This dissertation introduces a social cognitive model of bystander behavior and examines the mediating role of self-efficacy on the relationship between bullying victimization and negative outcomes. Based on Bandura’s (1986; 2001) social cognitive theory, this model utilizes two frameworks for understanding bystander behavior in bullying: group process framework (Salmivalli, 2010) and the bystander motivation framework (Thornberg et al., 2012). A research agenda is presented based on the key elements of the proposed model, including bystander agency, bystander self-efficacy, bystander moral disengagement, and bystander collective efficacy. The research study investigated self-efficacy for coping with bullying victimization and its mediating role on the relationship between bullying victimization and the outcomes of depression, anxiety, and perceptions of school safety. The Bullying Victimization Self-Efficacy Scale (BVSES; Kim et al., 2010), the Student Survey of Bullying Behaviors – Revised 2 (SSBB-R2; Varjas et al., 2008) and the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition (BASC-2; Kamphaus & Reynolds, 2004) were administered to 551 elementary and middle school students in a southeastern urban school district. Using structural equation modeling, a measurement model was used to confirm the factor structure of the latent variables used in the study (i.e., victimization, the BVSES scales, depression, anxiety, and school safety). Then, the hypothesized structure model was used to determine the mediating role of self-efficacy on the relationships of bullying victimization with depression, anxiety, and school safety. An alternative model was tested where depression, anxiety, and school safety were mediators of the relationship between victimization and the BVSES scales as a comparison for the hypothesized model. The measurement model yielded a good model fit, deeming it acceptable for the structure model analysis. The hypothesized and alternative models yielded a good model fit, and significant mediation effects were found in both models. However, the low magnitude suggests that self-efficacy had a relatively weak mediation effect, which may be due to the strength of the relationship between victimization and the outcome variables. This strong direct effect suggests that self-efficacy may not be a substantial mediator influencing the relationship between victimization and the outcome variables. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Mobbning på arbetsplatser är ett växande globalt problem som förekommer i alla yrkessektorer, men där kartläggningen av fenomenet fortfarande är relativt bristfällig. Syftet med studien var att undersöka skillnader i upplevd närvaro av vuxenmobbning på mansdominerade respektive kvinnodominerade arbetsplatser i en svensk kontext. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka om det fanns något samband mellan upplevelsen av arbetsklimatet, utifrån delaktighet/medbestämmande och negativ kommunikation. För att undersöka detta användes ett självskattningsformulär. Det använda instrumentet visade på en god intern konsistens. Deltagarna i undersökningen var 23 män och 5 kvinnor från två mansdominerade arbetsplatser inom ungdomsvården, samt 32 kvinnor och 2 män från två kvinnodominerade arbetsplatser inom äldrevården. För att analysera de insamlade data användes t-test. Resultatet visade att deltagarna från de mansdominerade arbetsplatserna upplevde att mer mobbning och mer negativ kommunikation förekom jämfört med deltagarnas upplevelser från de kvinnodominerade arbetsplatserna. Samtidigt visade resultaten att deltagarna från de kvinnodominerade arbetsplatserna upplevde större delaktighet och större möjligheter att påverka sin arbetssituation jämfört med deltagarna från de mansdominerade arbetsplatserna. Trots dessa resultat kunde det påvisas att deltagarna från de mansdominerade arbetsplatserna i studien skattade sina arbetsmiljöer som generellt mer positiva än dem på de kvinnodominerade arbetsplatserna. Ingen av dessa könsskillnader var statistiskt signifikant. Det fanns negativt medelstarkt samband mellan delaktighet/medbestämmande och negativ kommunikation, negativt medelstarkt samband mellan mobbning och delaktighet/medbestämmande samt ett positivt starkt samband mellan mobbning och negativ kommunikation. Samtliga samband var statistiskt signifikanta. Vi rekommenderar användningen av samma instrument i fortsatta studier avseende vuxenmobbning på olika arbetsplatser / Bullying behaviour at workplaces is seen as a growing global problem, albeit with little research that satisfactorily covers this phenomenon. The aim of the study was to examine differences in the perceived presence of adult bullying in male-dominated and female-dominated workplaces in a Swedish context. Another aim was to investigate whether there was any connection between the experience of the working environment, based on inclusion/participation and negative communication. To examine this, a self-assessment questionnaire was utilized on 23 men and five women within two male-dominated workplaces (juvenile detention care), and on 32 women and two men working in female-dominated workplaces (elderly care). The used instrument showed good internal consistency. In order to analyse the sampled data, an independent t-test was used. Results showed that participants