The increasing reliance on space infrastructure and its rapid expansion necessitate the development and enhancement of tools for space debris and fragmentation research. Accurate prediction of the risks associated with satellite fragmentation requires comprehensive understanding of the dynamics involved. To address this need, the widely used NASA Standard Breakup Model (SBM) is employed in this thesis to predict fragment characteristics resulting from breakup events. Additionally, a novel method is introduced to determine the direction of these fragments, something not directly covered by the SBM. Furthermore, the principle of kinetic gas theory is applied to calculate the overall, long-term collision risk between debris and a predetermined satellite population. The results from this reveal the limitations of the SBM in accurately simulating fragmentations for certain satellite types. However, the newly implemented fragment directionality method aligns well with observed data, suggesting its potential for further research. Similarly, the risk model exhibits strong correspondence with ESA's MASTER, a model used for assessing collision risks with debris, with the deviations likely due to different impact velocity models used. Finally, the validated fragmentation and risk models are combined, and the combined model is used to analyse a real-world fragmentation event. / Det ökande beroendet av rymdinfrastruktur, samt dess snabba expansion kräver utveckling och förbättring av verktyg för forskning och analys kring rymdskräp och fragmentering. För att förstå risken förknippad med satellitfragmentationer så krävs förståelse för den involverade dynamiken. För att tillgodose detta används NASA:s Standard Breakup Model (SBM) i denna avhandling för att bestämma fragmentegenskaper som bildas från olika sorters fragmentationshändelser. Dessutom introduceras en ny metod för att bestämma riktningen för dessa fragment, något som inte direkt täcks av SBM. Dessutom tillämpas principen för kinetisk gasteori för att beräkna den totala, långsiktiga kollisionsrisken mellan rymdskrot och en förutbestämd satellitpopulation. Resultaten från detta avslöjar SBM:s begränsningar när det gäller att simulera fragmenten för vissa satellittyper. Hursomhelst så kan man se att den nyligen implementerade fragmentriktningsmetoden stämmer väl överens med den observerade datan, vilket tyder på dess potential för ytterligare forskning. På samma sätt uppvisar riskmodellen överensstämmelse med ESA:s MASTER, en modell som används för att bedöma kollisionsrisker med rymdskrot, där avvikelser sannolikt beror på att olika kollisionshastighetmodeller används. Slutligen kombineras de validerade fragmenterings- och riskmodellerna, som sedan används för att bidra med analyser till en riktig fragmentationshändelse.

Prieš rengiant kelių investicinius projektus surenkami ir detaliai analizuojami esami kelių eksploatacinių rodiklių duomenys ir jų reglamentuotų norminių reikšmių atitiktis. Baigiamajame darbe išanalizuoti automobilių kelių asfaltbetonio dangos būklės, patikimumo bei šių rodiklių gavimo ir apdorojimo metodai. Pateikiamas automobilių kelių asfaltbetonio dangos reikiamų eksploatacinių rodiklių teorinis pagrindimas, reglamentuotos norminės reikšmės bei eksploatacinių rodiklių gerinimo svarba. Naudojantis tyrimų, atliktų Lietuvos svarbiausiuose magistraliniuose keliuose A1 Vilnius – Kaunas - Klaipėda ir A5 Kaunas – Marijampolė - Suvalkai, duomenimis, atlikta pagrindinių eksploatacinių rodiklių - dangos lygumo, rato su danga sukibimo koeficiento, dangos suirimo masto rodiklio, konstrukcijos deformacijos modulio bei provėžų gylio analizė ir šių rodiklių kitimas laiko atžvilgiu. Nustatyta dangos būklę apibūdinančių rodiklių sietis. Analizės pagrindu pateikti rekomenduojami leistinieji dangos lygumo rodikliai. Pateiktos išvados ir rekomendacijos. Baigiamojo darbo aprašomojo skyriaus apimtis – 89 psl., 17 lentelių, 90 paveikslų, 44 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. / Before the preparation of highway investment projects, the available data of highway maintenance indices are collected and analysed and their conformity with the standard values is established. The thesis deals with the analysis of reliability of the condition of highway asphalt concrete pavement and the indices collection and procession methods. The thesis includes the theoretical grounding of the necessary maintenance indices of the highway asphalt concrete pavement, standard values and the importance of improvement of the maintenance indices. Using the data of the testing performed in the main Lithuanian highways A1 Vilnius – Kaunas - Klaipėda and A5 Kaunas – Marijampolė - Suvalkai, the analysis of the basic maintenance indices, i.e. pavement smoothness, wheel adherence coefficient, pavement breakup degree index, construction deformation module and furrow depth, and the change of such indices in the terms of time has been carried out. The link between the indices characterising the condition of the pavement has been determined. Basing on the analysis, the recommended permitted pavement smoothness indices are presented. The conclusions and recommendations of the thesis are introduced. Theses consist of: 89 p. text without appendixes, 90 pictures, 17 tables, 44 bibliographical entries.

