Tanto a administração de monensina quanto o processamento de grãos alteram o padrão de fermentação ruminal de forma a aumentar a disponibilidade de energia e proteína para o animal, resultando em melhor desempenho. Dois trabalhos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de concentrados contendo milho laminado a vapor ou floculado, com ou sem a adição de monensina, no consumo de MS, ganho de peso e parâmetros sanguíneos e ruminais de bezerros leiteiras, antes e após a desmama realizada a sexta semana de vida. No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas 32 bezerras holandesas do nascimento a 12 semanas de vida, em um delineamento experimental do tipo blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 2x2. Do nascimento a desmama os animais receberam concentrado ad libitum até o consumo de 2 kg/d , quatro litros diários de leite e tiveram acesso livre à água. Após a desmama, realizada na sexta semana de vida, os animais continuaram recebendo 2 kg de concentrado e passaram a ter acesso a feno picado ad libitum. O tipo de processamento de grão ou a adição de monensina não afetou o consumo médio de concentrado ou feno (P>0,05), assim como o peso final e o ganho de peso diário (P>0,05). As concentrações plasmáticas de glicose e AGL médios do período experimental não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos; entretanto, as concentrações de N-uréico foram inferiores no plasma de animais recebendo concentrado com grãos laminados e monensina (P=0,08). Houve efeito significativo da idade animal nas concentrações plasmáticas de glicose (P<0,0001), N-uréico (P<0,001) e AGL (P<0,02). Somente os parâmetros glicose e AGL plasmáticos foram afetados pelo horário após o fornecimento do alimento. No segundo experimento, 16 bezerros holandeses fistulados no rúmen com 3 a 5 dias de vida, foram agrupados em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 2x2. Os animais receberam concentrado ad libitum até o consumo de 2 kg/d , 4 litros diários de leite e tiveram acesso livre à água. Após a desmama, realizada na oitava semana de vida, os animais passaram a receber 2 kg/d de concentrado e feno picado ad libitum. Os tratamentos não afetaram (P>0,05) o consumo de concentrado e feno, assim como o desempenho animal. A concentração molar de propionato (P<0,05) foi maior para animais recebendo grão laminado. Houve tendência de maior concentração molar de AGV total (P=0,11) e butirato (P=0,13) para animais recebendo grão laminado. A inclusão de monensina tendeu a reduzir as concentrações de N-NH3 ruminal (P=0,12). O peso do retículo-rúmen (% trato total) tendeu (P=0,09) a ser maior em animais recebendo grão laminado e monensina. A capacidade do retículo-rúmen foi aumentada (P<0,05) pelo fornecimento de grão laminado e monensina. Milho floculado resultou em menor peso do abomaso em % trato total (P<0,01). / Two trails were conducted to evaluate the effects of concentrates containing processed grains (steam-flaked vs. steam-rolled), with or without monensin, on intake, weight gain and blood and rumen parameters of baby calves, before and after weaning at six weeks of life. In the first trial, 32 baby heifers were utilized on a completely randomized block, with a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The animals received concentrate ad libitum up to 2 kg/d, plus 4 L of milk. Calves had free access to water. After weaning, at the sixth week of life, calves received concentrate and chopped hay. The treatments did not affect (P>0,05) concentrate or hay intake, final live weight, average daily gain, plasma glucose and NEFA concentration. PUN was lower on calves fed steam-rolled corn and monensin (P=0,08). There was a significant effect of age on glucose (P<0,0001), PUN (P<0,001), and NEFA (P<0,02) concentrations. Only glucose and NEFA were affected by time after feeding. In the second trial, Sixteen Holstein calves were ruminally canulated with 3 to5 days of life, and utilized on a completely randomized design block with a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The animals received concentrate ad libitum up to 2 kg/d, plus 4 L/d of milk. Calves had free access to water. After weaning at the eight weeks of life, calves received concentrate and chopped hay. Animal performance, concentrate and hay intakes were lower than expected and not affected (P>0,05) by treatments. The molar proportion of propionate was higher (P<0,05) for steam-rolled concentrate. There was a tendency for higher total VFA (P=0,11) and butyrate (P=0,13) for steam-rolled corn. Monensin tended to reduce ruminal N-NH3 concentration (P=0,12). Weight of reticulum-rumen (as % total tract) tended to be higher (P=0,09) for calves on steam-rolled and monensin concentration. However, the capacity of reticulum-rumen was increased by steam-rolled and monensin feeding (P<0,05). Steam-flaked concentrate resulted on heavier abomasum, as % total tract (P<0,01).