<p>Det har alltid varit ett mål att uppnå god kommunikation mellan olika parter i ett byggprojekt. Ett sätt att underlätta detta kan vara att använda byggnadsinformationsmodeller (BIM). Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att ta reda på frontlinjen gällande BIM i ritprogram i allmänhet och i programmet SketchUp i synnerhet. Vi ska också undersöka IFC, ett öppet filformat som används för att visa byggnadsinformationsmodeller.<strong></strong></p><p>Vad är då BIM, SketchUp och IFC?</p><p>Kort beskrivet är BIM, Building Information Model, en modell som kan innehålla och hantera all information i ett byggprojekt. SketchUp är ett mjukvaruprogram som huvudsakligen fungerar som ett stödprogram för arkitekter men även som ett mjukvaruverktyg för designers. IFC är ett internationellt standardiserat filformat som möjliggör ett öppet och effektivt informationsflöde.</p><p>Vi har ritat upp en modell av ett av åttavåningshusen på kvarteret Limnologen i Växjö i SketchUp delvis för att testa dess IFC och BIM kompabilitet men också för att få en allmän inblick i vad programmet kan åstadkomma. Slutsatserna av försöket gav oss en bredare förståelse för vad programmet har för möjligheter, och att BIM och IFC funktionerna i SketchUp just nu är begränsade.</p><p> </p> / <p>It has always been a goal to obtain good communication between partners in business within a building project. One way to obtain this is to use building information modeling (BIM). The purpose of our thesis is to find the frontlines of BIM in drawing software in common and particularly in SketchUp and also to draw conclusions regarding IFC.</p><p>What is BIM, Sketchup and IFC?</p><p>In short terms, BIM, Building Information Model, is a model that contains and handles all information associated to a building project. SketchUp is a software program and acts mainly as a support program to architects but also as a software tool for designers. IFC is an international standard file format. The format enables an open and efficient information flow in building projects.</p><p>We created a model of one of the eight-storey houses at the Limnologen block in Växjö in SketchUp partly to test its IFC and BIM compatibilities but also to get a common insight to what the software could accomplish. The conclusions of the test gave us a deeper understanding to what options the program had, and that BIM and IFC functions are currently limited in SketchUp.</p><p> </p>

<p>This report is about accessibility at rest areas. We have examined the aisles and furniture of seven rest areas with a focus on accessibility for disabled persons. At the end of the report, we provide suggestions on how some of the weaknesses we have discovered can be addressed.</p>

Abstract Climate and environmental issues are of paramount importance. Researchers agree that we must all contribute to a reduction of gases that contribute to climate change. Energy consumption must decrease within all sectors and the promotion of renewable sources of energy must be introduced. Each sector should aspire to decrease its energy consumption. Energy consumption is strongly linked to waste gases that contribute to climate change. Passive houses are a part of the construction industry's methods to attain energy conservation. Passive houses are derived from low energy houses and super insulated houses. A passive house is intended to obtain heat from the inhabitants and through their activities. The house is built so that heat losses through the climate shell (doors, windows, walls, floors and ceilings) and the ventilation system are decreased. In order to get a good indoor environment it is important that the ventilation and heat recycling system working together, hold the energy consumption down. This is how faculty people usually present a passive house to someone who has not considered the concept before. I would like to turn the focus from heating to cooling. Houses with large glass facades facing south and a closed climate shell risk too high an indoor temperature. How do we plan houses so that they don’t need a cooling system? Is protection from the sun enough? During the planning of a passive house, efforts are made in order to let the house be dependent on a small heat battery during the coldest parts of the year. My approach to passive houses became an effort to see how solar radiation influences closed and highly insulated units. The heating of houses in my calculations was not influenced to any extent by the rotation of the building. When heating buildings the sun’s radiation only plays a small part. When the sun’s radiation is most concentrated no active heating is required. It is important to note that solar radiation cannot be depended upon at all times especially in winter. Of course, with sun protection, energy needed for heating will increase but energy for cooling will decrease. Sun radiation influences active cooling as shown in my software program. Increased sun radiation requires increased active cooling for alternatives in my study without sun protection. The alternatives with sun protection are not influenced as much by solar radiation as those without. Alternatives with strong sun protections are not as sensetive how the house is placed among the point of the compass. Solar radiation does not become equally considerable and impact to be decreased therefore.