Le détachement d'une goutte est un phénomène que nous observons quotidiennement. Il résulte de la rupture de l'interface entre le fluide dispersé en goutte et le fluide environnant. Cette rupture a fait l'objet de nombreuses études. Il est bien établi que sa dynamique est régie par une compétition entre la capillarité, l'inertie, et la viscosité du fluide. Ce manuscrit décrit l'influence sur la dynamique de rupture d'une modification des propriétés de l'interface entre deux fluides à l'aide d'agents de surface. Lorsque l'agent de surface est un surfactant (SDS), la dynamique d'amincissement peut se faire selon deux modes. Deux régimes linéaires en temps constituent le premier mode. Le second mode comporte trois régimes linéaires. Dans les deux cas, l'aminicissement commence par un premier régime, suivi d'un deuxième régime de pente plus forte. Lorsque le troisième régime existe, sa pente est inférieure à celle du second régime. La variation des pentes des régimes linéaires témoigne du comportement dynamique du surfactant à l'interface. La valeur de la tension interfaciale $\gamma$ extraite du premier régime linéaire correspond à la valeur à l'équilibre de la tension interfaciale du système, $\gamma_{eq}$. La vitesse d'amincissement plus élevée au cours du second régime est reliée à une dépletion partielle en surfactant de la zone d'amincissement maximal. Le ralentissement constaté pendant le troisième régime est lié au déplacement de cette zone vers une région plus riche en surfactant, où la tension $\gamma$ est plus faible. La dynamique d'amincissement du cou est très différente lorsque des polymères de poids moléculaire intermédiaire ($\sim$ 100 kDa) sont présents simultanément avec du SDS dans la phase continue. Lorsque $C_{SDS}$ est supérieure à 0,15 fois la concentration micellaire critique (CMC), le comportement est identique à celui observé en présence de surfactant seul. En dessous de 0,15 CMC, l'amincissement ralentit exponentiellement à l'approche de la rupture, et un phénomène de beads-on-a-string apparaît. Ces constatations sont analogues à celles faites lorsqu'une solution de polymères est menée à la rupture. Dans notre cas, les polymères sont uniquement à la surface du jet et non dans son volume! Une analyse des profils du cou au cours du temps démontre l'existence d'une auto-similarité à l'approche de la rupture. Bien que les systèmes étudiés soient plus complexes, ils présentent des caractéristiques qualitativement analogues à celles observées dans des systèmes de fluides simples. Toutefois, il existe une grande différence quantitative. / Droplet detachment is ubiquitous in everyday life. It results from the rupture of an interface separating two fluids. This rupture has been widely studied. It is now well established that it relies on a competition between capillary, inertial and viscous phenomena. In this manuscript, we report on the influence on the breakup dynamics of the presence of surface agents at the interface. When SDS is used as a surface agent, thinning can proceed in two ways. In the first mode, the dynamics of thinning are characterized by two linear-in-time regimes. The second mode is made of three linear-in-time regimes. In both cases, thinning starts with a first regime, followed by a steeper second regime. When a third regime exists, its slope is softer. Slope variation bears witness to a dynamical behaviour of the surfactants at the interface. The value for the interfacial tension $\gamma$ calculated from the slope of the first linear regime is in agreement with the equilibrium interfacial tension of the system, $\gamma_{eq}$. The higher thinning speed during the second regime is linked to a partial depletion in surfactant of the maximal thinning zone. The slowdown in the tihrd regime is related to a displacement of the thinning zone in a region of higher surfactant concentration, where $\gamma$ is lower. The thinning dynamics is very different when