Diss. (sammanfattning) Karlstad : Karlstads universitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Orientador: Edério Dino Bidóia / Banca: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour / Banca: Maria Aparecida Marin Morales / Resumo: A biodegradação tem sido há muito tempo um dos principais campos de pesquisa em microbiologia, cuja utilidade inclui a biodegradação de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas. Microrganismos podem ser ótimas ferramentas de remoção de poluentes em solo, água e sedimentos pelas suas inúmeras vantagens sobre outros processos. Para a limpeza de ambientes com hidrocarbonetos pela biorremediação deve-se explorar a habilidade dos microrganismos e compreender a maneira pela qual o processo ocorre em diferentes derivados do petróleo. Existem estudos que propõem a biorremediação de ambientes contaminados por hidrocarbonetos pela inoculação de microrganismos com potencial biodegradador e a adição de biossurfactantes. O presente trabalho estudou a biodegradação de diferentes derivados do petróleo com a proposta de aprimorar o processo pelo uso de biossurfactante produzido por Bacillus subtilis. Também foi avaliada a toxicidade das substâncias antes e depois da biodegradação. Os biossurfactantes produzidos foram adicionados aos ensaios de biodegradação de diferentes tipos de derivados do petróleo, incluindo óleo cru, compostos fenólicos, querosene, gasolina e óleos lubrificantes automotivos sintéticos e usados. Foram utilizados também, como comparação, óleos vegetais de soja e biodiesel. O estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando a técnica de respirometria a qual monitora a formação de CO2. Também foi utilizada a técnica de colorimetria pela análise da coloração do indicador redox DCPIP. Assim, a partir dos dados obtidos foram observados os diferentes perfis de biodegradação das diferentes substâncias, a fim de obter uma descrição de como a aplicação de biossurfactante produzido por B. subtilis afeta a biodegradação dos derivados do petróleo. Observou-se que a biodegradação dos derivados do petróleo ocorreu pela ação de consórcio de microrganismos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Biodegradation has been for a long time a main field of study in microbiology whose application includes organic and inorganic substances biodegradation. Microorganisms can be great pollutant removal tools in soil, water and sediments due to their advantages compared to other processes. In order to accomplish hydrocarbon-polluted environments cleanup by bioremediation, the microorganisms' capabilities must be exploited and studied, so then information on different petroleum byproducts can be achieved. Some studies propose environmental biorremediation not only by hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms' insertion, but also by adding biossurfactants. In this work, different petroleum byproducts biodegradation was studied, aiming a biodegradation improvement through inclusion of a Bacillus subtilis produced biosurfactant. Biosurfactant production was also evaluated, as well as the substances toxicity before and after biodegradation. The biossurfactant produced was added to biodegradation assays of many different substances: crude oil, phenolic compounds, kerosene, gasoline and automotive lubricant oils. As a comparison, vegetable soy oils and biodiesel had their biodegradation performance evaluated. This study was developed by using the respirometric technique which is capable of evaluate CO2 production during biodegradation. Also, another biodegradation monitoring technique was used with a redox dye and colorimetry. Thus, from data obtained, different biodegradation profiles were estabilished and a precise description on how the biossurfactant affects petroleum byproducts biodegradation could be designed. It was observed that biodegradation occurred through microorganism consortium and B. subtilis. Also, the biossurfactant application yielded a better biodegradation. The mathematical modeling of the biodegradation process was also possible... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

