Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att studera vilka sociala förhållanden som kan ha haft betydelse för kvinnornas val av att stanna kvar eller lämna en våldsam relation samt vilka identiteter tillskriver kvinnorna sig själva under berättandet. Tio intervjuer med kvinnor genomfördes och analyserades utifrån ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv. Centralt i vår studie är intervjupersonernas livsberättelser. I resultatet används ett narrativt och hermeneutisk per-spektiv för att presentera berättelserna och förståelsen som formas mellan berättaren och den som lyssnar. Resultatet visar att de förhållanden som har haft betydelse för att få kvinnorna att stanna kvar är: hot, rädsla och normalisering. Det innebär för dessa kvinnor en normalisering som tänjer på gränserna för vad som är normalt/avvikande. Andra betydande omständigheter var kvinnans band och känslor gentemot sin man, barn, avsaknad av verklighetsförankring, hopp samt ekonomisk trygghet. Studiens resultat visar även att de dominerande faktorerna som får kvinnan att lämna relationen kan dels bero på kvinnans känsla av skuld gentemot sitt barn, ny omdefinition av sin verklighetsförankring, förlorat hopp och att kvinnans känslor försvunnit för mannen. / The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine which social relations may have had sig-nificance for the choice for the women to stay or leave in a violent relationship, and which identities the interviewed subscribed themselves during the telling of their stories. Ten inter-views were made and analyzed from a hermeneutical perspective. The central in our study was the interviewees’ life stories. In the result a narrative and hermeneutical perspective was used to represent the stories and the understandings formed between the teller and the listener. The data showed that the relationships which resulted in a choice for the women to stay was; threats, fear, and normalization. The normalization is a form of adaptation for the women to accept the dysfunctional relationship. Other important factors were the women’s ties and emo-tional feelings towards the husband / man, children / child, lack of reality, hope and economic stability. The study also showed that the dominating factors for the women to leave the rela-tionship were; her fear of guilt towards her child / children, a new definition of reality, lost hope of change for the relationship and lose of feelings for the partner.

Cette thèse a étudié de façon systématique les processus de la rupture et de la coalescence impliquant une interface liquide-liquide (gouttelettes) ou gaz-liquide (bulles) en présence ou pas d’un champ magnétique dans des dispositifs microfluidiques, à l’aide d’une caméra rapide. Les mécanismes de la rupture d’une interface ferrofluide sous différents champs magnétiques ont été étudiés et comparés. On a constaté que la structure morphologique et la vitesse d’amincissement du cou peuvent être contrôlées activement par la force magnétique. Ainsi, le volume et la fréquence de formation de gouttelettes de ferrofluide peuvent être pilotés aisément. La rupture de l'interface liquide-liquide a généralement conduit à la formation de gouttelettes satellites avec sa taille proportionnelle au nombre capillaire de la phase continue. La coalescence des gouttelettes ont aussi été étudiée avec l’analyse de l'évolution du cou reliant deux gouttelettes. Il a été constaté que la formation du pont ou du cou liquide pouvait se produire dans la gamme de l'ordre de dizaines de micromètres entre les bords d'attaque sous champ magnétique. L'inertie d’origine d'attraction magnétique sur des gouttelettes de ferrofluide devenait la force motrice pour la coalescence lors de la première étape au détriment de la force capillaire / This thesis systematically investigates the breakup and coalescence processes of the involved droplet (bubble) interface under magnetic field or not in two-phase microfluidic flow, by using a high speed digital camera. The whole breakup processes of ferrofluid interface under different magnetic fields were investigated and compared. It was found that the morphological structure and necking velocity of the interface can be actively controlled by the magnetic force. Thus the volumes and the formation frequencies of ferrofluid droplets can be actively adjusted. The breakup of Liquid-Liquid interface usually leads to the formation of satellite droplet with its size proportional to the capillary number of the continuous phase. The coalescences of droplets were investigated. The evolution of the neck connecting two droplets was analyzed. It was found that the formation of liquid bridge or neck could occurs with a visible gap in the order of tens of micrometers between the leading edges under magnetic field and the inertia of the ferrofluid originating from the magnetic attraction fields becomes the driving force at the initial stage of coalescence instead of capillary force