from the male-dominated workplaces reported a higher 1 level of bullying behaviour and higher levels of negative communication styles being present in their work environment compared to participants from the female-dominated workplaces. Furthermore, participants from the female-dominated areas reported they felt more involved and experienced a higher degree of freedom to influence their work situation compared to participants from the male-dominated workplaces. Despite these differences participants from the male-dominated places reported their work environment as more positive overall than the participants working in female-dominated places. None of these sex-differences was statistically significant. There was a negative and moderate correlation between involvement/participation and negative communication, a negative moderate correlation between bullying and inclusion/co-determination and a positive strong relationship between bullying and negative communication. All correlations were statistically significant. We recommend using the same instrument in future studies on adult bullying at workplaces

Pastaraisiais metais Lietuvoje pradėta plačiau kalbėti apie vaikų tarpusavio skriaudimą ir patyčias. Atlikti žvalgomieji tyrimai rodo labai didelį vaikų tarpusavio skriaudimo ir patyčių reiškinio paplitimą. Manoma, kad šį reiškinį sąlygoja tiek asmeninės vaikų savybės, tiek aplinkos neigiami veiksniai. Globos įstaigose gyvenantys vaikai dažniau nei kiti vaikai, gali tapti skriaudėjais arba būti skriaudžiami. Lietuvoje vaikų tarpusavio skriaudimo ir patyčių reiškinys nėra aiškiai apibrėžtas, nėra vieningos vaikų tarpusavio skriaudimo ir patyčių prevencijos programos, kuri būtų įgyvendinama visose vaikų ugdymo ir globos įstaigose. Šiuo metu siūlomose vaikų smurto, prievartos, patyčių prevencijos programose nepakankamai dalyvauja nevyriausybinių vaikų globos namų bendruomenės. Tyrimu siekiama išanalizuoti vaikų tarpusavio skriaudimo ir patyčių problemos teorinius aspektus, aktualumą, programų ir kvalifikacijos kėlimo renginių pasiūlą ir poreikį, nevyriausybinių globos namų vaikų tarpusavio skriaudimo ir patyčių atvejų sprendimo schemas, socialinės partnerystės ryšius, siūlymus nevyriausybinių vaikų globos namų veiklos tobulinimui. Tyrimu nustatyta, kad vaikų tarpusavio skriaudimo ir patyčių sąvoka apibūdinami tiek patyčių ir skriaudimo, tiek smurto ir prievartos atvejai. Visų grupių tiriamiesiems vaikų tarpusavio skriaudimo ir patyčių problema yra aktuali. Ekspertai ir nevyriausybinių vaikų globos namų darbuotojai teigia, kad valstybėje nepakanka prevencijos ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In these latter years bullying and jeer among the children have become widely discussed issues in Lithuania. Pilot researches demonstrate the wide spread of bullying and jeer phenomenon among the children. It is considered that this phenomenon is conditioned by both, personal features of the children and negative impact from the surroundings. Children living in institutional care more often than others can become bullies or objects of bullying. In Lithuania the phenomenon of bullying and jeer among the children is not clearly defined and there is no unified program for preventing bullying and jeer among the children under implementation in all child education and care institutions. The participation of non-governmental children foster care homes community is not sufficient in currently recommended child violence, coercion, jeer prevention programs. This research aims to analyze the theoretical aspects of bullying and jeer among the children, their relevance, supply and demand of in-service programs, programs for solving bullying and jeer cases among the children in non-governmental foster care homes, social partnership, recommendations for developing activities in non-governmental child foster care homes. It was identified that the notion of bullying and jeer among the children also involves the cases of violence and coercion. The problem of bullying and jeer is relevant for all groups under investigation. Experts and employees of non-governmental foster care homes express... [to full text]

British Columbia's Ministry of Education has established fundamental policy standards for teacher practice. These standards ensure the safety and well-being of school children and youth. My study explores the lived realities of novice and experienced teachers focusing on the quantity and quality of their university training and their preparedness to implement standards. Participants' stories reveal vast differences in teacher training institutions curricula, practicums, and overall quality of education. However, there is one similarity; there is a general lack of training in relation to bullying, classroom management, and teaching strategies. Interestingly, teachers have been requesting training in these areas for decades. I contend that there is a gap between ministry policy and teacher training institutions' curriculum development. Thus, teachers graduate without the necessary skills to implement the government's teaching standards, especially in relation to student safety in school. I present practical recommendations for teacher training curriculum development, and I emphasize the importance of a mentorship program for novice teachers to ensure best practice and job satisfaction.