This report will try to evaluate the use of rented concrete casting moulds, which are used to build walls and system of joists. The evaluation is only examining the economical aspects. The cost of using concrete casting moulds is a big part of the total production expenses. Therefore it is important that the calculated price not exceeds the final costs of the casting moulds. The calculated price is the price used in the process of making an offer. The evaluation consists of a comparison of the calculated price and the final costs for three building projects. It also evaluates the exploitation of the concrete casting moulds for each project. The report is made by Sven Gynne and Anders Alexandersson at School of Engineering, Jonkoping University, in cooperation with PEAB Jonkoping. The evaluation is strictly based on the calculated price and final cost of rented concrete casting moulds, only the moulds themselves, not the labour costs. Educational visits have been made to the three projects gathering facts. The conclusions we have drawn are that the difference between the calculated price and the final costs are considerable, especially one project have a greater difference than the others. The reasons for that are among other things tight building ground and a complicated building construction.

This report deals with prefabricated bathrooms and the advantage, during the production process, they have compared to ordinary produced bathrooms. The work is done together with the building company JM. The common task is to investigate if the manufactures, in spite of standardized design can meet the concept of JM, i.e. high flexibility and adjustment towards the customer. In JM they are doubtful to the method, as they did not yet worked with prefabricated modules and think that the choises for the costumer will be limited. There will be a short resume of the progress of the bathrooms and its importance as sanitary and wellbeing. The recent problems with damage caused by damp in bathrooms. Have resultade in regulations. These rules, will be briefly reported. There will also be a short review of some interviews with persons who have experience of prefabricated bathrooms. Different manufacturing methods will be reviewed and how different modules will be installed in to the houses. Concerning the economy we have accepted the figures of the manufactures. Prefabricated building is a method to shorten the production time on the working site. It will be done through manufactoring buildingblocks in factories. The blocks could be simple beams or complete modules. Therer is a great deal of advantages for instance the productions will not be depending of the weather. The quality will also be more uniform, since each part is produced independent of earlier parts. We have learned about the planning process, construction and installing and we think that not only JM but also other building companies could have a lot to win in this way of building The problems we have noticed are: • Very accurate planning is required from the contractors • The transporting factors restrict the flexibility and the size of the modules • The modules take more space than the ordinary way to build • The modules required depression in the ground beam layer in the area where it should be placed. This will be calculated for during the constructing period. / Sammanfattning Rapporten handlar om prefabricerade badrum och de produktionsmässiga fördelar dessa har jämfört med platsbyggda. Arbetet görs tillsammans med JM i Jönköping. Den gemensamma uppgiften är att undersöka om man kan bygga prefabricerade badrum enligt JM:s koncept, det vill säga flexibelt och med hög grad av kundanpassning. På JM är man tveksam till metoden, då man inte tidigare har arbetat med prefabricerade moduler och man tror att kundens behov av valmöjligheter begränsas. I rapporten ger vi en kort resumé över badrummets utveckling och dess betydelse som hygien- och trivselfaktor. Den senaste tidens problem med fuktskador har resulterat i ett regelverk med normer för byggande av badrum. Vi redovisar summariskt dessa regler. Intervjuer som är utförda med personer, som på olika sätt har erfarenhet av prefabricerade badrum är kortfattat redovisade. Vi redovisar också de olika tillverkningsmetoder som finns för olika modultillverkare och hur man på byggarbetsplatsen monterar den färdiga modulen i byggnaden. När det gäller de ekonomiska vinsterna med att välja modulbadrum jämfört med konventionellt byggda badrum, har vi godtagit leverantörernas uppgifter. Prefabricerat - eller industriellt byggande, är en metod att förkorta produktionstiden på själva arbetsplatsen. Detta sker genom att man tillverkar färdiga byggelement i en fabrik. Ofta har man tagit gamla fabriksbyggnader, där man tidigare hade annan typ av produktion, i anspråk. Elementen kan vara olika utformade allt från enkla balkar till färdiga moduler i form av kök eller badrum. Fördelarna är många, man är till exempel inte beroende av vädret. Man uppnår också en jämnare kvalitet då varje del utformas oberoende av tidigare tillverkad del. Vi har lärt oss hur processen går till från planering, konstruktion till färdig montering och vi tror att inte bara JM utan även andra byggföretag, som i dag inte använder prefabricerat byggande kan vinna på att införa denna typ av metod. De problem som vi har uppmärksammat är: • noggrannare planering krävs av de olika entreprenörerna. • transportfaktorn begränsar flexibilitet och storlek av modulerna. • modulerna stjäl volym av den omgivande lägenheten i jämförelse med traditionellt byggande. • modulerna kräver sänkning av bjälklaget på den plats där de skall monteras. Detta kräver speciell dimensionering av bjälklaget.