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de sucedâneo lácteo com alto conteúdo proteico de origem vegetal no desempenho e saúde de bezerros, e avaliar métodos de reidratação para o tratamento de diarreias. No primeiro estudo foram utilizados 33 bezerros da raça Holandês distribuídos nos tratamentos: 1) Alto volume e baixa proteína (AV/BP): 8 litros, 21,4% PB; 2) Alto volume e alta proteína (AV/AP): 8 litros, 23,7% PB e 3) Baixo volume e alta proteína (BV/AP): 6 litros, 23,7% PB. Os bezerros foram alojados em abrigos individuais, com livre acesso a água e concentrado. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para o desempenho animal (P>0,05). Os tratamentos AV/BP e AV/AP resultaram em maior consumo de sucedâneo (P<0,05), mas não afetaram o consumo de concentrado nem o consumo total (P>0,05). O escore fecal foi maior (P>0,05) para animais nos tratamentos AV/AP e BV/AP. Os animais nos tratamentos AV/BP permaneceram maior número de dias em diarreia (P<0,05), em comparação aqueles aleitados com BV/AP, os quais tiveram menos dias com vida (P<0,05). A concentração de lactato foi maior (P<0,05) para animais nos tratamentos AV/BP e AV/AP enquanto a concentração de proteína total foi maior (P<0,05) nos tratamentos AV/BP e BV/AP. Sucedâneos com elevado conteúdo de proteína de origem vegetal afetam negativamente o desempenho de bezerros podendo levar o animal a morte. No segundo estudo foram comparados três soluções de hidratação oral quanto a sua eficiência em repor eletrólitos e água, além de manter o desempenho de bezerros. Foram utilizados 42 bezerros mestiços Holandês-Jersey, distribuídos nos tratamentos: 1) Soro comum, 2) Glutellac&reg; e 3) Soro comum + Aminogut&reg;. Os animais foram aleitados com 4 L/d de sucedâneo lácteo até a oitava semana de vida quando foram desaleitados de forma abrupta. As terapias de reidratação foram oferecidas quando os animais apresentavam escore fecal >= 3 na escala de 1 a 5. Não houve efeito das terapias de reidratação no desempenho nem em metabólitos sanguíneos (P>0,05). O consumo voluntário de água foi maior para os animais reidratados com Glutellac&reg;, mas o consumo total maior para os animais reidratados com Soro comum. As concentrações de HCO3 e Na+ foram maiores para os animais no tratamento Glutellac&reg; (P=0,088 e P=0,073 respectivamente), sendo a concentração de glicose também afetada pelo protocolo de hidratação (P<0,05). A concentração de HCO3 aumentou do primeiro para o segundo dia, a de K+ e glicose diminuíram do primeiro para o segundo dia, enquanto que o Beecf teve um comportamento variável segundo a terapia de reidratação utilizada. Houve efeito da interação tratamento x dia de avaliação apenas para a concentração de BUN (P<0,05). O pH, a concentração de Na+ e Beecf foram maiores em animais mais velhos, enquanto K+, hematócrito e hemoglobina, foram menores (P<0,05). O consumo voluntário de água foi maior em animais reidratados com Glutellac&reg;, o que junto com a simplicidade de uso, representam as principais vantagens deste método de reidratação. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of milk replacer with high inclusion of vegetable protein in regard to performance and health of dairy calves, and evaluate rehydration methods for the treatment of diarrhea. In the first study 33 Holstein calvesdistributed in the treatments: 1) High volume and low protein (HV/LP): 8L/d, 21.4% CP; 2) High volume and high protein (HV/HP): 8L/d, 23.7% CP and 3) low volume and high protein (LV/HP): 6L/d, 23.7% CP. The calves were housed in individual shelters, with free access to water and starter concentrate. There was no effect of the treatments for animal performance (P>0.05). The treatments HV/LP and HV/HP resulted in higher milk replacer intake (P<0.05), but did not affect concentrate intake, neither the total dry matter intake (P>0.05). The fecal score was higher (P>0.05) for animals in