Magistro baigiamojo drabo tema yra aktuali, nes Lietuvos mokyklose patyčios yra opi problema, patyčias patiriančių ir iš kitų besityčiojančių mokinių dažnis Lietuvos mokyklose yra didesnis nei kitose Europos šalyse. Naujumas - apie patyčias mokykloje yra parašyta nemažai mokslinių darbų, tačiau nėra pakankamai tyrimų, kuriuose būtų lyginamas patyčiu paplitimas, prevencija skirtingose šalyse, todėl savo darbe siekiu nustatyti ir palyginti patyčių raišką, paplitimą bei prevenciją tarp dviejų šalių. Darbe iškelta problema - kokie egzistuoja patyčių raiškos, paplitimo bei prevencijos panašumai ir skirtumai? Kas galėtų lemti šiuos skirtumus? Šio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti ir palyginti patyčių raišką, paplitimą bei prevenciją tarp 7-8 klasės mokinių. Tyrimo objektas – mokinių patyčių raiška, paplitimas ir prevencija Šiaulių ir Dublino vidurinėse mokyklose. Darbe naudotasi mokslinės literatūros analizės, anketinė apklausos metodais, statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta kompiuterine programa SPSS (version 17). Darbe pateiktiems paveikslams sudaryti naudota Windows Microsoft Exel programa. Tyrimas atliktas 2011 metų kovo – balandžio mėnesiais. Buvo apklausti Šiaulių ir Dublino miestų vidurinių mokyklų 7- 8 klasių mokiniai ir mokytojai. Mokslinės literatūros analizė atskleidė dominuojančias mokykloje patyčių formas, priežastis, pasekmes, paplitimą Lietuvoje ir kitose šalyse, patyčių prevencijos aspektus. Aprašomojo kiekybinio tyrimo instrumentas – anketinė apklausa taikyta norint... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The final Master work is very relevant, because the problem of bullying in Lithuanian schools appears to be very burning, the number and prevalence of bullied and bullying students in Lithuanian schools is larger than in other European. Novelty – there are many scientific works of bullying at school, but there are not enough works comparing prevalence and prevention of bullying in different countries. Therefore, in my work I try to identify and analyse expression, prevalence and prevention of byllying at schools in two countries - Šiauliai and Dublin. The problem of the work – What are the similarities and differences of expression, prevalence and prevention of bullying at schools? What could influence the differences? The goal of the research – to identify and compare the expression, prevalence and prevention of byllying at school among students of 7-8 forms. The object of the research – expression, prevalence and prevention of students‘ bullying at schools. The analysis of scientific literature and questionnaire methods were applied in the work, as well as the software SPSS (version 17) for storing the gathered statistic data. The illustrations of the work are provided applying Windows Microsoft Exel software. The research was completed in March-April, 2011. Students of 7-8 forms and teachers were questioned. The analysis of scientific literature relealed the prevailing forms, reasons, results and prevalence of bullying at schools in Lithuania and other countries, and the... [to full text]