abstract: Disinfection byproducts are the result of reactions between natural organic matter (NOM) and a disinfectant. The formation and speciation of DBP formation is largely dependent on the disinfectant used and the natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and composition. This study examined the use of photocatalysis with titanium dioxide for the oxidation and removal of DBP precursors (NOM) and the inhibition of DBP formation. Water sources were collected from various points in the treatment process, treated with photocatalysis, and chlorinated to analyze the implications on total trihalomethane (TTHM) and the five haloacetic acids (HAA5) formations. The three sub-objectives for this study included: the comparison of enhanced and standard coagulation to photocatalysis for the removal of DBP precursors; the analysis of photocatalysis and characterization of organic matter using size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrices; and the analysis of photocatalysis before GAC filtration. There were consistencies in the trends for each objective including reduced DBP precursors, measured as dissolved organic carbon DOC concentration and UV absorbance at 254 nm. Both of these parameters decreased with increased photocatalytic treatment and could be due in part to the adsorption to as well as the oxidation of NOM on the TiO2 surface. This resulted in lower THM and HAA concentrations at Medium and High photocatalytic treatment levels. However, at No UV exposure and Low photocatalytic treatment levels where oxidation reactions were inherently incomplete, there was an increase in THM and HAA formation potential, in most cases being significantly greater than those found in the raw water or Control samples. The size exclusion chromatography (SEC) results suggest that photocatalysis preferentially degrades the higher molecular mass fraction of NOM releasing lower molecular mass (LMM) compounds that have not been completely oxidized. The molecular weight distributions could explain the THM and HAA formation potentials that decreased at the No UV exposure samples but increased at Low photocatalytic treatment levels. The use of photocatalysis before GAC adsorption appears to increase bed life of the contactors; however, higher photocatalytic treatment levels have been shown to completely mineralize NOM and would therefore not require additional GAC adsorption after photocatalysis. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2011

VIEIRA, Marieta Maria Martins. Desempenho bioeconômico de ovinos alimentados com rações contendo farelo de mamona destoxificado. 2009. 83 f . : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T13:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_mmmvieira.pdf: 427386 bytes, checksum: bb97a725d393f57c8bbb7565cc3c72d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T13:13:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_mmmvieira.pdf: 427386 bytes, checksum: bb97a725d393f57c8bbb7565cc3c72d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T13:13:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_mmmvieira.pdf: 427386 bytes, checksum: bb97a725d393f57c8bbb7565cc3c72d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / To evaluate the effect of substitution of soybean meal by detoxified castor meal on consumption and performance of sheep this research was carried out. Twenty crossbred lambs, male, whole, weighting 19.3 ± 1.35 kg, averaging 7 months of age were randomly assigned to four treatments of 0, 50, 75 and 100% of substitution, on dry matter basis, were used the roughage used was elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) hay. The diets were balanced to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric, delivered in two daily meals, collecting the following day the leftovers, which were weighed, keeping them around 15%. The experiment lasted for 70 days, when animals were slaughtered. The experimental trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five repetitions. In the assessment of ingestive behavior, the parameters of feeding time, ruminating, other activities, leisure, consumption of salt and water intake were affected by treatments and periods of the day. The urination and defecation were affected only by time of day, in jaw movements per ruminal bolus there was inferior to 100% substitution. In the assessment of consumption and performance, there was a significant difference to the feed conversion, determining that the 50% level of substitution improved better performance of animals. However, there was no significant difference for average daily gain and number of days to reach 12 kg. The regression analysis showed a quadratic effect for the feed conversion, with a biological optimum level to 59% substitution of soybean meal by detoxified castor meal. There were no significant differences for the intake of dry matter, neutral detergent insoluble fiber, acid detergent insoluble fiber, hemicellulose and mineral matter (in g/animal x day, % BW, and g/UMS). There was less consumption of ether extract for the 75% level of substitution and crude protein levels in 50 and 75% for replacement. Related to carcass evaluation and non carcass components, no significantly differences were observed among the levels of substitution for the variables body weight, weight of slaughter, losses due to fasting, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, cooling losses, length of carcass, hip of perimeter, hip width and degree of