treatments HV/HP and LV/HP. The animals in the treatments HV/LP remained more days in diarrhea (P<0.05), compared to LV/HP animals, which had fewer days with life (P<0.05). Lactate concentration was higher (P<0.05) for animals in treatments HV/LP and HV/HP while the concentration of total protein was higher (P<0.05) in treatments HV/LP and LV/HP. The use of milk replacer with high contents of vegetal protein, negatively affects the performance of calves and could lead to animals´ death. In the second study, three oral rehydration protocols were compared in regard to their efficiency in replace electrolytes and water, and in the maintenance of calves performance. Forty-two crossbred calves were used Holstein-Jersey, distributed in the treatments: 1) Common electrolytes oral solution, 2) Glutellac&reg; and 3) Common electrolytes oral solution + Aminogut&reg;. Calves were feed with 4 L/d of milk replacer until the eighth week of life when they were abruptly weaned. The rehydration therapy were offered when the animals presented fecal score >= 3 in a scale of 1 to 5. There was no effect of rehydration therapies for the variables related to animal\'s performance neither for blood metabolites (P>0.05). Voluntary water intake was greater for the animals that were rehydrated with Glutellac&reg;, however total intake was higher for animals rehydrated with a common electrolytes oral solution. HCO3 and Na+ concentration were higher for the animals in the treatment Glutellac&reg; (P=0.088 and p=0.073, respectively) being the glucose concentration also affected by protocol of rehydration (P<0.05). The HCO3 was increased from the first to the second day, the K+ and glucose reduced from the first to the second day, while the Beecf was variable according to rehydration therapy used. There was a significant interaction treatment x day only for the concentration of BUN (P<0.05). pH, concentration of Na+ and Beecf, were higher for older animals, while K+, hematocrit and hemoglobin, were lower (P<0.05). The voluntary water intake was significantly greater in animals rehydrated with Glutellac&reg;, which together with simplicity of use, form the main advantages of this rehydrating.

A biotecnologia de fertilização in vitro (FIV) de embriões aplicadas a reprodução em bovinos permitiu grandes avanços genéticos para a pecuária mundial, particularmente no Brasil. A massificação do uso comercial da FIV no Brasil se deve, em parte, ao predomínio da raça Nelore na pecuária de corte nacional, devido às características da fisiologia reprodutiva. Entretanto as condições sub-ótimas no ambiente embrionário in vitro, geram distúrbios no desenvolvimento do embrião, da placenta e do feto, resultando em morte embrionária, abortamentos e falhas na adaptação neonatal a vida extrauterina. Distúrbios cardio-respiratórios com hipóxia, hipercapnia e acidose, hipoglicemia e hipotermia associados a macrossomia são frequentemente diagnosticados nesses neonatos. Para caracterizar as diferenças do metabolismo energético de bezerros da raça Nelore produzidos por fertilização in vitro daqueles produzidos por inseminação artificial (IA); as possíveis repercussões da hipóxia sobre o metabolismo energético no final da gestação; da macrossomia sobre o metabolismo energético materno no final da gestação; documentar o controle glicêmico dos fetos e das vacas durante o último mês de gestação; a determinação da existência ou não de resistência à insulina nos bezerros recém-nascidos de FIV, o presente projeto compreendeu: No primeiro experimento, avaliar o último mês de gestação de 8 vacas receptoras de embriões de FIV da raça Nelore e 12 vacas Nelores com gestações por IA submetidas a cesariana sendo colhido amostras de sangue venoso em 5 momentos (270, 280 dias de gestação, antes da indução do parto, 12 horas após a indução do parto e 24 horas após a indução, antes da cesariana), para determinação dos teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, proteína, albumina, &gamma;-glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA, teores plasmáticos de glicose e lactato. Nos respectivos bezerros obtidos por cesariana foram avaliados e colhidos sangue venoso em 11 momentos (0, 3, 6, 12,24, 48, 72 horas após o nascimento, 5, 7, 15 e 30 dias após o nascimento) para determinação dos teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, proteína, albumina, &gamma;-glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA e, teores plasmáticos de glicose e lactato, frutosamina ao nascimento e insulina sérica nos momentos (0, 12, 24 horas e 7 dias após o nascimento) . No segundo experimento foram avaliadas 17 e 16 vacas receptoras de embriões de FIV da raça Nelore com bezerros de peso padrão e de peso elevado, respectivamente e 16 vacas Nelores com gestações por IA com parto natural e colhido amostras de sangue venoso em 2 momentos (288 dias de gestação e após o parto), sendo realizado as determinações supracitadas das vacas do experimento 1. Nos respectivos bezerros nascidos naturalmente foram avaliados e colhidos sangue venoso em 2 momentos (até 6 horas de vida e entre 24 a 36 horas de vida) para realização das determinações dos teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, proteína, albumina, &gamma;-glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA, insulina e teores plasmáticos de glicose e lactato. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of giant calf syndrome (macrossomia) on the metabolic profile and glycemic control of IVF recipients or AI pregnant cows and their calves. This investigation includes four experiments in which venous blood was collected from all animals to determine serum levels of urea, creatinine, protein, albumin, GGT, cholesterol, triglycerides, &beta;-HBO, NEFA, glucose and lactate. In the first experiment Nelore embryo recipient cows were used for IVF (n = 8) and AI pregnant Nelore cows submitted to cesarean section (n = 12). Five moments were evaluated: 270, 280 gestation days, before labor induction, 12 and 24 hours after induction. In the second experiment the cesarean section obtained calves were evaluated in 11 moments: 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours and 5, 7, 15 and 30 days after birth. Besides the birth measured fruitosamine and serum insulin at the moments: 0, 12, 24 hours and 7 days after birth. In the third experiment, Nelore IVF embryo recipient cows were evaluated for standard weight calves (n = 17), high weight (n = 16) and natural calving AI gestation Nelore cows (n = 16) as control group. The evaluated moments were 288 gestation days and up to 6 hours after the natural calving. Two moments were determined: 288 gestation days and after calving. In the fourth experiment, newborn Nelore calves (n = 76) were used, divided in three groups: Nelore calves by term AI (n=27), Nelore calves by term IVF with standard breed weight (n = 32) and Nelore calves by term with macrosomia (n = 17, weight&gt;45 kg). The evaluated moments were up to 6 hours and between 24 and 36 hours of life. In addition to the fruitosamine measured at the first moment. For statistical analysis in experiments 1 and 2, Tukey\'s test was used for time and Student for treatment effect, in experiments 3 and 4, Tukey\'s test was used for treatment effect and Paired t-test for time effect, using the statistical program Sigma Stat 3.5. IVF calves with macrosomia were 33% (16/48). Regarding the urea of the IVF recipient or AI pregnant cows, there was statistical difference between the treatments within each time (cesarean section). Regarding kidney function, there was a statistical difference between urea and creatinine in the first and fourth experiment, respectively. In the evaluation of energy metabolism there was a difference in cholesterol, triglycerides and plasma glucose among the animals of the first and second experiments. Also, in the penultimate there was statistical relevance of the non-esterified fatty acid. In the comparison between the third experiment animals there was difference for cholesterol and triglycerides. In the fourth experiment, there was a difference in cholesterol and plasma lactate (P &lt;0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that the renal and metabolic profile are similar between IVF recipient and AI pregnant cows, as well as among their calves. In addition, it is recommended to monitor IVF calves during the first week of life due to hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia.

Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito dos níveis de energia (NDT) e proteína bruta (PB) consumidos por vacas de corte durante a gestação sobre o peso dos fetos aos quatro (PF4) e oito meses (PF8) e dos bezerros ao nascimento (PN); sobre o peso pós-natal aos 60 (PV60), 100 (PV100), 180 (PV180) e 205 (PV205) dias de vida; sobre o peso, a idade, o ganho médio diário (GMD), a área de olho de lombo (AOL), o marmoreio e a espessura de gordura (EG) ao abate. Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática da literatura e uma metanálise (MA) a partir de duas bases de dados eletrônicas (Scopus e Web of Science). A MA para efeitos randomizados foi realizada para cada resultado com as médias do grupo controle e tratado, conduzida com os níveis de NDT e PB em relação às exigências das vacas (NRC, 1996). Foram avaliadas 46 publicações, correspondentes a 50 estudos, 135 ensaios e 9.379 animais. Não houve efeito do consumo de PB e NDT pelas vacas sobre o PF4. Quando as vacas consumiram PB e NDT em níveis iguais às suas exigências, no primeiro (1TRI) e segundo trimestre (2TRI) da gestação, houve redução no PF8 (DM= 2,236kg; P<0,001). O PN reduziu nos bezerros filhos de vacas que consumiram PB igual ou acima das suas exigências no terceiro trimestre da gestação (3TRI) (DM= -2,954kg; P<0,001 e DM= -0,453kg; P=0,045, respectivamente) ou 140% das exigências de NDT (DM= -2,709; P = 0,001). Quando o consumo de NDT foi igual à recomendação do NRC (1996), observou-se aumento de 2,029kg no PN dos bezerros (P<0,001). O PV60 foi inferior quando as vacas consumiram PB (DM= -1,923kg; P<0,001) e NDT (DM= -1,676kg; P<0,001) acima de suas exigências no 3TRI. O PV205 foi 3,122kg inferior (P<0,001) quando as vacas consumiram até 120% de NDT no 2TRI e 3TRI. Os novilhos cujas mães consumiram PB e NDT acima de suas demandas, no 3TRI, foram abatidos 5,5 dias antes (P= 0,015) que os demais. O GMD, o marmoreio e a EG foram superiores em vacas que consumiram NDT e PB acima das suas exigências no 3TRI (P<0,05). Em síntese, os níveis de PB e NDT, consumidos pelas vacas, acima das recomendações do NRC, estão negativamente relacionados com o desenvolvimento dos fetos e com o PN, sendo que esse efeito permanece até os 205 dias de idade. Por outro lado, na fase de terminação o excesso de PB e NDT passa a contribuir com o GMD, o marmoreio e a EG da carcaça das progênies. / Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) levels, consumed by cows during gestation, on fetal and postnatal development and on carcass traits. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and a metanalysis (MA) on two electronic databases (Scopus and Web of Science). Inclusion criteria were complete studies using pregnant beef cows receiving different diets that analysed fetus weight at four (FW4) and eight months (FW8), and birth weight of calves (BW); postnatal weight at 60 days (PW60), 100 days (PW100), 180 days (PW180) and 205 days (PW205) of life; and on weight, age, mean daily gain (ADG), loin eye area (LEA), marbling and fat thickness (FT) at slaughter. Random effect MA were conducted for each indicator separately with the mean of control and treated group. The analysis was conducted with the TDN and CP levels in relation to cows’ requirements (NRC, 1996). We evaluated 46 publications, reporting 50 studies, 135 trials and 9,379 animals. The CP and TDN level consumed by pregnant cows showed no change on FW4. Cows that consumed CP and TDN in a level equal to their requirements, in the first (1TRI) and second trimester (2TRI) of gestation, showed a reduction in FW8 (DM= 2,236kg; P<0.001). The BW reduced in cows that consumed CP equal to or above their requirements in the third trimester of gestation (3TRI) (DM= -2.954kg, P<0.001 and DM= -0,453kg, P=0.045, respectively), or 140% of TDN requirements (DM= -2.709, P=0.001). The calves of cows that consumed TDN equal to NRC (1996) requirements, increased the BW in 2,029kg (P<0.001). The PW60 was lower when cows consumed CP (DM= -1.923kg; P<0.001) and TDN (DM= -1.676kg; P<0.001) above their requirements in the 3TRI. The PW205 was lower (DM= 3.12kg; P<0.001) when cows consumed 120% of TDN in the 2TRI and 3TRI. Steers whose mothers consumed CP and TDN above their requirements in the 3TRI were slaughtered 5.5 days earlier (P= 0.015) than the others. The ADG, marbling and FT were higher when cows consumed TDN and CP above the NRC (1996) requirements in the 3TRI (P<0.05). In summary, the CP and TDN levels, consumed by cows, above the NRC recommendations, are negatively associated to fetal development and birth calf weight, and this effect remains until 205 days of age. Alternatively, in the feeder phase, CP and TDN in excess contribute to average daily gain, marbling and fat thickness of the progeny.