Cette thèse expérimentale porte sur des impacts de gouttes en caléfaction, aussi appelée régime Leidenfrost. Dans ce cas, la goutte est isolée thermiquement et mécaniquement du substrat surchauffé par une fine couche de vapeur. On s'affranchit ainsi de la friction visqueuse. Les substrats présentent des textures micrométriques localisées. On retrouve un régime autosimilaire d'étalement aux temps courts. On caractérise des régimes de recouvrement d'un défaut ponctuel par la goutte. Ces régimes sont dictés par l'épaisseur de lamelle par rapport à celle du défaut. Les défauts génèrent des excroissances dans leur sillage dont la dynamique peut être approchée selon deux modèles inertio-capillaires ; l'un valable aux temps courts, l'autre aux temps plus longs. En présence de plusieurs défauts, on fragmente la lamelle depuis plusieurs sites selon le ratio entre largeur des défauts et épaisseur de la lamelle. On simule par un algorithme de pavage le motif final sur lequel le fluide se concentre à la fin de la fragmentation. Grâce à des rugosités plus complexes on peut canaliser l'étalement de la goutte. On exacerbe alors l'étalement maximal dans l'axe des canaux. On peut aussi inhiber l'étalement par des textures circulaires. Les rugosités affectent le temps avant rebond de la goutte. On exhibe une dépendance générale unique entre temps avant rebond et étalement maximal. La dépendance est valable lorsque les textures exacerbent l’étalement, aussi bien que lorsqu’elles l’inhibent / The presented work deals with drop impacts in Leidenfrost regime. In such a case, the drop is thermally and mechanically isolated from the overheated substrate by a thin vapor layer. Viscous friction can therefore be neglected. The substrates are shaped with localized micrometric textures. We rediscover a self-similar spreading regime at short times. We characterize covering regimes of a single defect by the drop. Those regimes are driven by the ratio between lamella thickness and defect thickness. Defects give rise to excrescences in their wake, whose dynamic can be approached by two inertial-capillary recoil models. One is valid at short times and the other at longer times. In the case of several defects, we break up the lamella from different sites according to the ratio between defect width and lamella thickness. We numerically predict, with a tessellation algorithm, the pattern on which the fluid is localized at the end of the fragmentation. Through more complex textures, we can channel the drop spreading. The spreading is increased in the directions of the channels. One can also inhibit the spreading with circular textures. The textures affect the time before drop rebound. We exhibit a general and unique dependency between time before rebound and maximal spreading. This dependency is valid when textures increase the spreading as well as when they inhibit it

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-18T13:17:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Versão_Final_PDF.pdf: 4361098 bytes, checksum: 309e6a4884448fd382fe08788b9fd07e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-18T13:17:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Versão_Final_PDF.pdf: 4361098 bytes, checksum: 309e6a4884448fd382fe08788b9fd07e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / FACEPE / Sob o olhar sociointeracionista e com o apoio da perspectiva da Rede de Significações, a criança é compreendida como ativa construtora de seu desenvolvimento, sendo instada a interpretar seu entorno, criando uma versão sobre objetos e acontecimentos sociais que lhe afetam. A família é um objeto social relevante para a criança uma vez que se constitui como seu primeiro e mais próximo contexto de desenvolvimento. Este objeto é constantemente transformado por mudanças socioculturais e por rupturas de desenlaces que implicam novas configurações familiares. Como qualquer outro membro familiar a criança elabora novos sentidos frente às diferentes realidades. A presente investigação objetivou perscrutar significações sobre família em crianças de 5 a 11 anos, entre estas, crianças cujos pais estão em litígio na justiça por disputa de guarda ou regulamentação de visitas, no Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco (TJ-PE). Participaram da pesquisa 41 