resignation. The regression analysis showed a quadratic effect for real and biological yields, with a great organic level of 100% substitution. In non carcass components, no significantly differences were registered for viscera, full gastrointestinal tract, empty gastrointestinal tract, genitals, head and legs. For the variable skin, the regression analysis showed a quadratic effect, presenting a point of maximum at 44% for replacement. Castor bean meal can substitute 100% of soybean meal. The result of the economic analysis of food offered in the experiment, showed that none of the treatments were profitably. Moreover, considering the gross (US$/kg BW), net (US$/kg BW) and profit (US$/kg BW) margins obtained, it appeared that only the level of 0% substitution showed positive values for such indices (US$ 0.31/kg BW, US$ 0.29/kg BW and US$ 0.26/kg BW, respectively), when the selling price of live weight was of US$ 2.26. The replacement of up to 100% of soybean meal by detoxified castor meal do not alter significantly the ingestive behavior of lambs finished in feedlot. Detoxified castor bean meal shows potential for use as feed for sheep in termination, promoting lower consumption of crude protein with no change in average daily gain at 100% and good feed conversion, at 59% for replacement. The characteristics of the carcass and non carcass components were not affected by use in up to 100% of substitution, and the variable skin presented a biological level optimum when the soybean meal was replaced in 44% by detoxified castor meal. The use of autoclave-detoxified castor meal in rations for termination of lambs is not presented as a good alternative to guarantee profits to the producer, as this activity would only be viable when the sale price of the lamb is higher than US$ 4.03/kg BW / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de mamona destoxificado sobre o consumo e o desempenho de ovinos. Foram utilizados 20 borregos, mestiços, machos, inteiros, com peso vivo médio de 19,3 ± 1,35 kg e idade média de 7 meses, e distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos de 0, 50, 75 ou 100% de substituição, com base na matéria seca. O volumoso utilizado foi o feno de capim-elefante. As rações foram fornecidas diariamente em duas refeições, coletando-se no dia seguinte as sobras, que foram pesadas, mantendo-as em torno de 15%. O período experimental teve duração de 70 dias, após os quais os animais foram abatidos. Os ensaios experimentais foram realizados num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições (ovinos). Na avaliação do comportamento ingestivo, as variáveis: tempo de alimentação, ruminação, outras atividades, ócio, consumo de sal e ingestão de água foram afetadas pelos tratamentos e períodos do dia. A freqüência de micção e de defecação foi afetada apenas pelos períodos do dia. No número de mastigações merícicas por bolo ruminal observou-se inferioridade para 100% de substituição. Na avaliação do consumo e desempenho animal, não houve diferença para o ganho médio diário e número de dias para ganhar 12 kg. A análise de regressão revelou efeito quadrático para a conversão alimentar, apresentando um nível biológico ótimo de 59% de substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de mamona destoxificado. Não houve diferenças significativas para os consumos de matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose e matéria mineral (em g/animal x dia, % PV, e g/UTM). Observou-se menor consumo de extrato etéreo para o nível 75% de substituição e de proteína bruta nos níveis 50 e 75% de substituição. Na avaliação da carcaça e dos seus não componentes, não foram observadas diferenças entre os níveis de substituição para as variáveis: peso vivo, peso vivo de abate, perdas devido ao jejum, peso da carcaça quente, peso da carcaça fria, perdas por resfriamento, comprimento da carcaça, perímetro da garupa, largura da garupa e grau de acabamento. A análise de regressão revelou efeito quadrático para rendimento verdadeiro e biológico, apresentando um nível biológico ótimo de 100% de substituição. Já na avaliação dos não componentes da carcaça, não foram observadas diferenças para as vísceras, trato gastrintestinal cheio, gastrintestinal vazio, órgãos genitais, cabeça e patas. Para a variável pele, a análise de regressão revelou efeito quadrático, apresentando um nível biológico ótimo de 44% de substituição. Quando se efetuou a análise bioeconômica da alimentação oferecida no experimento, verificou-se que não houve diferença para o ganho de peso total e eficiência alimentar. A análise de regressão revelou efeito quadrático para a eficiência alimentar, apresentando um nível biológico ótimo de 56% de substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de mamona destoxificado. Nenhum dos tratamentos apresentou lucratividade; por