polymers are added to the surfactant solution. If $C_{SDS}$ is higher than 0.15 times the critical micellar concentration (CMC), a behaviour similar to the pure-surfactant case is observed. Below 0.15 CMC, an exponential slowdown is observed in the last instants, as well as a "`beads-on-a-string"' phenomenon. These observations are analogous to what is seen when a solution of polymers is led to breakup. In our case, polymers are not in the bulk; they are at the interface of the two fluids! Analysis of the profiles of the neck in both cases showed that profiles are self-similar. Qualitatively, they share features with profiles observed in the case of breakup of interfaces between simple fluids. Quantitatively, slopes and angles are different.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a identificação de feições que permitam (1) a construção do arcabouço crustal profundo e da porção superior do manto em parte da Costa de Angola, (2) a comparação deste arcabouço com o embasamento aflorante e (3) a tentativa de adequar estes resultados aos modelos de ruptura continental já publicados. Para alcançar estes objetivos foi feita a interpretação de cinco linhas sísmicas de reflexão profundas (25 Km de profundidade) na costa de Angola, nas Bacias de Kwanza e Baixo Congo, adquiridas pela ION-GXT. As feições identificadas na sísmica de reflexão auxiliaram na determinação dos limites da crosta continental superior e inferior, no reconhecimento das camadas que compõem a crosta oceânica e na identificação da Descontinuidade de Mohorovicic (que marca o limite entre crosta e manto). A interpretação sísmica associada a dados da literatura (que proporcionaram valores de densidade para os pacotes identificados na interpretação sísmica) permitiram a realização de uma modelagem gravimétrica que foi comparada ao dado gravimétrico adquirido durante a aquisição sísmica. A modelagem gravimétrica serviu para validar a interpretação sísmica, atuando como um controle de qualidade para a interpretação. Caso a anomalia gravimétrica gerada pela modelagem não estivesse de acordo com a anomalia medida, a interpretação sísmica era revista na tentativa de um melhor ajuste entre o resultado modelado e o medido. Este ajuste, no entanto, sempre foi feito honrando os refletores que estavam bem marcados na sísmica. Somado a isto, ainda foi utilizado o dado magnético adquirido no campo, no auxilio da interpretação. O arcabouço crustal obtido com a utilização deste método permitiu a comparação dos resultados da interpretação com os modelos de evolução de margens passivas existentes na literatura, mostrando muitos pontos em comum aos modelos que defendem a possibilidade de ocorrência de manto exumado em margens passivas pobres em magmatismo. A interpretação final destes dados mostrou um domínio proximal marcado por uma crosta continental espessa porém pouco afinada em contato com um domínio distal marcado por uma crosta continental muito afinada (crosta hiper-estirada) e, em direção ao centro do oceano, uma região em que ocorre a exumação do manto. A passagem do domínio proximal para o distal ocorre de forma rápida em uma região denominada Zona de Estrangulamento. À oeste do manto exumado é possível identificar a crosta oceânica. O cruzamento dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho com dados do embasamento aflorante no continente africano sugerem um controle do deste nos valores finais de afinamento da crosta continental sob a bacia e nas regiões de manto exumado. Trabalhos recentes realizados na costa de Angola e do Brasil mostram feições semelhantes às identificadas nesta dissertação. / The main objectives of this study are to identify features on seismic data that allow (1) the building of a deep crustal framework and of the upper portion of the mantle, in part of the Angolan margin; (2) to compare this framework with the adjacent outcropping basement of the African continent and; (3) to try to fit