crianças, sendo 25 meninos e 16 meninas. Do total de participantes, oito foram crianças indicadas pelo Tribunal de Justiça, com a aquiescência da família, para constituírem as crianças focais deste estudo. As demais crianças foram convidadas a compor a situação coletiva de observação, usando-se o critério de pertencerem ao ciclo de amizade escolar das primeiras, a partir da indicação das professoras. Portanto, para cada criança focal existiram três, quatro ou cinco parceiros privilegiados, que compuseram as oito oficinas de brincadeiras para planejarem encenações teatrais sobre família. Em seguida, cada criança, individualmente, foi instada pela pesquisadora a conversar sobre família a partir de dois desenhos que lhe eram solicitados: o primeiro sobre “uma família”; e o segundo sobre “sua família”. Os resultados obtidos com as duas situações, a coletiva e a individual, mostram que as crianças consideram pertinentes à família diversos arranjos, como, por exemplo, famílias nucleares, monoparentais, recasadas ou extensas. Evidencia-se também que as relações familiares são predominantemente manifestações de cuidado, proteção e vinculação afetiva. Quanto à vivência de conflitos conjugais na família, das oito crianças focais quatro expressaram sentimentos de descontentamento ou revelaram indícios desse sentimento. Entretanto, ressalta-se que, mesmo diante das dificuldades decorrentes do conflito, no percurso cotidiano, essas crianças constroem novos sentidos de família, mas preservam seu papel primordial de cuidado, afeto e lugar de pertencimento. / Under the sociointeractionist perspective and with the support of the Network of Meanings perspective, the child is perceived as active constructor of their development, being asked to interpret their surroundings, creating a version of objects and social events affecting them. The family is an important social object to the child as it is their first and closest development context. This object is constantly transformed by sociocultural changes and disruptions of outcomes involving new family configurations. Like any other family member, the child develops new senses when facing different realities. This research aimed to scrutinize meanings of family in children 5-11 years. Among these are children whose parents are in court dispute for custody or regulation of visits, at the Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco (TJ-PE). The participants were 41 children, 25 boys and 16 girls. Of all participants, eight were children indicated by the Court, with the family's consent, to constitute the focal children in this study. The other children were invited to compose the collective situation of observation, using the criteria of belonging to the same school of the focal children, from the indication of the teachers. Therefore, for each focal child there were three, four or five close partners, who composed the eight workshops of games to plan theatrical productions about family. Then each individual was asked by the researcher to talk about family from two designs that it demanded: the first about "a family"; and the second on "your family". The results obtained with the two situations, the collective and the individual, show that children consider several modalities relevant to the family, such as nuclear families, single-parent, remarried or extensive families. It also shows that family relationships are predominantly care demonstration, protection and affectionate bonds. As for the experience of marital conflict in the family, among the eight focal children, four expressed feelings of dissatisfaction or showed evidence of that feeling. However, it is important to state that even with the difficulties arising from the conflict in daily life, these children make new meanings about family that preserve the primary role of care, affection and place of belonging.

Dans cette thèse nous quantifions les interactions entre phénomènes tectoniques et magmatiques au niveau d'un rift proche de la rupture continentale: celui du Dabbahu / Manda Hararo en Afar (Ethiopie), qui a été le siège d'un épisode de rifting majeur en 2005. Nous apportons ici des contraintes temporelles sur ces interactions à l'échelle du millier à la dizaine de millier d'années, afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution des processus responsables de l'acquisition de la topographie. Pour cela nous avons produits des âges d'expositions de surfaces de coulées de laves et d'escarpement de failles par la technique des isotopes cosmogéniques. Ces datations ont été combinées à des travaux de cartographie et de géochimie (éléments majeurs et