Darbo objektas - 11-15 metų sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių paauglių vertybės ir patyčių ypatumai. Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti 11-15 metų sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių paauglių vertybes ir patyčių ypatumus. Tyrimo uždaviniai : 1. Nustatyti 11 - 15 metų paauglių vertybes 2. Išsiaiškinti 11 – 15 metų paauglių patyčių ypatumus. 3. Nustatyti 11-15 metų paauglių patyčių ypatumus pagal sportavimą ir lytį. 4. Ištirti 11-15 metų paauglių vertybes pagal sportavimą ir lytį. Hipotezės: 1. Sportuojantys respondentai ir merginos patyčių patiria mažiau nei nesportuojantys ir vaikinai. 2. Sportuojančių paauglių ir merginų vertybės stipriau išreikštos, nei nesportuojančių paauglių ir vaikinų. Išvados: 1. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad nei karto patyčių nepatyrė tik apie trečdalis respondentų (30,5 proc.), tuo tarpu kartais patyčias patiria 46,5 proc., dažnai – 15,5 proc., o net labai dažnai – 7,5 proc. mokinių. 2. Svarbiausiomis vertybėmis paaugliai laiko: šeimos gerovę, tikrą draugystę, tvarkingumą, aktyvų pilną įspūdžių gyvenimą, sveikatą. 3. Nesportuojantys mokiniai dažniau, nei sportuojantys, patyrė atskiras patyčių formas, tačiau šie skirtumai nebuvo statistiškai reikšmingi (p>0,05). Nustatyta, jog merginos mažiau tyčiojasi nei vaikinai, skirtumas buvo statistiškai reikšmingas (p<0,05). 4. Vaikinams pati svarbiausia vertybė yra aktyvus pilnas įspūdžių gyvenimas, o merginos labiausiai vertina tikrą draugystę, tačiau šie skirtumai nebuvo statistiškai reikšmingi (p>0,05). Nustatyta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the research - of invastigation is 11 -15 yers old, training and not training adolescents bully‘s and values. Research methods: 1. Set, 11 – 15 years old adolescent bullying values. 2. Set, 11 – 15 years old adolescent values. 3. Determine, 11 – 15 years adolescents bullying by gender and physical activity. 4. To investigate, 11 – 15 years adolescents values by gender and physical activity. Conclusions: 1. During research into experience of being bullied the results show that the object of occasional bullying are 46.5 per cent of adolescent, meanwhile, the object of frequent bullying are 15.5 per cent of adolescent and often 7,5 per cent adolscent. 2. Most important values for adolscents is: family wealth, health, true friendship and other. 3. It was found that athletes adolescents suffer less bullying than non-athletes their peers. However, gender was not statistically significant (p>0,05). Investigation showed statistically significant difference between gender (p<0,05). 4. The most important adolscent boys values is actine and full impresive live, adolscent girls mainuly value is true friendship, however, gender was not statistically significant (p>0,05). The research showed that main adolscent values mean was among training adolscent. Such as : community, politeness, gratitude, mean of life (p<0,05).