A biotecnologia de fertilização in vitro (FIV) de embriões aplicadas a reprodução em bovinos permitiu grandes avanços genéticos para a pecuária mundial, particularmente no Brasil. A massificação do uso comercial da FIV no Brasil se deve, em parte, ao predomínio da raça Nelore na pecuária de corte nacional, devido às características da fisiologia reprodutiva. Entretanto as condições sub-ótimas no ambiente embrionário in vitro, geram distúrbios no desenvolvimento do embrião, da placenta e do feto, resultando em morte embrionária, abortamentos e falhas na adaptação neonatal a vida extrauterina. Distúrbios cardio-respiratórios com hipóxia, hipercapnia e acidose, hipoglicemia e hipotermia associados a macrossomia são frequentemente diagnosticados nesses neonatos. Para caracterizar as diferenças do metabolismo energético de bezerros da raça Nelore produzidos por fertilização in vitro daqueles produzidos por inseminação artificial (IA); as possíveis repercussões da hipóxia sobre o metabolismo energético no final da gestação; da macrossomia sobre o metabolismo energético materno no final da gestação; documentar o controle glicêmico dos fetos e das vacas durante o último mês de gestação; a determinação da existência ou não de resistência à insulina nos bezerros recém-nascidos de FIV, o presente projeto compreendeu: No primeiro experimento, avaliar o último mês de gestação de 8 vacas receptoras de embriões de FIV da raça Nelore e 12 vacas Nelores com gestações por IA submetidas a cesariana sendo colhido amostras de sangue venoso em 5 momentos (270, 280 dias de gestação, antes da indução do parto, 12 horas após a indução do parto e 24 horas após a indução, antes da cesariana), para determinação dos teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, proteína, albumina, &gamma;-glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA, teores plasmáticos de glicose e lactato. Nos respectivos bezerros obtidos por cesariana foram avaliados e colhidos sangue venoso em 11 momentos (0, 3, 6, 12,24, 48, 72 horas após o nascimento, 5, 7, 15 e 30 dias após o nascimento) para determinação dos teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, proteína, albumina, &gamma;-glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA e, teores plasmáticos de glicose e lactato, frutosamina ao nascimento e insulina sérica nos momentos (0, 12, 24 horas e 7 dias após o nascimento) . No segundo experimento foram avaliadas 17 e 16 vacas receptoras de embriões de FIV da raça Nelore com bezerros de peso padrão e de peso elevado, respectivamente e 16 vacas Nelores com gestações por IA com parto natural e colhido amostras de sangue venoso em 2 momentos (288 dias de gestação e após o parto), sendo realizado as determinações supracitadas das vacas do experimento 1. Nos respectivos bezerros nascidos naturalmente foram avaliados e colhidos sangue venoso em 2 momentos (até 6 horas de vida e entre 24 a 36 horas de vida) para realização das determinações dos teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, proteína, albumina, &gamma;-glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA, insulina e teores plasmáticos de glicose e lactato. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of giant calf syndrome (macrossomia) on the metabolic profile and glycemic control of IVF recipients or AI pregnant cows and their calves. This investigation includes four experiments in which venous blood was collected from all animals to determine serum levels of urea, creatinine, protein, albumin, GGT, cholesterol, triglycerides, &beta;-HBO, NEFA, glucose and lactate. In the first experiment Nelore embryo recipient cows were used for IVF (n = 8) and AI pregnant Nelore cows submitted to cesarean section (n = 12). Five moments were evaluated: 270, 280 gestation days, before labor induction, 12 and 24 hours after induction. In the second experiment the cesarean section obtained calves were evaluated in 11 moments: 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours and 5, 7, 15 and 30 days after birth. Besides the birth measured fruitosamine and serum insulin at the moments: 0, 12, 24 hours and 7 days after birth. In the third experiment, Nelore IVF embryo recipient cows were evaluated for standard weight calves (n = 17), high weight (n = 16) and natural calving AI gestation Nelore cows (n = 16) as control group. The evaluated moments were 288 gestation days and up to 6 hours after the natural calving. Two moments were determined: 288 gestation days and after calving. In the fourth experiment, newborn Nelore calves (n = 76) were used, divided in three groups: Nelore calves by term AI (n=27), Nelore calves by term IVF with standard breed weight (n = 32) and Nelore calves by term with macrosomia (n = 17, weight&gt;45 kg). The evaluated moments were up to 6 hours and between 24 and 36 hours of life. In addition to the fruitosamine measured at the first moment. For statistical analysis in experiments 1 and 2, Tukey\'s test was used for time and Student for treatment effect, in experiments 3 and 4, Tukey\'s test was used for treatment effect and Paired t-test for time effect, using the statistical program Sigma Stat 3.5. IVF calves with macrosomia were 33% (16/48). Regarding the urea of the IVF recipient or AI pregnant cows, there was statistical difference between the treatments within each time (cesarean section). Regarding kidney function, there was a statistical difference between urea and creatinine in the first and fourth experiment, respectively. In the evaluation of energy metabolism there was a difference in cholesterol, triglycerides and plasma glucose among the animals of the first and second experiments. Also, in the penultimate there was statistical relevance of the non-esterified fatty acid. In the comparison between the third experiment animals there was difference for cholesterol and triglycerides. In the fourth experiment, there was a difference in cholesterol and plasma lactate (P &lt;0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that the renal and metabolic profile are similar between IVF recipient and AI pregnant cows, as well as among their calves. In addition, it is recommended to monitor IVF calves during the first week of life due to hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia.

