischnopteris, Lomographa, Macaria, Nepheloleuca, Patalene, Phrygionis, Physocleora, Prochoerodes, Rhomboptila e Trotopera), a subfamília Larentiinae por quatro (Eubaphe, Eupithecia, Euphyia e Pterocypha) e a subfamília Sterrhinae por dois (Cyclophora e Idaea). Foram obtidas 91 larvas de Geometridae, de 11 gêneros, parasitadas por 198 parasitoides. Os parasitoides obtidos pertencem às famílias Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae e Diptera. As armadilhas Malaise forneceram 2720 indivíduos da superfamília Ichneumonoidea, destes 1210 Braconidae e 1510 Ichneumonidae, no transecto Mata/Cerradão e 702 no transecto Mata, dos quais 214 indivíduos da família Braconidae e 488 indivíduos da família Ichneumonidae. Entre os Braconidae, a subfamília Microgastrinae foi a mais abundante, com 44,5% de indivíduos no transecto Mata/Cerradão e 31,8% no transecto Mata. Foram registrados 18 gêneros de Microgastrinae (Alphomelon, Apanteles, Choeras, Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Distatrix, Glyptapanteles, Hypomicrogaster, Iconella, Microplitis, Papanteles, Parapanteles, Pholetesor, Prasmodon, Promicrogaster, Protapanteles, Pseudapanteles e Rasivalva), cinco de Rogadinae (Aleiodes, Choreborogas, Rogas, Stiropius e Yelicones) e quatro de Cheloninae (Ascogaster, Chelonus, Microchelonus e Phanerotoma). Entre os Ichneumonidae coletados, foram obtidos 161 indivíduos da subfamília Campopleginae no transecto Mata/Cerradão e 35 no transecto Mata. Os gêneros de Campopleginae obtidos foram Campoletis, Campoplex, Casinaria, Charops, Cryptophion, Cymodusa, Diadegma, Dusona, Hyposoter, Microcharops e Venturia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRMR.pdf: 2729690 bytes, checksum: 232ce552acd7231b4e6d6e1ddbd48c64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-18 / This work was performed aiming to know Braconidae species from the Conservation Unity of Teixeira Soares, Marcelino Ramos/RS and to evaluate it, as a bio-indicator of environmental quality. The material was collected from November/1999 to December/2000, using three Malaise traps, with this distribution: point 1 (degrading area), point 2 (native wood area), and point 3 (gallery forest). 2442 specimens were colected, and an distributed into 23 subfamilies, which Microgastrinae and Rogadinae were the most representative ones. Glyptapanteles, Apanteles and Diolcogaster were the most abundant genera of Microgastrinae, while Aleiodes and Stiropius were the most abundant of Rogadinae. Index of diversity and equitability were used to discuss the richness of Microgastrinae and Rogadinae subfamilies and genera at the three points of collection. Point 3 (gallery forest) was the one which presented the biggest richness and the highest value regarding the level of equitability, as for the subfamilies, as for the genera of Microgastrinae, and point 2 presented the smallest value. Also for Rogadinae, point 3 showed the most abundant fauna; however, the richness was the same in the three points; the value of equitability was highest at the point 1 and slowest at the point 2. The flying activity of Braconidae belonging to the 23 subfamilies was studied at the three points. The peak to the captured coinobiontes occurrence was in December/1999 in all the three points. The peak for the idiobiontes was in April/2000 at the point 1, and in December/1999 and January/2000 at the points 2 and 3, respectively. In order to verify the similarity standard among the collection points, an analysis of grouping was performed, where it was possible to notice that points 1 and 2 presented a higher similarity. Point 3 stands out from the others, because it presents good conditions of original species recovering and it was the point with bigger abundance every month, mostly in spring and summer. Because of better regeneration conditions, this point possibly houses a richer collection of host insects. After the analysis of climatic variables, it can be said that temperature and humidity had influence on the presence of Braconidae in the Conservation Unity Teixeira Soares. Thus, it can be concluded that the community of Braconidae is much more significant in the mentioned CU, and they can be considered as important elements within the insect species of natural areas, because besides maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of ecosystems where they occur, they are bio-indicators of their preservation degree. / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de conhecer a fauna de Braconidae da Unidade de Conservação Teixeira Soares, Marcelino Ramos, RS e avaliá-la como bioindicadora de qualidade ambiental. O material foi coletado durante o período compreendido entre novembro de 1999 a dezembro de 2000, através da utilização de três armadilhas Malaise, assim distribuídas: ponto 1 (área degradada); ponto 2 (mata mesófila) e ponto 3 (mata ciliar). Foi obtido um total de 2442 exemplares distribuídos em 23 subfamílias, das quais Microgastrinae e Rogadinae foram as mais representativas. Glyptapanteles, Apanteles e Diolcogaster foram os gêneros mais abundantes dos Microgastrinae, enquanto, Aleiodes e Stiropius os mais abundantes de