Patyčios – tai sąmoningas, neišprovokuotas veiksmas prieš vieną ar kelis asmenis, siekiant sukelti nuolatinius prievartos ar įžeidinėjimų modelius. Patyčios pasireiškia įvairiomis formomis: žodiniu užgauliojimu, ignoravimu ar atstūmimu, fiziniais išpuoliais, reketu, daiktų atiminėjimu ir laužymu bei nemalonių užrašų rašymu. Patyčių reiškinys masiškai paplitęs visame pasaulyje, su juo susiduriama kasdien. Pirmi patyčių reiškinio paplitimo tyrimai pasirodė Švedijoje, vėliau patyčių reiškiniu susidomėjo kitos šalys. Pasaulio Sveikatos Organizacijos tyrimo duomenimis, Lietuvoje apie 70 proc. vaikų bent kartą yra patyrę bendraamžių patyčias. Analizuojant užsienio ir lietuvių mokslinę literatūrą matome, kad patyčios, tai opi problema mūsų visuomenėje, kuriai reikalinga efektyvi prevencinė programa. Analizuojant mokslinę literatūrą pastebėta, kad tyrimų patyčių tema nėra daug, o siekiant išsiaiškinti moksleivių, dalyvaujančių muzikinėje veikloje patiriamas patyčių apraiškas, nebuvo rasta. Tai inspiravo idėją ištirti patyčių reiškinį tarp panašaus amžiaus paauglių (dalyvaujančių ir nedalyvaujančių) muzikinėje veikloje bendravimo ypatumus, išskiriant patyčių reiškinio apraiškas. Tyrimu siekiama išsiaiškinti, ar muzikinė veikla inspiruoja patyčių reiškinio apraiškas paauglių tarpe. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti paauglių bendravimo ypatumus su bendraamžiais, dalyvaujančiais muzikinėje veikloje. Tyrimo uždaviniai: atskleisti teorinius patyčių sampratos aspektus; numatyti patyčių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Bullying is a deliberate, unprovoked action against one or a few persons, seeking to create constant abuse or harassment models. Bullying can be expressed in different forms, e.g. verbal abuse, disregard or repulse, physical attacks, ratchet, damaging or stealing things and as well, nasty notes. The phenomenon of bullying is widely spread in a whole world and students encounter it every day. The first studies on the prevalence of bullying were carried out in Sweden. Later other countries also started to pay attention to this problem. According to the World Health Organization survey results, 70% of Lithuanian children have at least once been bullied. While analysing the Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature, it becomes evident, that bullying is a relevant problem of the contemporary society and it requires an efficient prevention programme. The analysis of the scientific literature disclosed that there have been only a several investigations performed on the topic of bullying. Moreover, one could not find any bullying manifestations about students participating in a musical activity. This fact inspired the idea to investigate the phenomenon of bullying among the similar age teenagers (participating and not participating in a musical activity) communication peculiarities, distinguishing the manifestation of the bullying as a phenomenon. This study aims to determine whether a musical activity inspires the phenomenon of bullying among teenagers. The aim of the research is... [to full text]

Bullying at schools is a problem that has recently gained much media exposure highlighting its increasing occurrence and violent nature. It has also gained attention in the educational field with an increasing number of pertinent studies. The link between school bullying and school violence has been drawn by educators and researchers alike. Of great importance is the positioning of school bullying in the sphere of Peace Education in the school. Despite bullying being mentioned in many relevant educational policies and documents pertaining to school governance, incidents are on the increase. The severity of bullying incidents is also worsening. This context led to the interest of addressing bullying amongst the Representative Council of Learners (RCL) at my school. As the Teacher Liaison Officer (TLO) to the RLC, I decided to initiate an Action Research project with the RCL of this school. The study explores and acts on the RLC perspectives on bullying at their school and their perspectives on suitable interventions. The methodology of action research suited an intervention goal. Learners need to be involved in processes of creating a peaceful learning environment for all. As stated by McNiff and Whitehead, “Working out ideas is the learning, working out how to live with one another is the peace process” (McNiff & Whitehead, 2002, p.13). The study is framed by Freire’s theory on pedagogy and Butler’s theory of gender. It involves several data collection methods, including questionnaires, focus group interviews, creative writing responses, posters, workshops and observations. My findings are presented as discussions based on various generative themes which emerged from the data. The findings of the study revealed that learners had difficulty formulating a comprehensive definition of bullying. Many initially felt that few incidents of bullying occurred at their school and were unaware of the full range of incidents of bullying. Boys and girls experienced bullying differently while different age groups had similar experiences of bullying. Features such as power, aggression and abuse were commonly raised in learners understanding of bullying. While a broader knowledge on bullying was generated through the action research process, many silences still emerged. Learners failed to draw the link between bullying and violence. They also did not mention any incident related to new age bullying or incidents involving the educator as a victim or as the bully. The study acknowledges that in order for bullying at this school to be reduced, a second and possibly a third cycle of the action research process is needed. The study indicates that bullying is not a simple problem that can be dealt with in a short period of time. It needs to be incorporated annually in the school programme dealing with pertinent societal dynamics which affect teaching and learning. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

Although there has been extensive research focused on school violence, very little research has been conducted on the relationship between perceptions of school violence and personal safety and perceived academic performance of students in rural areas. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate how self-reported perceptions of school violence and personal safety are related to perceived marks in math and ELA in a small rural Manitoba school division. Data were collected from two groups of students (Grades 4 to 6 and Grades 7 to 12) who completed different versions of the Canadian Public Health Association Safe School Survey (CPHA) and also answered questions prepared by the school division’s Health and Safety Committee regarding their perceptions of individual math and ELA marks. The implications of the findings of this study for the school division are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.

