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<p>Kostnaderna för fuktskador i Sverige uppskattas årligen uppgå till mångmiljard belopp.</p><p>Fuktskador i byggnader medför också en ökad risk för ohälsa hos brukarna. Kunskapen för</p><p>att producera fuktsäkra byggnader finns men utnyttjas inte i den omfattning den borde.</p><p>Den 1 juli 2007 träder en ny upplaga av Boverkets byggregler i kraft. Förtydliganden har</p><p>gjorts i avsnittet gällande fukt, vilka underlättar verifieringen av entreprenadens</p><p>fuktsäkerhet. Reglerna innefattar också krav på kritiska fukttillstånd i material. Denna studie</p><p>syftar till att kartlägga brister i produktionsskedet och hur produktionen kan utvecklas för att</p><p>motsvara de i Boverkets byggregler ställda krav på fuktsäkerhet.</p><p>Intervjuer har förts med olika representanter i byggbranschen för att ge en helhetssyn av</p><p>fuktproblematiken. Göran Hedenblad vid Boverket menar att tillsynen och kontrollen av</p><p>fukt kan och måste bli bättre på byggarbetsplatsen. Fuktkonsulten Tord Nilsson hävdar att</p><p>de nya kraven innebär ett paradigmskifte som medför stora förändringar på dagens sätt att</p><p>producera byggnader. De intervjuer som gjordes med beställare och entreprenör visar dock</p><p>på både bristande fuktkunskap och bristande strategi för att nå ett fuktsäkert byggande.</p><p>Vid fältstudien påvisades brister i produktionen med avseende på skydd av material och</p><p>konstruktion, uttorkning och utförandet av fuktkvotsmätningar. Många av dessa brister</p><p>härrör från att fuktproblematiken inte har en central roll vare sig i program-, projekteringseller</p><p>produktionsskedet. Vidare konstateras att kunskapsnivån för att hantera fukt kan</p><p>utvecklas hos all personal och i alla delar av byggprocessen.</p><p>Av de observationer som gjorts under fältstudien har åtgärdsförslag till en ökad fuktsäkerhet</p><p>sammanställts i rapporten. Vidare har ett informationsblad utarbetats för att informera om</p><p>fukt och dess skadeverkningar samt att ge några förslag till åtgärder som kan förbättra</p><p>fukthanteringen ute på byggarbetsplatsen. Informationsbladet bör placeras på</p><p>byggarbetsplatsen för att stödja entreprenören i sitt fuktsäkringsarbete.</p><p>Eftersom ramverket för projektet är fastslaget då produktionsfasen tar vid innebär detta</p><p>begränsningar för fuktsäkerhetsarbetet. För att skapa bättre förutsättningar för en fuktsäkrare</p><p>produktion anser vi att en fuktsakkunnig skall anlitas så tidigt som möjligt i projektet.</p> / <p>The costs regarding moisture damages in buildings in Sweden are expected to reach several</p><p>billions SEK each year. These moisture damages also result in an increased risk regarding</p><p>health issues among the users. The knowledge of how to produce moisture secure buildings</p><p>exists, but it is not beeing used to the extent it could be.</p><p>The first of July 2007 a new edition of Boverket´s regulations regarding buildings takes</p><p>effect. Boverket is the Swedish board of housing, building and planning. Clarifications have</p><p>been made concerning moisture issues which facilitate the verifications of moisture security</p><p>in the chain of building production. The regulations also contain demands according to</p><p>critical levels of moisture in building materials. This study is meant to survey errors in the</p><p>production phase and how the production can develop to correspond to the regulations stated</p><p>by Boverket regarding moisture safety.</p><p>We interviewed different representatives in the building sector to give a general impression</p><p>of the moisture issues. Göran Hedenblad at Boverket states that the supervision and control</p><p>regarding moisture on the construction site can and must be improved. The moisture</p><p>consultant Tord Nilsson believes that the new demands will result in huge changes</p><p>concerning the way buildings are produced. The interviews carried out with the future</p><p>proprietor and the contractor displayed a lack of knowledge and strategy concerning how to</p><p>produce moisture secure structures.