The main aim of the project is the creation of a CFD model for a plant in the Falun Hospital in Sweden. CFD is a new area of engineering that appears because of the great improvement in the computers last years. Creating a CFD model is a difficult process but the model is capable to give a great amount of data and also the model allows predicting the results when parameters of the system are changed so the model lets to save money and time and becomes an interesting tool to choose the optimal solution for the system. In this case the system studied is the air distributed by the ventilation system inside a plant of the Falun Hospital. The model have to predict the characteristics of the airflows inside the plant, how the air moves through the different areas of the plant and how these airflows affects in the distribution of temperature inside the plant. Also the model has to become a use tool to analyze possible changes in the ventilation system to improve it. And a tool to get boundary conditions to study specific areas of this zone in future studies. The project its part of a bigger project performed by the department of energy technology from Gävle university “Consequences in comfort and inside environment at energy optimization within the health care sector”. The project it is a study of the use of energy in health care buildings in Sweden after the analysis of the energy usage a study to optimize the use of the energy and how these changes affects the patient and workers climate comfort in these buildings. The CFD model have to be a tool that helps in the study of the ventilation system and the relation with the comfort in the Falun Hospital and also a tool to choose an optimal solution for the ventilation system after changes to improve the energy usage in the building avoiding the use of experimental changes in the hospital.

Planet rendering plays an important role in universe visualization and geographic visualization. The recent tools and methods allow better data acquisition, usually with very high resolution. However in computer graphics, there is always the limitation on the resolution of geometry and texture due to numerical imprecision. Not many applications can handle high resolution data effectively. This thesis introduces, Implicit Surface Scene, a level of detail scene management inspired by dynamic coordinate system and SCALEGRAPH™ which change over time depending on the current camera position relative to the planet surface. Our method is integrated into Uniview and allows Uniview to render high resolution planet geometry with dynamic texture composition and with a surface positioning system that does not suffer from precision issue.

För att kunna nå de energimål som sätts upp inför framtiden måste Umeå kommun aktivt jobba för att ständigt förbättra nuvarande energiläge. För att uppnå målet ingår Umeå kommun i ett EU-projekt som heter E-lighthouse, där de jobbar mot energieffektivisering. Syftet är att göra en kartläggning av energisignaturer i Umeå kommuns västra driftområde. För att i det projektet analysera vad som kan hjälpa Umeå kommuns fastighetsavdelning när det kommer till optimering av drift och energianvändning i deras byggnader. En litteraturstudie har genomförts för att skapa grundläggande kunskap inom området av energisignaturer. För att efter kartläggning analysera teorier och aspekter som kommit fram. Detta ska resultera i något som kan vara av intresse för Umeå kommuns fastighetsavdelning. Resultatet visade att i framtagningen av energisignaturer kan det vara bra att dela upp dag och natt värden. I syfte av att få en överblick över hur en byggnad beter sig värmetekniskt vid olika tidpunkter på dygnet. I slutet av projektet gjordes en framtagning av ett intervall som visar var energianvändningen bör ligga för en byggnad i en energisignatur. Detta kan vara ett verktyg att använda i vidare energioptimering.