traces). Nous montrons que nord du segment est sous l'influence de la présence d'un volcan terminal qui impacte le développent de la topographie. Le milieu du segment permet d'évaluer l'impact des variations spatiales et temporelles de la localisation des réservoirs sur la topographie. Le long du segment, il apparaît que la topographie se développe quand les réservoirs magmatiques locaux ont une activité modérée à faible, alors que la topographie est inhibée lors des phases de magmatisme intense. Nos observations ont permis de monter que l'épisode de rifting de 2005 n'est pas représentatif de l'évolution globale de la morphologie du rift, et que ce type d'intrusion ne représente sans doute qu'un dixième des injections totales. Enfin, l'accrétion magmatique est soutenue à l'axe par différents réservoirs magmatiques qui semblent se relayer dans le temps, et dont la position peut varier de 15 kilomètres de part et d'autre de l'axe / In this thesis we quantify the interactions between tectonic and magmatic processes in the active Dabbahu rift segment, which experienced in 2005 a major rifting event. Here, we provide accurate constraints at this time scale by producing cosmogenic exposure ages of lavas surfaces and faults scarps, in order to decipher the morphological evolution of a rift depression, and to identify the processes that are responsible for the topography acquisition. The study is based on samples taken on two separate areas of the rift. The field areas were systematically mapped, and all lavas were chemically analysed in major and trace elements. The first studied focused the northern portion of the rift segment, where the lavas of the segment terminating volcano meets the neo-volcanic zone. This area allowed the influence of the presence of such volcanic edifice to be assessed. The second studied area is located at the middle of the segment, and covers the rift western margin up to the rift axis. The topography in this area is sensitive to the evolution in space and time of the location of the different axial magma reservoirs. Our results show that along the rift segment, topography develops during phases of low magmatic activity, and is inhibited during phases of lower magmatic activity. The 2005 appears to be an unusual event that represents about a tenth of the total intrusions necessary to build the depression. The maintaining of magmatic accretion at the axis seems to be the result of a relay between different magma reservoirs. The position of these reservoirs can vary between 0 and 15 km from both sides of the rift axis

Diplomová práce se zabývá experimentální studií vlastností spreje z několika malých tlakových vířivých trysek používaných ve spalovacích komorách proudových motorů. Po desetiletí byla snaha zlepšit jejich rozprašovací charakteristiky a stále jsou možnosti, které nebyly téměř prozkoumány. Výzkum byl proveden za použití různých geometrií jednotlivých dílů trysky za účelem zjištění jejich vlivu na sprej. Byl použit různý počet vstupních portů (2, 3 a 4), různé vířivé komůrky (kulová, kuželová, konvexní, nízká kuželová) a rozdílné návrhy obtokového otvoru (osové, mimosové). Důraz byl kladen na posouzení stability spreje, kde pulzující sprej negativně ovlivňuje provozní charakteristiky spalovací komory. Vlastnosti spreje byly proměřeny fázovým dopplerovským analyzátorem, cirkulární homogenita byla hodnocena mechanickým paternátorem a rozpad kapaliny byl vizualizován pomocí jednoduchého laserového stínografu.

Drop impact is a canonical problem in fluid mechanics, with numerous applications in industrial as well as natural phenomena. The extremely simple initial configuration of the experiment can produce a very large variety of fast and complex dynamics. Scientific progress was made in parallel with major improvements in imaging and computational technologies. Most recently, high-speed imaging video cameras have opened the exploration of new phenomena occurring at the micro-second scale, and parallel computing allowed realistic direct numerical simulations of drop impacts. We combine these tools to bring a new understanding of two fundamental aspects of drop impacts: splashing and air entrapment. The early dynamics of a drop impacting on a liquid pool at high velocity produces an ejecta sheet, emerging horizontally in the neck between the drop and the pool. We show how the interaction of this thin liquid sheet with the air, the drop or the pool, can produce micro-droplets and bubble rings. Then we detail how the breakup of the air film stretched between the drop and the pool for lower impact velocities can produce a myriad of micro-bubbles.