</p><p>The field study pointed out incongruities concerning how building materials and the</p><p>constructions were protected from moisture influence, evaporation and the control of the</p><p>moisture levels in the structure. Many of these flaws originate from the fact that moisture</p><p>issues are not a central matter, neither in the phase of planning nor production. Further it can</p><p>be established that the level of knowledge regarding how to deal with moisture problems can</p><p>be developed among all personnel and sectors in the building process.</p><p>The observations implemented during the field study have resulted in several preventive</p><p>measures which are compiled in this thesis. Further has an information sheet been put</p><p>together with the purpose to inform about these preventive measures and the damages</p><p>moisture inflicts upon structures and human beings. The information sheet should be placed on the construction site to support the contractors in their work for a more moisture safe</p><p>production.</p>

<p>Till grund för detta examensarbete ligger en ineffektiv process, samt dubbelarbete som idag utgör arbetsgången vid CAD-projektering för konstruktörer hos Structor i Karlstad. Målet med examensarbetet är att genomföra en kompatibilitetskontroll av 3D-modelleringsprogrammet Tekla Structures 15.0 mot analys- och beräkningsprogrammen Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2010 samt Strusoft FEM-Design. Syftet är att med hjälp av kompatiblitetskontrollen utgöra vilket av programmen Autodesk Robot och FEM-Design som bäst lämpar sig att köras tillsammans med Tekla Structures utifrån valda faktorer. Två äldre examensarbeten används för att få en uppfattning om FEM-Design.</p><p> </p><p>För att undvika det omfattande och tidskrävande arbetet med att skapa två modeller, en grafisk samt en analytisk modell, finns en lösning. Genom att skapa den grafiska modellen i Tekla Structures 15.0, vilket sedermera genererar den analytiska modellen, och sedan exportera den via länk till Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 2010 behövs bara en modellering. Ett arbetsmoment, som förut inneburit ytterligare en modellering i analysprogrammet, undviks härmed. Medveten modellering, det vill säga kontinuerlig kontroll av den analytiska modellens utseende i Tekla, krävs för mest fördelaktiga resultat. Detta bör finnas i åtanke under hela arbetsprocessen. Det är i slutändan alltid projektören/konstruktören som styr hur Robot i sin tur kommer att behandla modellen som skickas från Tekla.</p><p> </p><p>Laster och lastkombinationer går att justera i både Tekla och Robot. Dock anses det, för en van Teklaanvändare, vara smidigast att hantera detta i Tekla. Om detta sker i Tekla behövs ytterligare inställningar i Robot aldrig göras. Robot utför då endast analysen och bearbetar de resultat som analysen utgör. De resultat som återfinns går att behandla i Robot och redovisas på sätt som är relevanta för respektive användare. De grundläggande resultaten, så som största påverkande moment och tvärkraft, går att importera tillbaka till modellen i Tekla och hamnar då under respektive profils attributinställningar.</p>

<p>Today many professional property holders use different types of software for monthly energy analyses. The data is however often limited to energy and water use, that is paid for by the property holder. In year 2001, financed by the Swedish Energy Agency, the first steps were taken to create a national web based data base, eNyckeln. A property holder may then enter consumption data together with about 50 other building specific parameters to this data base in order to enable benchmarking and energy performance evaluations. Due to EU-regulations and the increasing awareness of energy and environmental issues there is a large interest in evaluating the energy performance and also to identify effective energy retrofits. The used energy performance indicator is still only the annual energy use for heating per square meter of area to let, kWh/m²,year, despite the fact that monthly data often are available. The main problem with this indicator, which is the stipulated measure, is that it reflects a lot of user influence and that only a part of the total energy use is considered. The main focus of this thesis is to explore the possibilities, based on the national data base, to extract additional energy information about multi family buildings (MFB) using monthly data in combination with different assumed consumption pattern but also to