these results to the published continental breakup models. In order to achieve these objectives, five deep reflection seismic lines (25 km of depth) situated in the in Kwanza and Lower Congo Basins on the passive margin of Angola were interpreted. The features identified on seismic were useful to recognize the tripartite division that caracterize the oceanic crust and in defining the Mohorovicic Discontinuity (that represents the limit between crust and mantle). The seismic interpretation associated with the data obtained from the scientific literature (that provided density values for the packages identified on seismic interpretation) allowed the establishment of a gravity modeling that was compared to the gravity data acquired during the seismic acquisition. The gravity model was useful to validate the seismic interpretation, acting as a quality control of the latter. In case of the gravity anomaly generated by the modeling not being in accordance with the measured anomaly, the seismic interpretation was revised in order to obtain a better adjustment between the modeled and the measured result. This adjustment, however, was always done honoring the reflectors that were clearly positioned on seismic. In addition, the magnetic data acquired on the field was used to help on interpretation. The crustal framework obtained by the methodology described above was compared with the passive margin evolution models found on scientific literature, showing some points in common with the models that postulate the occurrence of exhumed mantle in magma-poor passive margins. The final interpretation of these data showed the existence of a proximal domain characterized by a thick continental crust slightly thinned in contact with a distal domain marked by a hyper-extended continental crust. Oceanwards there is a region where the exhumation of the mantle took place. The passage of the proximal to the distal domain is abrupt, here termed as a Necking Zone. Oceanic crust is identified to the west of exhumed mantle. The comparison of the results obtained in this study with data from the outcropping basement on the African continent suggests a basement control on the vales of continental crust thinning attained under the basins and on the regions of exhumed mantle. Recent works done on the Angolan and Brazilian margins show features similar to the ones identified on this dissertation.

High self-monitors choose as friends skilled activity partners, whereas low self-monitors select friends who are similar in attitude and values. We hypothesized that (a) as self-monitoring increased, individuals would identify the loss of shared interest as the cause for dissolving a former friendship and (b) as self-monitoring decreased, individuals would identify the loss of shared attitudes and values as the cause for dissolving a former friendship. One-hundred sixty one (82 males, 79 females) participants were recruited from MTurk. Participants were prompted with a forced choice measure to identify one of two reasons why a past close friendship dissolved. For one response participants could identify a loss of shared activities, for the other a loss of shared values. Participants then completed the 25-item Self-Monitoring Scale. For exploratory purposes, participants then completed a measure of the strategies they used to terminate that relationship of a best friend. Our results were consistent with our predictions, as self-monitoring appeared to influence the cause of dissolution in former close friendships. Additionally, as self-monitoring tendencies increased, participants were more likely to report using cost escalation, manipulation, distant/mediated communication, and de-escalation as strategies for ending a friendship. Explanations for these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB) baut seit 2011 eine Testanlage Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) Project – BERLinPro. Das Ziel dieses