<p>Grouting as a method of strengthening and sealing rock, soil and concrete is widely used. The possibilities of sealing structures are of great importance from both an economical and environmental point of view. The cost of grouting has in certain projects been as high as the cost for the blasting and excavation of the tunnel. To improve the technique of grouting with cement based material, it is necessary to focus on the properties of the used grout mixture. The ability of a grout to penetrate cavities, channels and porous material, the penetrability, depends on two things, the theology and the filtration tendency. Extensive laboratory tests on stable, low w/c-ratio, injection grouts show that the most significant limitation to their penetrability is the tendency of cement grains to agglomerate into an impermeable filter cake. The properties of a grout that may prevent passing obstructions in the flow path without the cement grains clogging and preventing further penetration is in this work called filtration tendency. An inert material mixture and a cement-based mixture are used for the investigations in this work. The inert material, which is crushed dolomite stone, does not react with the added water in the mixture. The used cement grouts are based upon three types of commercial available Portland cements and four Portland cements with modified grain size distribution curves. </p><p>Performed tests show that the grain size and grain size distribution is of great importance for the filtration tendency. According to performed experiments with inert and cement material, it seems to be advantageous for the penetrability to have a grain size distribution that contains neither too many fine or coarse grains. It is reasonable to believe that the grain size distribution should be relatively steep (narrow grain size range) between minimum and maximum grain size. The maximum grain size is of importance in terms of for example d_95. Too large maximum grain size will prevent penetration of the mixture through obstructions in the flow path. According to performed tests, the value of d₉₅, should be between </p><p>4-10 times smaller than the aperture to be penetrated by the cement based mixture. The small grain sizes are also of importance in order to achieve a low filtration tendency of the grout. This is because of the increased tendency for the small grains to flocculation into larger agglomerates, compared to larger grain sizes. </p><p>The filtration experiments with cement based grouts show that influences of parameters like surface chemistry (use of superplastisisers) and cement chemistry (hydration of cement grains) will strongly affect the filtration tendency of the mixture. </p><p>To visualize the phenomenon of filtration tendency it can be investigated on a larger scale than usually takes place. Filtration experiments in the scale of approximately 100:1 have been performed in order to see influences of grain concentration, grain shape and the penetrated slot aperture. It can be seen that used grain sizes (monodisperse and inert mixture) should be approximately at least 2-3 times smaller than the aperture to be penetrated by the mixture. Numerical experiments of filtration tendency have also been performed to investigate the possibilities to numerically simulate the influence of grain concentration and slot aperture. The numerical experiments are based on Eulerian flow modelling.</p>

<p>The built environment usually constitutes a very important part of the real capital of a nation, and the construction sector represents more than 10% of the yearly Gross National Product of the industrialised world. Good planning of all construction is important, and consideration of the service life of the work is of great interest and is a significant aspect of sustainability considerations. The need for more knowledge about degradation of materials, for structured methodology, and for working tools for those involved in the planning process, has resulted in an extensive effort in pre-normative research and standardisation regarding this field.</p><p>This thesis presents a discussion on service life planning and the role of the Factor Method in such work, and especially, discussion of modification and development of the methodology. In the design process, the need to evaluate the service life of products is a great challenge, as the results will depend on both material properties and the environment in which the material is placed or used. A practical solution has to be based on a good knowledge in the field, but also on a sound working strategy, to ensure that different design scenarios can be compared in a standardised or structured way. The Factor Method is a promising working tool for such an evaluation and comparison, but is as such, still more of a methodology, than a method. Examples of the use of the methodology are still very limited, and the method as such, is much discussed by researchers. However, its future will depend upon how practical it will be to apply in use. The method is useful to estimate the service life of products, based on a known reference service life and a number of modifying factors. These factors in turn depend on the conditional differences between the specific project and the reference, in-use conditions. This thesis discusses the required precision of such a methodology, especially in light of inherent distributions in material properties, and the fact that the consequences of failure are often very limited. In such cases, the standardised Factor Method is considered to be quite useful, and should give the parties involved a good means for working in a structured and systematic way. </p>