identify potential for energy savings. For the latter a multivariate method was used to identify relations between the energy use and building specific parameters. The analysis gave clear indications that the available area, the area to let, is not appropriate for normalization purposes since the remaining heated area can be significant. Due to this fact, the analysis was mainly limited to qualitative conclusions. As measure of the buildings energy characteristic, the total heat loss coefficient, <em>K_tot</em>,(W/ºK) is determined and the robustness for the estimate of<em> K_tot</em> to different assumptions of user behaviour is investigated. The result shows that the value of <em>K_tot</em> is fairly insensitive to different indoor temperature, use of domestic hot water and household electricity. With the addition of m² it can of course be used for benchmarking. Using the mentioned measure of the buildings energy characteristic for validating the energy performance has a clear advantage compared to the traditional kWh/m², since the user behaviour is of minor importance. As a result of this an improved analysis of the energy performance will be obtained. A guarantee for new buildings energy performance based on this method is therefore a challenge for the building sector to develop.</p>

The building sector alone accounts for almost 40% of the total energy demand and people spend more than 80% of their time indoors. Reducing energy demand in buildings is essential to the achievement of a sustainable built environment. At the same time, it is important to not deteriorate people’s health, well-being and comfort in buildings. Thus, designing healthy and energy-efficient buildings is one of the most challenging tasks. Evaluation of buildings with a broad perspective can give further opportunities for energy savings and improvement of the indoor climate. The aim of this thesis is to understand the functionality, regarding indoor climate and energy performance, of a low-energy building. To achieve this, a multi-dimensional approach is used, which means that the building is investigated from several points of views and with different methods. A systems approach is applied where the definition of the system, its components and the border to its environment, is essential to the understanding of a phenomenon. Measurement of physical variables, simulations, and qualitative interviews are used to characterize the performance of the building. Both energy simulation and computational fluid dynamic simulations are used to analyse the energy performance at the building level as well as the indoor climate at room level. To reveal the environmental impact of the low-energy building studied in this thesis the CO2 emissions and embodied energy have been investigated regarding different surrounding energy systems. The evaluated building is situated at the west coast of Sweden and uses about 50% of energy compared to a comparable ordinary Swedish building. The building is well-insulated and an air-to-air heat exchanger is used to minimise the heat losses through ventilation. The houses are heated mainly by the emissions from the household appliances, occupants, and by solar irradiation. During cold days an integrated electrical heater of 900 W can be used to heat the air that is distributed through the ventilation system. According to measurements and simulations, the ventilation efficiency and thermal environment could be further improved but the occupants are mostly satisfied with the indoor climate. The control of the heating system and the possibility for efficient ventilation during summertime are other important issues. This was found through quantitative measurements, simulations and qualitative interviews. The low-energy building gives rise to lower CO2 emissions than comparable buildings, but another energy carrier, such as district heating or biofuel, could be used to further improve the environmental performance of the building. The total energy demand, including the embodied energy, is lower than for a comparable building. To understand the functionality of a low-energy building both the technical systems and the occupants, who are essential for low-energy buildings, partly as heat sources but mainly as users of the technical systems, should be included in the analysis.