Projektes ist den hohen Strom und hohe Brillanz von dem Elektronenstrahl in einem ERL zu demonstrieren. Die angestrebten Strahlparameter sind vergleichbar mit den Parametern von e.g. zukünftigen ERL-basierten Lichtquellen. Eine von solchen Anlagen ist Femto-Science Factory (FSF), die am HZB konzipiert wurde. FSF ist eine Lichtquelle in Röntgenbereich auf Basis von einem mehrumläufigen ERL mit zweistüfiger Injektion und Energie von einigen GeV. Die Quelle soll Diffraktionslimitiert sein und kurze (Femtosekundenbereich) Lichtpulse erzeugen. Die durchschnittliche und spitzen- Brillanz soll mindesten eine Größenordnung höher liegen als die Brillanz der modernen Speicherring-basierten Lichtquellen. Ein Überblick von BERLinPro und FSF ist gegeben. Eine potentielle Schwäche von ERL besteht in Strahlinstabilitäten, insbesondere regenerative Beam Break Up (BBU). Die Instabilität kann den erreichbaren durchschnittlichen Strom in einem ERL begrenzen. Der Grenzstrom von der BBU für BERLinPro ist berechnet in der Dissertation. Vergleich von zwei Linacs mit zwei verschiedenen supraleitenden Kavitätendesigns ist vorgestellt. Drei Methoden für Strahlstabilisierung (Einfluss von Strahlrotation mit einem Soleniod, Pseudoreflektor, und Tripleten von Quadrupolen in dem Linac auf den Grenzstrom) sind untersucht. Analytische Lösungen für die Twiss-Parameter wurden gefunden für die beste Linacoptik mit und ohne zusätzliche optische Elemente. Zukünftige große ERLs können unterschiedliche Beschleunigungsschemen benutzen. Diese Dissertation vergleicht drei Schemas: unmittelbare Injektion in einen 6 GeV Linac; zweistufige Injektion in einen 6 GeV Linac; und zweistufige Injektion in einen mehrumläufigen Beschleuniger mit geteiltem Hauptlinac in zwei 1 GeV Linacs. Der Basis für den Vergleich ist die Vollkostenanalyse sowie erreichbarer Grenzstrom von den Instabilitäten. / In January 2011 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin officially started the realization of the Berlin Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) Project – BERLinPro. The goal of this compact ERL is to develop the accelerator physics and technology required to accelerate a high-current (100 mA) low emittance beam. The parameters are desired for future large scale facilities based on ERLs, e.g. ERL-based synchrotron light sources. One of such large scale facilities is in the design phase at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. This facility is called Femto-Science Factory (FSF). It is a GeV-scale multi-turn ERL-based light source. This light source will operate in the diffraction limited regime for X-rays and offer a short length of a light pulse in the femtosecond region. The average and peak brightness will be at least an order of magnitude higher than achievable from storage rings. In this work an overview of these two projects is given. One potential weakness of the Energy Recovery Linacs is a regenerative form of BBU – transverse beam break up instability. This instability can limit a beam current. In this work the threshold current of the BBU instability was calculated for BERLinPro. The comparison of two linacs based on different types of superconducting cavities is made. Different methods of BBU suppression are investigated (e.g. the influence of solenoid, pseudo-reflector and quadruple triplets in the linac structure on the BBU threshold). Analytic solutions of the Twiss parameters are used to find the best optic in the linac with and without external focusing are presented. Large scale ERL facilities can be realized on different schemes of beam acceleration. This dissertation compares a direct injection scheme with acceleration in a 6 GeV linac, a two-stage injection with acceleration in a 6 GeV linac and a multi-turn (3-turn) scheme with a two-stage injection and two main 1 GeV linacs. The key points of the comparison were total costs and BBU instability. Linac optic solutions are presented.