<p>Stress relaxation in tin films can result in microstructural changes visible on the surface, referred to as “surface defects,” and can include whisker and hillock formation, cracking, nucleation of new grains, and grain growth. Sn whiskers are of particular concern for microelectronics reliability in which Sn whiskers growing from component surface and cause catastrophic short-circuiting. While prior research has identified the conditions and mechanisms for surface defect evolution during aging and thermal cycling, the response of tin films due to mechanical stress, especially high frequency vibration, is not fully understood. In practical terms, high frequency vibration is an important source of mechanical stress generation in microelectronics for automotive and aerospace applications. This research, based on high frequency vibration of cantilevers, adds to the existing mechanisms for stress relaxation process in metal thin films, not just for tin films, as well as proposed new mechanisms for such processes.</p> <p>In the first study, the piezoelectric drive of small atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilevers vibrated at resonance are used for high frequency cyclic bending experiments. Intermetallic (IMC) formation as well as initial film morphology and thickness (corresponding to surface grain size) all influence the response of tin films for cyclic bending. A laser doppler vibrometer (LDV) system was used to identify the real-time strain along the cantilever during cycling, suggesting that the small strains are responsible for the limited nucleation and growth for defects though the defect density increases with the number of cycles and strain distribution along the cantilever.</p> <p>In the second study, the effect of larger strains on defect evolution was determined using vibration of larger cantilevers at resonance as a function of number of cycles, frequency, temperature, and whether the vibration was continuous or interrupted for SEM characterization of defect type and density. In addition to typical micro-sized whiskers and hillocks, intragranular breakup (IGB) with intrusions and extrusions and nanowhiskers (NWs) with diameters < 1 𝜇m were observed. Both increasing number of cycles and strain amplitude/rate promote defect formation for a fixed frequency, with the defect density being strongly frequency dependent.Vibration at low temperature and interrupting measurements for SEM characterization affected the relative densities. The density of larger surface defects is strongly influenced by interruptions while NW density is almost unaffected. </p><p>Both low resonant frequency and low T (223 K) promote IGB formation during cyclic bending due to large maximum strain amplitude and slower diffusion/creep at low T, respectively. Though the overall defect density for low T is smaller than that at room temperature (RT), the response of films is similar to that at RT, indicating the same mechanisms. The defect density decrease at low T is mainly determined by NW formation, and there is a transition from micro-sized surface defects to IGBs for cyclic bending at low T.</p><p>This research demonstrated that cyclic bending of cantilevers can be used to quantify the stress relaxation of tin films in an important stress regime for microelectronics and to develop defect mitigation strategies to improve the reliability of interconnects in electronic applications.</p>

Objectif : Cette étude vise à déterminer si : les traumatismes en enfance sont liés à l’attachement (anxiété d’abandon, évitement de l’intimité) et à la régulation émotionnelle et si ces variables sont liées à des difficultés d’adaptation (détresse, résilience, symptômes psychologiques) à une rupture amoureuse non-désirée chez des jeunes adultes ; et si l’attachement et la régulation émotionnelle servent de médiateurs entre les traumatismes à l'enfance et l'adaptation à la rupture. Méthode : Les traumatismes, l’attachement, la régulation émotionnelle et l'adaptation à la rupture ont été évalués dans un échantillon de 303 étudiants universitaires ayant vécu une rupture récente. Des analyses acheminatoires ont été effectuées. Résultats : La détresse est associée directement à l’anxiété d’abandon (p < ,01), la dérégulation (p < ,05) et la régulation émotionnelle (p < ,01). Les symptômes psychologiques sont associés directement aux traumatismes (p < ,01), à l’anxiété d’abandon (p < ,01), à la dérégulation (p < ,01) et la régulation émotionnelle (p < ,05). La résilience est directement associée aux traumatismes, à l’évitement de l’intimité, à la régulation émotionnelle (p < ,01) ainsi qu’à la dérégulation émotionnelle (p < ,05). Les traumatismes sont indirectement associés à la détresse (p < ,01), à la résilience (p < ,01) et aux symptômes psychologiques (p < ,01) par le biais de l’anxiété d’abandon, l’évitement de l’intimité, la régulation et dérégulation émotionnelle. Conclusion : Les jeunes ayant vécu des traumatismes à l'enfance et ayant vécu une rupture pourraient bénéficier d'interventions visant à améliorer les insécurités d’attachement et les compétences de régulation émotionnelle. / Aim: This study aimed to investigate whether: 1) childhood maltreatment is associated with attachment insecurities (abandonment anxiety, avoidance of intimacy) and emotional regulation and whether these three variables are associated with romantic breakup adjustment in youth (i.e., distress, resilience, psychiatric symptoms); and 2) childhood maltreatment is associated with attachment insecurities, which would be linked to emotional regulation, ultimately explaining romantic breakup adjustment in youth. Method: We assessed history of childhood maltreatment, attachment, emotional regulation and romantic breakup adjustment in a sample of 303 university students who experienced an unwanted breakup in the last five months. Path analyses were mesured. Results: 1) Distress was directly associated with abandonment anxiety (p < ,01), dysregulation (p < ,05), and emotional regulation (p < ,01). Psychological symptoms were directly associated with childhood maltreatment (p < ,01), abandonment anxiety (p < ,01), dysregulation (p < ,01), and emotional regulation (p < ,05). Resilience was directly associated with childhood maltreatment, avoidance of intimacy, emotional regulation (p < ,01) as well as dysregulation (p < ,05). 2) Childhood maltreatment was indirectly associated with distress (p < ,01), resilience (p < ,01), and psychological symptoms (p < ,01) after breakup through attachment anxiety and avoidance, and emotional regulation and dysregulation. Conclusion: Youth with a history of childhood maltreatment who recently experienced a romantic breakup may benefit from interventions aimed at working on attachment insecurities and improving emotional regulation skills.