For the period of several centuries, the influence of several distinct cultures produced rich and diverse cultural heritage that we see today in East Africa countries. The most tangible remains of these heritages are stone built buildings and structures including, palaces, mosques, residential houses and tombs. At present, these heritages are in different physical state, some are in relatively good condition while many are in an appalling condition. The presence of these historical monuments has benefited these countries economically and culturally therefore, it is essential to ensure that these monuments continue to exist. Material characterisation of the historical buildings and associated structures was used to develop a suitable method of intervention that is sympathetic to the original materials. Mortar is the most damaged material therefore, historical mortar from Stone Town historical buildings and associated structures has been characterised by visual examination, optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction and hydrostatic weighing and the results have been compared. The historical mortar is mainly comprised of calcite, quartz and feldspar. The mortar condition has been divided into hard mortar, soft mortar and, soft and friable mortar. The deteriorated mortar that required consolidation is soft mortar and, soft and friable mortar with a porosity of approximately 27%. Calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) has been selected as consolidant and the consolidation procedure involves two steps. Firstly a limewater impregnation procedure has been developed and secondly, the effect of limewater treatment has been determined. For the application procedure it has been observed that, when limewater comes into contact with calcium carbonate a precipitation reaction occurs and that is the cause of poor penetration ability of calcium hydroxide solution. Major influencing factors on the penetration ability of calcium hydroxide solution have been established as, application method and absorption capacity of the treated material during the impregnation process. Optimization of the penetration ability of calcium hydroxide solution has been achieved by impregnating from the middle of the impregnated specimen. Sugar has been used to study the influence of additive on enhancing calcium hydroxide solubility. It has been verified that solubility of calcium hydroxide in a solution of sugar is proportional to the amount of sugar in the solution. Porosity and strength tests have been used to study the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide treatment. Under the conditions studied no appreciable change of porosity has been detected. It is postulated that the calcium hydroxide was deposited at the binder/aggregate interface and at the secondary pores. In terms of strength, evidence has been found to suggest the strength increment varies quantitively with the amount of calcite crystals deposited. / QC 20100803

The trend in many countries is to outsource maintenance with competitive tendering. The design of the tender is then a crucial issue. A new type of tendering contract, called "Integrated Bridge Maintenance", was introduced in one experimental area in Sweden. In this case the preventive bridge maintenance is separated from the standard road maintenance contract. The ideas behind these changes are that the new approach can increase efficiency through a combination of in­creased specialization, economies of scale and through giving the private contractor a greater degree of freedom concerning exactly what to do and exactly when to do it. A pilot project has been running since 2004 for all bridges in Uppsala County with about 400 bridges and since 2007 for all bridges in Örebro County with about 700 bridges.   The experiences and lessons from this pilot project are presented in this thesis together with guidelines on how to procure Integrated Bridge Maintenance in the future. An important feature of the contract was that it contained a combination of specific measures that the contractor should carry out and properties of the bridges that the contractor was responsible to maintain. This created a balance between predictability and flexibility for the contractor. The contractor could make long term planning for the work. The client was satisfied because of increased com­petence and a low price. The latter can partly be explained by the possibility for the specialised bridge crew to receive additional work from other clients. As information about old bridges always is incomplete a partnering structure needs to be built into the contract. Experi­ence has also shown that a conscious policy to maintain long run competition is important. The general conclusion is that the project was seen as successful and as creating more "value for money".   To manage a bridge stock optimally from a life cycle perspective is a very complex task, since the condi­tions for the individual bridge can vary greatly from place to place which the answers from the research questions indicate. Besides following-up and evaluating the Integrated Bridge Maintenance projects a number of research questions have been studied.   Is Integrated Bridge Maintenance a successful method to increase the effectiveness and to increase the standard in bridge maintenance alternatively increasing the service life for the bridge stock at an optimal cost, i.e., will IBM lead to lower LCC? It is difficult to answer this question with exact numbers after so short time, but so far the opinion is that the effectiveness has increased. How can a bridge stock develop over a long time e.g. 15 years? Based on historical data one can calculate, for instance, new construction rate, demolition rate and average age for the bridge stock. This information could together with different future scenarios be a basis for different bridge management strategies for the actual bridge stock. What is the real service life for a bridge? Survival analysis for the different types of bridges in the actual bridge stock will give a good estimate of the different expected service life. Why and at which age are bridges de­molished? Two main reasons were found in this study: deterioration process of the bridge had gone too far and/or load bearing capacity was too low, and road were rerouted. What is the real service life for a bridge edge beam, one of the most often repaired element of Swedish bridges? Survival analysis of edge beams located on different types of roads will give a good estimate of the different expected service life.   