Gangschwärme nehmen eine bedeutende Stellung im Verständnis zur kontinentalen Fragmentierung ein. Einerseits markieren sie das Paläo-Spannungsfeld und helfen bei der Rekonstruktion der strukturellen Entwicklung der gedehnten Lithosphäre, andererseits gibt ihre petrologische Beschaffenheit Aufschluß über die Entstehung des Magmas, Aufstieg und Platznahme und schließlich erlaubt ihre Altersbestimmung die Rekonstruktion einer chronologischen Reihenfolge magmatischer und struktureller Ereignisse.<br><br> Das Arbeitsgebiet im namibianischen Henties Bay-Outjo Dike swarm (HOD) war zur Zeit der Unterkreide einem Rifting mit intensiver Platznahme von überwiegend mafischen Gängen unterworfen. Geochemische Signaturen weisen die Gänge als erodierte Förderkanäle der Etendeka Plateaubasalte aus. Durch den Einsatz von hochauflösenden Aeromagnetik- und Satellitendaten war es möglich, die Geometrie des Gangschwarmes erstmals detailliert synoptisch zu erfassen. Viele zu den Schichten des Grundgebirges foliationsparallel verlaufende magnetische Anomalien können unaufgeschlossenen kretazischen Intrusionen zugeordnet werden.<br><br> Bei der nach Norden propagierenden Südatlantiköffnung spielte die unterschiedliche strukturelle Vorzeichnung durch die neoproterozoischen Faltengürtel sowie Lithologie und Spannungsfeld des Angola Kratons eine bedeutende Rolle. Im küstennahen zentralen Bereich war dank der Vorzeichnung des Nordost streichenden Damara-Faltengürtels ein Rifting in Nordwest-Südost-Richtung dominierend, bis das Angola Kraton ein weiteres Fortscheiten nach Nordosten hemmte und die Vorzeichnung des Nordwest streichenden Kaoko-Faltengürtels an der Westgrenze den weiteren Riftverlauf und die letztendlich erfolgreiche Öffnung des Südatlantiks bestimmte. Aus diesem Grund kann das Gebiet des HOD als ein failed rift betrachtet werden.<br><br> Die Entwicklung des Spannungsfeldes im HOD kann folgendermaßen skizziert werden:<br><br> 1. Platznahme von Gängen bei gleichzeitig hoher Dehnungsrate und hohem Magmenfluß.<br> 2. Platznahme von Zentralvulkanen entlang reaktivierter paläozoischer Lineamente bei Abnahme der Dehnungsrate und fortbestehendem hohen Magmenfluß.<br> 3. Abnahme/Versiegen des Magmenflusses und neotektonische Bewegungen führen zur Bildung von Halbgräben. / Dike swarms play a fundamental role in understanding continental breakup. On the one hand they represent strain markers of the paleo-deformation field and help to reconstruct the structural evolution of the rifted lithosphere. On the other hand their magmatic infill contains information about the conditions of magma generation, ascent and emplacement. Finally, dating of dikes allows reconstructing a chronological order of magmatic and structural events. The study area of the Namibian Henties Bay-Outjo Dike swarm (HOD) underwent tectonic extension in the Lower Cretaceous associated with the widespread emplacement of predominantly mafic dikes and intrusive ring complexes representing the remnants of volcanic centres. Geochemical signatures of the dikes prove them to be the feeder structures of the Etendeka Plateau Basalts. The application of recent high resolution aeromagnetic surveys and satellite imaging revealed the dike swarm's extent and geometry for the first time. The distribution and geometry of the dikes shown in the aeromagnetics reflect the propagation of the South Atlantic opening from south to north by their relative-ages.<br><br> Northwest-southeast-directed rifting was dominant in the central coastal area, due to the structural control of the northeast striking basement structures until further propagation was hampered by the Angola Craton. Subsequently the structural control of the coast-parallel Kaoko Belt became dominant and determined the successful opening of the South Atlantic. Hence, the area of the HOD can be considered as a failed rift.<br><br> The stress field evolution within the HOD can be outlined as follows:<br><br> 1. Intrusion of dikes when extension rates as well as magma supply were high.<br> 2. Intrusion of volcanic ring complexes along reactivated Panafrican lineaments when extension rates decreased and magma supply remained high.<br> 3. Neotectonic movements create half-grabens after the termination of magmatism.