Rogadinae. Índices de diversidade e equitabilidade foram usados para discutir a riqueza de subfamílias e gêneros de Microgastrinae e Rogadinae nos três pontos de coletas. O ponto 3 (mata ciliar) foi o que apresentou maior riqueza e mais alto valor quanto ao índice de equitabilidade, para as subfamílias e para os gêneros de Microgastrinae, enquanto que o ponto 2 apresentou o menor valor. Os Rogadinae foram mais abundantes no ponto 3, no entanto, a riqueza foi a mesma nos três pontos; apenas o valor de equitabilidade foi maior no ponto 1 e menor no 2. A atividade de vôo dos braconídeos pertencentes às 23 subfamílias foi estudada nos três pontos de coleta. O pico de ocorrência dos coinobiontes capturados foi em dezembro de 1999 em todos os pontos; para os idiobiontes, no ponto 1, foi em abril de 2000 e nos pontos 2 e 3 foi dezembro de 1999 e janeiro de 2000, respectivamente. Para verificar o padrão de similaridade entre os pontos de coleta, foi realizada análise de agrupamento, onde pode-se notar que os pontos 1 e 2 apresentaram alta similaridade. O ponto 3 distingue-se dos demais, por haver boas condições de recuperação das espécies originais e foi o ponto onde houve maior abundância em todos os meses, principalmente na primavera e no verão. Em função de melhores condições de regeneração, este ponto possivelmente abriga uma fauna mais rica de insetos hospedeiros. Após análise das variáveis climáticas, pode-se dizer que a temperatura e a umidade influenciaram na presença dos Braconidae na Unidade de Conservação Teixeira Soares. Desta forma, conclui-se que a comunidade dos Braconidae é bem significativa na referida Unidade e pode-se considerá-los como elementos importantes dentro da fauna de insetos de áreas naturais, pois além de manter o equilíbrio dinâmico dos ecossistemas onde ocorrem, são bioindicadores do seu grau de preservação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5149.pdf: 19234114 bytes, checksum: 746c92ee6c0b11a82da926b06b913747 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of parasitoids of the major pests of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in different production systems. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, in Sete Lagoas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in conventional production systems, organic, organic intercropped with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and organic exclusive. In the collections of plants made in conventional maize and organic maize were only obtained larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, with the emergence of the parasitoids Archytas sp.1, Archytas sp.2, Cotesia sp., Dolichozele koebelei, Eiphosoma laphygmae, Eiphosoma sp.1, Eiphosoma sp.2, Euplectrus sp., Exasticolus sp. nov., Hyphantrophaga sp. and Winthemia sp. Cremastinae species and Ophion flavidus occurred in organic maize; Campoletis sp. in conventional maize. In the ear of conventional maize and ear of organic maize were obtained larvae of Diatraea saccharalis, Dichomeris famulata, Euxesta spp., Helicoverpa zea, Megaselia seticauda and S. frugiperda. Megaselia seticauda was first reported in the ears of maize in Brazil. The parasitoids obtained from the ears of conventional maize and organic maize in S. frugiperda were: Hyphantrophaga sp. occurring in both areas, Glyptapanteles sp. only in the conventional maize and Microcharops sp. only in the organic maize, for H. zea in the organic maize parasitized larvae were not obtained, in the conventional maize, occurred the parasitoids Aleiodes sp. and Copidosoma sp. Apanteles sp. and Phanerotoma sp. occurred on D. famulata in the conventional maize and organic maize; Chelonus (Microchelonus) sp. nov., Microcharops sp. and Perilampus sp. occurred only in the conventional maize. Apsilophrys sp. occurred only in organic maize. These are the first records of Apanteles sp., Chelonus (Microchelonus) sp. nov., Microcharops sp., Perilampus sp. and Phanerotoma sp. on D. famulata. In Euxesta spp. in the organic maize were not obtained larvaes killed by parasitoids in the conventional maize on Euxesta spp. occurred the parasitoid Dettmeria sp. About D. saccharalis and M. seticauda, there were not obtained parasitoids. In the collections of stalks of conventional maize and organic maize, there was a prevalence of D. saccharalis, S. frugiperda occurred only in conventional maize. There were not observed larvaes of S. frugiperda killed by parasitoids, but for D. saccharalis, occurred, in two areas, the parasitoid Lixophaga sp. In the collections of plants, in the organic maize exclusive and organic maize intercropped with beans, the parasitoids obtained from the larvae of S. frugiperda were Archytas sp., Campoletis sp., Cotesia sp., D. koebelei, E. laphygmae, Eiphosoma sp.1, Eiphosoma sp.2, Eiphosoma sp.3, Eiphosoma sp.4, Eiphosoma sp.5, Glyptapanteles sp., Microcharops sp. and O. flavidus. The parasitoids Aprostocetus sp., Chelonus insularis, Colpotrochia sp. nov. and Ichneumoninae were observed only in the exclusive organic maize, while Apanteles sp. and Eiphosoma sp.6 only in the organic maize intercropped with beans. From the pests of the ear of