How should a long-term contract for bridge maintenance and specially Integrated Bridge Maintenance be procured? The bridge manager should have a good understanding of the answers on the research ques­tions above when the tender documents are to be prepared for the actual bridge stock. Thereafter the area that the contract should cover could be chosen, a good balance between properties and measures, defining the working cycle for properties, a flexible partnering structure in the contract and a suitable length of the contract (x years) inclusive an option (+ y years) and finally good incentives in the contract.   To sum up, the main purpose with the doctoral project has been reached. A model for procurement of bridge maintenance has been developed; see the projects in Uppsala and Örebro. The contractor has deve­loped more effective methods for bridge maintenance. The doctoral project has been a step closer to the end goal of reducing the society’s costs for bridge maintenance in the future. The bridges should be func­tional to the lowest possible cost during its expected service life (LCC). The doctoral project has also con­tributed with new knowledge in the area of bridge maintenance, the actual development of a bridge stock over time, real service life for road bridges in Sweden and survival analysis. / QC 20100826

QC 20100930

The following report is based on the fact that we today aren´t building enough small apartments with the right of tenancy around the country. Numbers show that many young people and students will be in need of an apartment in the upcoming years. Because we already have a lack of small apartments in many of the student cities we have to find a solution today. Could module apartments be the solution? The report is a part of a project, which with the help of industrial building and its prerequisites, smaller apartments in module form has been planned. The apartments, are as far as possible, standardized but concludes a flexibility in the shaping which creates possibilities for different solutions. The apartments can be combined in different ways for use at different sites. In the project the quarter Järnbäraren has been used as a plot example, where the apartments have been used as student housing. The report describes the theoretical reasons to why you should use industrial building and what it takes for it to be a successful concept. It also contains analysis of earlier projects which can be compared with this one. The report also includes historical aspects on the development of industrial buildings during the 20th century and how the housing market has changed over the past years. The report shows the thoughts and speculations that lies behind the decisions which have been made during the project. It also works as a description of the prerequisites in the project. Most prerequisites came from the company Moelven, who there have been a cooperation with since the start of the project. The result has shown that it is possible to develop module apartments with high quality despite standardization and cost conscious thoughts. Since it is the technical parts in the apartment that is the biggest cost for the module, you’re able to increase dwelling space improve the quality in the apartment without the rent being raised and be absurd for example students.

This report describes an investigation of the indoor climate in two different workspaces. Since we a big part of our lives are staying indoors in artificial environments, and more particularly in our workplaces, we think it would be interesting to do this investigation.   The technical solutions for air treatment systems began with simple natural systems without fans and where the thermal rise of the air applied. In modern time is technical air treating systems used to take care of the fresh air supply. This type of units can supply filtered air with the right temperature to the building.   Well-functioning ventilation is essential to bring clean fresh air to the room and effectively remove impurities without sound- or draught problems. The indoor climate is relevant for the output capacity. Ability to work is influenced by a few degrees difference. Even the mental capacity is affected by this. Indoor climate with good comfort create the conditions for effective activities.   People experience current indoor climate in various ways. In a workplace, some find it too warm while others complain that it is too cold. While odors from perfumes and pollutants may be perceived as very disturbing for example, allergies and children, while others are not affected at all.   The office in City Hall is located on the 4th floor of the central Västerås. Surroundings consist of a large city park, a big car park and the city center. The second office is in a big one floored building, about 10 kilometers outside the city, with close links to a heavily busy road and a large parking place.   At the sampling and measurement of the different spaces we used three different instruments. A sound meter, a carbon dioxide meter and a comfort meter which measures, operating temperature, humidity and air velocity. All measurements were made during an hour interval with at least one person in the room. We first measured the noise level and concentrations of carbon dioxide in the room, and after that we started comfort meter and collected the questionnaire responses.     The result from all measurements is consistent with the questionnaire responses. In the office space that are perceived as dry, cold or warm we measured almost the same results. The experience of a space feels dry line with reality. When cold outdoor air is heated to around 19 degrees it becomes dry, which is normal for the cold seasons.