The self-assembly of polystyrene-stabilized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (PS-CdS) with amphiphilic stabilizing chains of polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) into colloidal quantum dot compound micelles (QDCMs) is studied on two-phase gas-liquid segmented microfluidic reactors. The resulting particle sizes are found to arise from the interplay of shear-induced coalescence and particle breakup, depending on a combination of chemical and flow conditions. Variation of water content, gas-to-liquid ratio, and total flow rate, enable control of QDCM sizes in the range of 140 – 40 nm. The flow-variable shear effect on similar microfluidic reactors is then applied to direct the solution self-assembly of a PS-b-PAA block copolymer into various micelle morphologies. The difference between off-chip and on-chip morphologies under identical chemical conditions is explained by a mechanism of shear-induced coalescence enabled by strong and localized on-chip shear fields, followed by intraparticle chain rearrangements to minimize local free energies. Time-dependent studies of these nanostructures reveal that on-chip kinetic structures will relax to global equilibrium given sufficient time off-chip. Further investigations into the effect of chemical variables on on-chip shear-induced morphologies reveal a combination of thermodynamic and kinetic effects, opening avenues for morphology control via combined chemical (bottom-up) and shear (top-down) forces. An equilibrium phase diagram of off-chip micelle morphologies is constructed and used in conjunction with kinetic considerations to rationalize on-chip mechanisms and morphologies, including cylinders and vesicles, under different chemical conditions. Finally, we extend our strategy of two-phase microfluidic self-assembly of PS-b-PAA to the loading of fluorescent hydrophobic probes (pyrene and naphthalene) with different affinities for the PS core. The on-chip loading approach provides a fast alternate to the slow off-chip method, with implications for the potential development for point-of-care devices for drug loading. On-chip loading results indicate that loading efficiencies are dependent on water content and, to a lesser extent, on flow rate; the results also suggest that the on-chip morphologies of the PS-b-PAA micelles are an important factor in the loading efficiencies. / Graduate

L’architecture crustale et l’évolution de la partie profonde des marges passives peu-magmatiques sont encore mal comprises. En prenant comme chantier principal les marges Australie-Antarctique, cette thèse montre que l’enregistrement de la déformation dans les sédiments met en évidence une évolution polyphasée des marges distales. Cette évolution polyphasée implique le développement de multiples systèmes de détachement présentant une organisation hors-séquence et menant à une architecture finale symétrique des domaines exhumés. Cette organisation des systèmes de failles est liée à des cycles de délocalisation / relocalisation de la déformation influencés par l’apport magmatique, par un niveau de découplage et par la remontée asthénosphérique. L’interaction faille / magma apparait particulièrement importante dans l’évolution des marges distales. Cette étude a permis de mieux caractériser la rupture lithosphérique, qui peut se définir comme un événement tectono-magmatique progressif. / The crustal architecture and evolution of the deepest part of magma-poor rifted margins is currently not well understood. Taking the Australia-Antarctica margins as main study area, this thesis shows that the record of the deformation in sediments highlights a clear polyphase evolution of distal margins. This polyphase evolution implies the development of multiple detachment systems presenting an out-of-sequence organization and leading to a final symmetric architecture of the exhumed domains. This organization of fault systems is linked to cycles of delocalisation / re-localisation of the deformation influenced by the magmatic supply, by a decoupling level and by the asthenospheric uplift. Fault / magma interaction appears particularly important during the evolution of distal margins. This study allowed a better characterization of the lithospheric breakup, which can be defined as a progressive tectono-magmatic event.