maize collected in the organic maize exclusive and in the organic maize intercropped with beans occurred larvaes of D. famulata, Euxesta spp., H. zea, M. seticauda and S. frugiperda. From these only larvaes of H. zea and D. famulata were parasitized. The index of parasitism of H. zea by Archytas sp. was similar in both areas, the parasitoid of D. famulata, Apsilophrys sp. was observed in all samples of organic maize intercropped with beans, but it did not occur in any collection of the exclusive organic maize. In these samples were not obtained for parasitoids Euxesta spp., M. seticauda and S. frugiperda. In the collections of stalks in organic maize exclusive and organic maize intercropped with beans were obtained only larvaes of D. saccharalis without the occurrence of parasitoids. In both experiments the number of larvaes of the pests collected was low, new associations and new species of parasitoids reported represent the possibility of the exploitation of these natural enemies in the control of pests in the culture of maize. / O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de parasitoides das principais pragas de milho (Zea mays L.) cultivado em diferentes sistemas de produção. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Milho e Sorgo em Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais (MG), Brasil, em sistemas de produção convencional, orgânico, orgânico consorciado com feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e orgânico solteiro. Nas coletas de plantas realizadas no milho convencional e no milho orgânico só foram obtidas larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda, com a emergência dos parasitoides Archytas sp.1, Archytas sp.2, Cotesia sp., Dolichozele koebelei, Eiphosoma laphygmae, Eiphosoma sp.1, Eiphosoma sp.2, Euplectrus sp., Exasticolus sp. nov., Hyphantrophaga sp. e Winthemia sp. Espécies de Cremastinae e Ophion flavidus ocorreram no milho orgânico; Campoletis sp., no milho convencional. Nas espigas de milho convencional e de milho orgânico foram obtidas larvas de Diatraea saccharalis, Dichomeris famulata, Euxesta spp., Helicoverpa zea, Megaselia seticauda e S. frugiperda. Megaselia seticauda foi registrada pela primeira vez em espigas de milho no Brasil. Os parasitoides obtidos das espigas no milho convencional e no milho orgânico em S. frugiperda foram: Hyphantrophaga sp. ocorrendo nas duas áreas; Glyptapanteles sp., apenas no milho convencional; e Microcharops sp., somente no milho orgânico; para H. zea no milho orgânico não foram obtidas larvas parasitadas, no milho convencional, ocorreram os parasitoides Aleiodes sp. e Copidosoma sp., Apanteles sp. e Phanerotoma sp. ocorreram sobre D. famulata no milho convencional e no milho orgânico; Chelonus (Microchelonus) sp. nov., Microcharops sp. e Perilampus sp. ocorreram apenas no milho convencional; Apsilophrys sp., ocorreu somente no milho orgânico. Esses são os primeiros registros de Apanteles sp., Chelonus (Microchelonus) sp. nov., Microcharops sp., Perilampus sp. e Phanerotoma sp. sobre D. famulata. Em Euxesta spp. no milho orgânico não foram obtidas larvas mortas por parasitoides, no milho convencional sobre Euxesta spp. ocorreu o parasitoide Dettmeria sp. Sobre D. saccharalis e M. seticauda, não foram obtidos parasitoides. Nas coletas de colmos em milho convencional e no milho orgânico, houve prevalência de D. saccharalis. Não foram observadas larvas de S. frugiperda mortas por parasitoides, já para D. saccharalis, ocorreu, nas duas áreas, o parasitoide Lixophaga sp. Nas coletas de plantas, no milho orgânico solteiro e no milho orgânico consorciado com feijão, os parasitoides obtidos das larvas de S. frugiperda foram Archytas sp., Campoletis sp., Cotesia sp., D. koebelei, E. laphygmae, Eiphosoma sp.1, Eiphosoma sp.2, Eiphosoma sp.3, Eiphosoma sp.4, Eiphosoma sp.5, Glyptapanteles sp., Microcharops sp. e O. flavidus. Já os parasitoides Aprostocetus sp., Chelonus insularis, Colpotrochia sp. nov. e Ichneumoninae foram observados somente no milho orgânico solteiro, enquanto Apanteles sp. e Eiphosoma sp.6 apenas no milho orgânico consorciado com feijão. Quanto às pragas da espiga coletadas no milho orgânico solteiro e no milho orgânico consorciado com feijão ocorreram larvas de D. famulata, Euxesta spp., H. zea, M. seticauda e S. frugiperda. Destas apenas larvas de H. zea e de D. famulata foram parasitadas. O índice de parasitismo de H. zea por Archytas sp. foi semelhante nas duas áreas; o parasitoide de D. famulata, Apsilophrys sp., foi observado em todas as coletas do milho orgânico consorciado com feijão, mas não ocorreu em nenhuma coleta do milho orgânico solteiro. Nessas coletas não foram obtidos parasitoides para Euxesta spp., M. seticauda e S. frugiperda. Nas coletas de colmos em milho orgânico solteiro e no milho orgânico consorciado com feijão foram obtidas apenas larvas de D. saccharalis sem a ocorrência de parasitoides. Nos dois experimentos o número de larvas das pragas coletadas foi baixo, as novas associações e as novas espécies de parasitoides relatadas representam a possibilidade de utilização desses inimigos naturais no controle de pragas na cultura do milho.