outro lado, a margem bruta (R$/kg PV), margem líquida (R$/kg PV) e o lucro (R$/kg PV) obtido no nível 0% de substituição apresentaram resultado positivo para tais índices, com valores de R$ 0,69/kg PV, R$ 0,66/kg PV e R$ 0,59/kg PV, respectivamente; quando o preço de venda do peso vivo foi de R$ 5,20. A substituição de 100% do farelo de soja pelo farelo de mamona destoxificado não altera substancialmente o comportamento ingestivo de borregos terminados em confinamento. O desempenho destes animais foi satisfatório, tendo proporcionado melhor conversão alimentar no nível de 59% de substituição. As características da carcaça e dos seus não componentes não foram afetadas pela utilização em até 100% de substituição, tendo a variável pele apresentado um nível biológico ótimo de 44% de substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de mamona destoxificado. Porém, a utilização do farelo de mamona destoxificado por autoclavagem em rações para a terminação de borregos não se apresenta como alternativa viável para garantir lucro ao produtor, pois esta atividade só seria viável se o preço de venda do borrego fosse superior a R$ 9,25/kg PV

No presente trabalho se estuda a degradação fotocatalítica de rosuvastatina, fármaco usado para redução dos níveis de colesterol no sangue, empregando-se ZnO como catalisador. Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator batelada de vidro com controle de temperatura, sob radiação UV. Avaliou-se a influência das principais variáveis operacionais na velocidade da reação, como concentração de catalisador, pH inicial da solução e concentração inicial de rosuvastatina. Ensaios preliminares de fotólise e adsorção foram realizados a fim de verificar seus efeitos na degradação do fármaco. A avaliação dos produtos de degradação foi realizada por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Também foram feitos testes de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia magna. Além disso, foi estudada a atividade fotocatalítica de outros três catalisadores ZnO sintetizados. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que a degradação fotocatalítica de rosuvastatina é um processo majoritariamente fotocatalisado e que, com 1h de reação, na presença de ZnO comercial, 75% do fármaco é degradado, seguindo uma cinética de pseudoprimeira ordem. Para o caso de fotocatálise empregando ZnO comercial, os subprodutos mostraram-se mais tóxicos e mais refratários que o contaminante inicial. Além disso, o TiO2 apresentou menor toxicidade aguda do que o ZnO e a Daphnia magna mostrou alta sensibilidade a estes subprodutos. Todos os catalisadores, utilizados neste trabalho, apresentaram atividade fotocatalítica, sendo que os catalisadores sintetizados (ZnO-I, II e III) apresentaram um desempenho menor que o ZnO comercial na reação de degradação da rosuvastatina. Observou-se que a atividade fotocatalítica do ZnO é fortemente influenciada pela metodologia de preparação do catalisador, dado que o percentual de degradação da rosuvastatina diferiu entre os catalisadores, sendo o ZnO-I o catalisador que apresentou melhor desempenho entre os sintetizados, com degradação da estatina de 46%, resultado similar ao obtido para o catalisador TiO2 comercial. / The photocatalytic degradation of Rosuvastatin, a drug used to reduce blood cholesterol levels, employing ZnO as catalyst was studied in this work. The experiments were carried out in a UV irradiated batch reactor, equipped with temperature control. The effect of catalyst concentration, initial pH and initial Rosuvastatin concentration were evaluated. Photolysis and adsorption tests were conducted to verify their effects on drug degradation. The evaluation of the degradation products was performed by nano-ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna were also carried out. Additionally, we studied the photocatalytic activity of three other ZnO catalysts prepared in our lab. The experimental results showed that rosuvastatin degradation is mainly a photocatalytic process which follows a pseudo-first order kinetics and, when using commercial ZnO, presents 75% degradation after a 1h reaction time. When employing commercial ZnO, these products also proved to be more toxic and resistant than rosuvastatin. Furthermore, TiO2 showed lower acute toxicity than ZnO catalyst and Daphnia magna was found to be very sensitivity to these byproducts. All catalysts used in this study demonstrated photocatalytic activity and the prepared catalysts (ZnO-I, II e III) were less efficient than the commercial one in the rosuvastatin degradation reaction. ZnO photocatalytic activity was affected by the catalyst's preparation method. The ZnO-I presented the best performance among the synthesized catalysts, presenting 46% of statin degradation. The same result was obtained for the TiO2 catalyst.