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a identificação de feições que permitam (1) a construção do arcabouço crustal profundo e da porção superior do manto em parte da Costa de Angola, (2) a comparação deste arcabouço com o embasamento aflorante e (3) a tentativa de adequar estes resultados aos modelos de ruptura continental já publicados. Para alcançar estes objetivos foi feita a interpretação de cinco linhas sísmicas de reflexão profundas (25 Km de profundidade) na costa de Angola, nas Bacias de Kwanza e Baixo Congo, adquiridas pela ION-GXT. As feições identificadas na sísmica de reflexão auxiliaram na determinação dos limites da crosta continental superior e inferior, no reconhecimento das camadas que compõem a crosta oceânica e na identificação da Descontinuidade de Mohorovicic (que marca o limite entre crosta e manto). A interpretação sísmica associada a dados da literatura (que proporcionaram valores de densidade para os pacotes identificados na interpretação sísmica) permitiram a realização de uma modelagem gravimétrica que foi comparada ao dado gravimétrico adquirido durante a aquisição sísmica. A modelagem gravimétrica serviu para validar a interpretação sísmica, atuando como um controle de qualidade para a interpretação. Caso a anomalia gravimétrica gerada pela modelagem não estivesse de acordo com a anomalia medida, a interpretação sísmica era revista na tentativa de um melhor ajuste entre o resultado modelado e o medido. Este ajuste, no entanto, sempre foi feito honrando os refletores que estavam bem marcados na sísmica. Somado a isto, ainda foi utilizado o dado magnético adquirido no campo, no auxilio da interpretação. O arcabouço crustal obtido com a utilização deste método permitiu a comparação dos resultados da interpretação com os modelos de evolução de margens passivas existentes na literatura, mostrando muitos pontos em comum aos modelos que defendem a possibilidade de ocorrência de manto exumado em margens passivas pobres em magmatismo. A interpretação final destes dados mostrou um domínio proximal marcado por uma crosta continental espessa porém pouco afinada em contato com um domínio distal marcado por uma crosta continental muito afinada (crosta hiper-estirada) e, em direção ao centro do oceano, uma região em que ocorre a exumação do manto. A passagem do domínio proximal para o distal ocorre de forma rápida em uma região denominada Zona de Estrangulamento. À oeste do manto exumado é possível identificar a crosta oceânica. O cruzamento dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho com dados do embasamento aflorante no continente africano sugerem um controle do deste nos valores finais de afinamento da crosta continental sob a bacia e nas regiões de manto exumado. Trabalhos recentes realizados na costa de Angola e do Brasil mostram feições semelhantes às identificadas nesta dissertação. / The main objectives of this study are to identify features on seismic data that allow (1) the building of a deep crustal framework and of the upper portion of the mantle, in part of the Angolan margin; (2) to compare this framework with the adjacent outcropping basement of the African continent and; (3) to try to fit these results to the published continental breakup models. In order to achieve these objectives, five deep reflection seismic lines (25 km of depth) situated in the in Kwanza and Lower Congo Basins on the passive margin of Angola were interpreted. The features identified on seismic were useful to recognize the tripartite division that caracterize the oceanic crust and in defining the Mohorovicic Discontinuity (that represents the limit between crust and mantle). The seismic interpretation associated with the data obtained from the scientific literature (that provided density values for the packages identified on seismic interpretation) allowed the establishment of a gravity modeling that was compared to the gravity data acquired during the seismic acquisition. The gravity model was useful to validate the seismic interpretation, acting as a quality control of the latter. In case of the gravity anomaly generated by the modeling not being in accordance with the measured anomaly, the seismic interpretation was revised in order to obtain a better adjustment between the modeled and the measured result. This adjustment, however, was always done honoring the reflectors that were clearly positioned on seismic. In addition, the magnetic data acquired on the field was used to help on interpretation. The crustal framework obtained by the methodology described above was compared with the passive margin evolution models found on scientific literature, showing some points in common with the models that postulate the occurrence of exhumed mantle in magma-poor passive margins. The final interpretation of these data showed the existence of a proximal domain characterized by a thick continental crust slightly thinned in contact with a distal domain marked by a hyper-extended continental crust. Oceanwards there is a region where the exhumation of the mantle took place. The passage of the proximal to the distal domain is abrupt, here termed as a Necking Zone. Oceanic crust is identified to the west of exhumed mantle. The comparison of the results obtained in this study with data from the outcropping basement on the African continent suggests a basement control on the vales of continental crust thinning attained under the basins and on the regions of exhumed mantle. Recent works done on the Angolan and Brazilian margins show features similar to the ones identified on this dissertation.