Darbo problema ir aktualumas - mokslininkai, nagrinėjantys smurtą, jo atsiradimo priežastis ir pasekmes, beveik vieningai prieina išvados, kad egzistuoja didžiulė problema ir įvardija, kad viena iš pagrindinių šio reiškinio ištakų – santykiai tarp žmonių. Kelios kartos žmonių prarado gebėjimus grįsti tarpusavio santykius pagarbos, pasitikėjimo, partnerystės dvasia. Šiuos dorybinius santykius pakeitė agresija, smurtas, patyčios, bejėgiškumas ir panašūs negatyviniai reiškiniai. Smurto ir agresijos proveržiai stebimi ne tik miestų teritorijose, mokyklose, kiemuose, bet ir sparčiai veržiasi į miestelių, kaimo vietovę. Mokinių agresyvus elgesys su bendramoksliais jau tampa įprastu ir vis sunkiau kontroliuojamu reiškiniu. Praktikoje dažniausiai tiriamos smurto apraiškos mieste ir mokykloje. Nėra atlikto tyrimo smurtas ir jo prevencija kieme, atskleidžiant atsakingų kaimo bendruomenės veikėjų: kunigo, įgaliotinio, seniūno ir socialinio darbuotojo bei paauglių požiūrį į smurto apraiškas, vyraujančias rūšis ir pasireiškimo formas, kilimo priežastis ir prevenciją. Tyrimo tikslas: ištirti paauglių agresyvaus elgesio (smurto) pasireiškimą jų gyvenamojoje vietoje – kieme. Siekiama atskleisti tyrimo informantų požiūrį į šio destruktyvaus elgesio pasireiškimo ir atsiradimo ištakas, formas bei pateikti rekomendacijas šio reiškinio prevencijai. Tyrimo objektas: agresija ir smurto pasireiškimas paauglių tarpe kieme. Tyrimo dalykas: skirtingų socialinių grupių atstovų (paauglių, kunigo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Problems and relevance of the topic – having analysed the reasons and consequenses of violence among teenagers, scientists came up to the conclusion that this problem originates in human relationship. A few generations have lost the ability to base their relationship upon respect, trust and partnership towards other people. These moral relationships are replaced by agression, helplessness, bullying and similar negative phenomenon that are observed not only in the schools and school territories in big cities and towns, but also in similar public places in small villages. Agressive behaviour among pupils is becoming more and more common phenomenon.and it is more and more difficult to controll. In practice the forms of violence are most frequently investigated at schools or in school territories, but no research has been done concerning violence and its prevention in the courtyards and playgrounds (after school environment), revealing attitudes of the priest, the village headman, the social worker and the teenagers. Aim of research: to investigate the forms of teenager‘s agressive behaviour in their after school environment, to reveal the informants‘ attitude towards this destructive behaviour and its origin, to present recommendations for the prevention of this phenomenon. Subject of research: evaluation of different social groups (priest, village headman, social worker and teenagers) Objectives of paper: to analyse the concept of agressive behaviour in different... [to full text]