abstract: Granular activated carbon (GAC) is effectively used to remove natural organic matter (NOM) and to assist in the removal of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and their precursors. However, operation of GAC is cost- and labor-intensive due to frequent media replacement. Optimizing the use of GAC is necessary to ensure treatment efficiency while reducing costs. This dissertation presents four strategies to reduce improve GAC usage while reducing formation of DBPs. The first part of this work adopts Rapid Small Scale Tests (RSSCTs) to evaluate removal of molecular weight fractions of NOM, characterized using size exclusion chromatography (SECDOC). Total trihalomethanes (TTHM), haloacetic acids (HAA5) and haloacetonitriles (HAN) formation were quantified after treatment with GAC. Low MW NOM was removed preferentially in the early bed volumes, up until exhaustion of available adsorption sites. DBP formation potential lowered with DOC removal. Chlorination prior to GAC is investigated in the second part of this work as a strategy to increase removal of NOM and DBP precursors. Results showed lower TTHM formation in the effluent of the GAC treatment when pre-chlorination was adopted, meaning this strategy could help optimize and extend the bed life if GAC filters. The third part of this work investigates in-situ GAC regeneration as an alternative to recover adsorption capacity of field-spent GAC that could potentially offer new modes of operation for water treatment facilities while savng costs with reactivation of spent GAC in an external facility. Field-spent GACs were treated with different oxidant solutions and recovery in adsorption capacity was evaluated for NOM and for two micro pollutants. Recovery of GAC adsorption capacity was not satisfactory for most of conditions evaluated. This indicates that in-situ GAC regeneration could be more effective when the adsorbates are present at high concentrations. Lastly, this work investigates the impact of low molecular weight polyDADMAC on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation. Water treatment facilities rely on polyDADMAC as a coagulant aid to comply with NOM removal and turbidity requirements. Since polymer-derived NDMA precursors are not removed by GAC, it is essential to optimize the use and synthesis of polyDADMAC to reduce NDMA precursors during water treatment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 montagnolli_rn_me_rcla.pdf: 5963481 bytes, checksum: 742a43c637266a3cc9d7e7657043ccd7 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A biodegradação tem sido há muito tempo um dos principais campos de pesquisa em microbiologia, cuja utilidade inclui a biodegradação de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas. Microrganismos podem ser ótimas ferramentas de remoção de poluentes em solo, água e sedimentos pelas suas inúmeras vantagens sobre outros processos. Para a limpeza de ambientes com hidrocarbonetos pela biorremediação deve-se explorar a habilidade dos microrganismos e compreender a maneira pela qual o processo ocorre em diferentes derivados do petróleo. Existem estudos que propõem a biorremediação de ambientes contaminados por hidrocarbonetos pela inoculação de microrganismos com potencial biodegradador e a adição de biossurfactantes. O presente trabalho estudou a biodegradação de diferentes derivados do petróleo com a proposta de aprimorar o processo pelo uso de biossurfactante produzido por Bacillus subtilis. Também foi avaliada a toxicidade das substâncias antes e depois da biodegradação. Os biossurfactantes produzidos foram adicionados aos ensaios de biodegradação de diferentes tipos de derivados do petróleo, incluindo óleo cru, compostos fenólicos, querosene, gasolina e óleos lubrificantes automotivos sintéticos e usados. Foram utilizados também, como comparação, óleos vegetais de soja e biodiesel. O estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando a técnica de respirometria a qual monitora a formação de CO2. Também foi utilizada a técnica de colorimetria pela análise da coloração do indicador redox DCPIP. Assim, a partir dos dados obtidos foram observados os diferentes perfis de biodegradação das diferentes substâncias, a fim de obter uma descrição de como a aplicação de biossurfactante produzido por B. subtilis afeta a biodegradação dos derivados do petróleo. Observou-se que a biodegradação dos derivados do petróleo ocorreu pela ação de consórcio de microrganismos... / Biodegradation has been for a long time a main field of study in microbiology whose application includes organic and inorganic substances biodegradation. Microorganisms can be great pollutant removal tools in soil, water and sediments due to their advantages compared to other processes. In order to accomplish hydrocarbon-polluted environments cleanup by bioremediation, the microorganisms’ capabilities must be exploited and studied, so then information on different petroleum byproducts can be achieved. Some studies propose environmental biorremediation not only by hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms’ insertion, but also by adding biossurfactants. In this work, different petroleum byproducts biodegradation was studied, aiming a biodegradation improvement through inclusion of a Bacillus subtilis produced biosurfactant. Biosurfactant production was also evaluated, as well as the substances toxicity before and after biodegradation. The biossurfactant produced was added to biodegradation assays of many different substances: crude oil, phenolic compounds, kerosene, gasoline and automotive lubricant oils. As a comparison, vegetable soy oils and biodiesel had their biodegradation performance evaluated. This study was developed by using the respirometric technique which is capable of evaluate CO2 production during biodegradation. Also, another biodegradation monitoring technique was used with a redox dye and colorimetry. Thus, from data obtained, different biodegradation profiles were estabilished and a precise description on how the biossurfactant affects petroleum byproducts biodegradation could be designed. It was observed that biodegradation occurred through microorganism consortium and B. subtilis. Also, the biossurfactant application yielded a better biodegradation. The mathematical modeling of the biodegradation process was also possible... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-01-30T12:24:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 605461 bytes, checksum: e147ffe79147860c37a2b571b23b9cbc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T12:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 605461 bytes, checksum: e147ffe79147860c37a2b571b23b9cbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical, popular and well accepted fruit, due its nutritional characteristics and sensory attributes. The processing of the cashew pseudo-fruit (also called peduncle) generates the main byproduct which represent up to 20% of the total weight of the pseudo-fruit. In the last years, studies verifying the prebiotic potential of the byproducts from the processing of the cashew peduncle are scarce or nonexistent. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate in vitro the prebiotic effects of a lyophilized powder obtained from the byproduct of the cashew peduncle (named CAP) against different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus, such as: L. acidophillus LA-05, L. casei L-26 and L. paracasei L-10. The growth and viable cell numbers of the Lactobacillus strains were monitored in Mann, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth containing CAP (20 g/L), glucose (20 g/L) and fructooligosaccharides – FOS (20 g/L), during 48 h. Some parameters related to the metabolic activity of the probiotic strains, cultivated in these different culture media, were evaluated, such as pH, production of organic acids and consumption of sugars. Similar viable cell count for each tested Lactobacillus strain in the different culture media were observed, count reached 8.5 - 9.0 log CFU/mL and pH values at approximately 4.0 after 48 h of cultivation. The growth of these Lactobacillus strains in MRS broth containing glucose, FOS or CAP resulted in a decrease of pH, production of organic acids (acetic, citric, malic, formic and lactic) and consumption of sugars (glucose, fructose and maltose) during the incubation time, indicating an intense bacterial metabolic activity. Overall, the tested Lactobacillus strains showed similar capability to ferment the FOS and the CAP, although some differences related to the production of organic acids and consumption of sugars were detected. The results showed that the CAP possesses a prebiotic potential effect toward Lactobacillus strains. These findings may stimulate the agro-industrial sector to valorize the byproducts from the cashew pseudo-fruit processing as an added-value ingredient to the food industry. / O caju (Anacardium occidentale L.) é uma fruta tropical, amplamente difundida e valorizada, tanto por suas características nutricionais quanto pelos seus atributos sensoriais. O principal subproduto gerado do caju decorre do processamento do seu pedúnculo (pseudofruto), representando até 20% do peso total do pseudofruto. Com base nesse contexto, esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar in vitro os efeitos prebióticos de um pó liofilizado obtido a partir do subproduto do pedúnculo do caju (denominado CAP) frente a diferentes cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus, a citar: L. acidophillus LA-05, L. casei L-26 e L. paracasei L-10. O crescimento e o número de células viáveis das cepas de Lactobacillus foram monitorados em caldo de Mann, Rogosa e Sharpe (MRS), contendo o CAP (20 g/L), glicose (20 g/L) e frutooligossacarídeos - FOS (20 g/L), durante um período de 48 h. Também foram avaliados alguns parâmetros relacionados à atividade metabólica das cepas probióticas ensaiadas quando cultivadas nos diferentes meios de cultura, como os valores de pH, produção de ácidos orgânicos e o consumo de açúcares. Para cada cepa de Lactobacillus ensaiada, foram observadas contagem similares de células viáveis nos diferentes meios de cultivo, sendo alcançadas contagens entre 8.5 – 9.0 log UFC/mL e valores de pH em torno de 4.0, ao final do cultivo de 48 h. O cultivo de todas as cepas de lactobacilos em MRS contendo glicose, FOS ou CAP resultou em decréscimos de pH, produção de ácidos orgânicos (acético, cítrico, málico, fórmico e lático) e consumo de açúcares (glicose, frutose e maltose) ao longo do tempo de incubação avaliado, indicando intensa atividade metabólica bacteriana. Em geral, todas as cepas de lactobacilos testadas apresentaram capacidade semelhante para fermentar FOS e CAP, embora algumas diferenças quantitativas relacionadas com a produção de ácidos orgânicos e consumo de açúcares tenham sido detectadas. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que o CAP possui potencial prebiótico frente a cepas de Lactobacillus. Estes resultados podem estimular o setor agro-industrial para valorizar os subprodutos do processamento do pendúnculo do caju como um ingrediente com valor agregado para a indústria de alimentos.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Grape producers and wine makers in South Africa are currently affected by various challenges, which include anti-alcohol lobbies, climate change, over-production in some vintages and the lack of transformation including empowerment in certain sectors of the industry. Climate change and global warming lead to poor quality wine grapes and as a result, poor quality wine. Therefore, there is a need to channel grapes away from normal wine production and provide an alternative source of income for the industry. The overall aim of this study was therefore to provide an alternative outlet for overproduced wine grapes by producing balsamic-styled vinegar (BSV) in South Africa. Balsamic vinegar is different from other vinegars because it is a direct product of grape must and not a downstream or by-product of wine production. Balsamic vinegar entails lower production costs when compared to the production of wine due to the low technological process requirements during production; therefore, this could be an opportunity for small business entrepreneurs with low capital start-up. In addition, balsamic vinegar can command a high price, which is a benefit for grape producers. The primary aim of this investigation was to biochemically analyse a BSV production process in which 5 non-Saccharomyces yeast and 15 acetic acid bacteria (AAB) were used for a multicultural alcoholic-acetous (EtOH-AcOH) fermentation process. To achieve this aim, a fermentation process was designed where the data generated was fitted into kinetic models and the proliferation including the population dynamics of the microbial consortia were studied.