Mäns våld mot kvinnor är ett samhällsproblem och kränker våldsutsatta kvinnors frihet. Kvinnliga offer är överrepresenterade i statiskt som berörvåld i nära relation. Med en kvalitativ ansats har vi haft som syfte att undersöka professionellas syn på varför kvinnor stannar kvar i våldsammaheterosexuella parrelationer och vad som möjliggör för ett uppbrott. Med ett målinriktat urval har sex professionella socialarbetare strategiskt valts ut för att besvara vårt syfte med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Denna studie tar stöd av teorierna, normaliseringsprocessen och uppbrottsprocessen. För att analysera det empiriska materialet har en tematisk analysmetod använts. Resultatet har brutits ner i följande trehuvudteman: rädsla, normaliseringsprocessen samt stöd. Följande subteman är barn, ekonomi, kärlek, kultur, isolering, internalisering, samhällets resurser och kunskap. Studien visade på kvarhållande faktorer, dessa var rädsla och en direkt följd av normaliseringsprocessen. Rädslan kvinnorna upplever kan härledas till barn, ekonomi, kärlek samt kultur. Enligt professionella upplever flera kvinnor en rädsla kring vad som kan hända barnen vid en eventuell separation och hur de ska klara sig ekonomiskt utan mannens finansiering. Rädslan kan även förväxlas med kärlek och en delkvinnor är styrda av kulturella normer, vilket skapar en rädsla för att lämna. Normaliseringsprocessen visade sig även vara ett återkommande tema som synliggör hur gränserna för vad som uppfattas vara normalt förskjuts och att våldet normaliseras för kvinnorna. De faktorer som visade sig möjliggöraför ett uppbrott från våldspräglade relationer var stöd i form av samhällets resurser, barn samt kunskap. Med hjälp av samhällets resurser kan kvinnor få hjälp med ekonomi, skydd samt skyddad identitet, vilket kan vara avgörande faktorer för att kunna lämna. Även kunskap kring kvinnans rättigheter och vilket stöd som finns tillgängligt är viktiga faktorer som möjliggjorde för ett uppbrott. / Men's violence against women is a societal problem that violates the freedom of women who are victims of violence. Female victims are overrepresented in statistics concerning violence in intimate relationships. With a qualitative approach, this study aims to examine professionals' perspectives on why women stay in abusive heterosexual relationships and what enables them to break free. Through purposeful sampling, six professional social workers have been strategically selected to address ouraim through semi-structured interviews. This study draws on the theories ofthe normalization process and the process of leaving an abusive relationship.A thematic analysis method has been employed to analyze the empirical material. The results have been categorized into three main themes: fear, the normalization process, and support. The following sub-themes include children, finances, love, culture, isolation, internalization, love, societal resources, and knowledge. According to the professionals, the most prominent factors keeping women in abusive relationships were fear and, as a direct consequence, the normalization process. The fear experienced by the women could be attributed to concerns about the children, financial dependence, and cultural norms. Several women were afraid of the potential consequences for their children in the event of a separation and how they would manage financially without the partner's support. The normalization process emerged as a recurring theme, highlighting how the boundaries of what is perceived as normal shift, and the violence becomes normalized for women. The factors enabling a break from violent relationships included support in the form of societal resources and knowledge. Through societal resources, women can receive assistance with finances, protection, and secure identity, which can be crucial factors in leaving. Awareness of women's rights and the available support also played significant roles in enabling a break.