Orientadora: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Antonio Ferriani Branco / Resumo: A crescente preocupação com o aquecimento global incentiva as discussões sobre novas fontes de energia, destacando-se o biodiesel. O processo de produção desse biocombustível gera resíduos como tortas, farelos e glicerina. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de glicerina na ração de bovinos sobre, consumo, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, produção de gases, pH, amônia, quantificação e composição da massa microbiana. O trabalho foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-FCAV/Unesp, campus de Jaboticabal, utilizando-se cinco bovinos mestiços. As dietas foram formuladas com a inclusão de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 % de glicerina na MS. O delineamento experimental foi quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão adotando nível de significância de 5%. As dietas com glicerina resultaram em menores concentrações de extrato etéreo e carboidratos não fibrosos, o que levou a uma redução linear no consumo desses nutrientes (p<0,05) em kg/dia, %PV/dia e g/kgPV0,75. A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e carboidratos não fibrosos foi influenciada (p<0,05) apresentando redução linear com o aumento do porcentual de glicerina na dieta. A fermentação ruminal foi alterada apresentando decréscimo linear na concentração ruminal de N-NH3 com a inclusão desse subproduto. A inclusão de glicerina não influenciou a produção de metano em L/dia, g/dia, g/KgMSI e g/KgFDNi nem o pH ruminal entre os tratamentos. Não foram observados efeitos das dietas (p>0,05) sobre as BSA, verificou-se apenas diferenças quanto ao tempo de colheita para MO% e N%. Foram verificadas reduções na produção e composição de BLA e PLA (p<0,05) com a inclusão de glicerina na dieta. A utilização de altas concentrações de glicerina na dieta de bovinos necessita de maiores estudos para a determinação / Abstract: The growing concern about global warming encourages new discussions about energy sources, especially biodiesel. The biodiesel production generates residues as meals and glycerin. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of glycerin inclusion in the cattle diet on intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal gas production, pH, ammonia, microbial mass quantification and composition. The experiment was carried out in FCAV / Unesp, Jaboticabal campus, using five crossbred cattle. The diets were formulated with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% glycerin inclusion in DM. Statistical design was a 5X5 Latin Square. The results were submitted to variance analysis and regression adopting 5% level significance. The glycerin inclusion in the diets affected lipids and non-fiber carbohydrates concentrations and subsequently its intake in kg/day, %BW and g/kgBW0,75. The neutral detergent fiber and nonfiber carbohydrates digestibility was influenced (p<0.05) showing linear decrease with glycerin increase in diet. The rumen fermentation showed linear decrease in NH3-N ruminal concentration with glycerin inclusion. Glycerin inclusion didn't influenced methane production in L/day, g/day, g/kgDMi and g/kgNDFi, or ruminal pH between treatments. There were no diet effect (p>0.05) in the PAB for treatments, there was differences only in the time at feeding for OM% and N%. Reductions were observed in BLA and PLA production and composition (p<0.05) with glycerin inclusion in diet. The high concentrations of glycerin in cattle diets needs further studies to determine the limit inclusion of this byproduct / Mestre