Ziele dieser Arbeit zum Tränkemanagement bei neonataler Kälberdiarrhoe waren, die Auswirkungen von oralen Rehydratationslösungen (ORL) auf die abomasale Milchgerinnung und den Labmagendurchmesser zu prüfen sowie die Wirksamkeit von unterschiedlich zubereiteten ORL bei bestehender Dehydratation zu vergleichen. Dazu wurden die folgenden zwei Untersuchungen durchgeführt: Die erste Untersuchung an gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern sollte mittels Ultraschall zeigen, ob die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in die Tränke deren abomasales Gerinnungsverhalten beeinträchtigt. Zeitgleich wurde der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser erfasst, um daraus Rückschlüsse auf die abomasale Entleerung ziehen zu können. Diese Arbeit untersuchte erstmals die Milchgerinnung im Labmagen von spontan an Durchfall erkrankten Kälbern. In der zweiten Untersuchung sollten die Effekte der Fütterung von Milchaustauscher (MAT) sowie von in Wasser und in MAT zubereiteter ORL auf den Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushalt experimentell dehydrierter Kälber ermittelt werden. Material und Methoden: Bei gesunden (n = 28) sowie durchfallkranken Kälbern (n = 15) wurde das abomasale Gerinnungsverhalten sowie der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser (= Labmagenhöhe) vor und nach Fütterung von Milch bzw. MAT sowie nach Zusatz eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers zur jeweiligen Tränke ultrasonografisch dargestellt. Im zweiten Untersuchungsteil wurden sechs Kälber nach einem modifizierten Protokoll von WALKER et al. (1998a) experimentell dehydriert. Im Anschluss wurden diese Tiere entweder mit MAT oder mit einer ORL, welche in Wasser (Wasser-ORL) oder MAT (MAT-ORL) zubereitet wurde, gefüttert. In einem weiteren Versuchsdurchlauf verblieben die mittel- bis hochgradig dehydrierten Probanden nüchtern. Nach einem definierten Schema wurden während der Versuchsphase venöse Blutproben vor und nach Induktion einer Dehydratation sowie vor und nach Fütterung entnommen. Es wurden Parameter des Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushaltes zu den verschiedenen Untersuchungszeitpunkten bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Nach Gabe von Milch konnte mittels Ultraschall immer eine vollständige Zweiphasentrennung in Koagulum und Molke detektiert werden, wohingegen diese nach Fütterung des MAT nur unvollständig voneinander separiert waren. Die kombinierte Fütterung von Milch oder MAT und einer ORL, welche 62 bzw. 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthielt, führte zu keinen Unterschieden auf den ultrasonografischen Bildern des Labmageninhaltes im Vergleich zu denen der jeweiligen nativen Tränke. Des Weiteren war die abomasale Milchgerinnung nicht aufgrund eines Durchfallgeschehens gestört. Die unvollständige Gerinnung des MAT resultierte nicht in dessen schnellerer abomasaler Passage, sondern anhand des statistisch signifikant größeren Labmagendurchmessers ab vier Stunden nach MAT-Fütterung scheint es, dass die Entleerung des MAT aus dem Labmagen im Vergleich zu Milch leicht verzögert war. Innerhalb der beiden Versuchstiergruppen konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede in Bezug auf den abomasalen Durchmesser zwischen den Tränken mit und ohne ORL-Zusatz festgestellt werden. Die statistisch signifikanten Differenzen des Labmagendurchmessers zwischen den gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern nach Fütterung der identischen Tränken weisen darauf hin, dass die Entleerung des Labmagens bei an Diarrhoe erkrankten Kälbern verzögert stattfindet. Bei den experimentell dehydrierten Probanden erhöhte sich das Plasmavolumen statistisch signifikant nach Aufnahme einer Tränkemahlzeit, wohingegen dieses ohne Behandlung konstant blieb. Die Rate der Plasmavolumenexpansion war nach Fütterung von MAT im Vergleich zu Wasser-ORL oder MAT-ORL vermindert. Die Zunahme des Plasmavolumens war bei den dehydrierten Kälbern nach Aufnahme von Wasser-ORL stärker ausgeprägt als nach Fütterung von MAT-ORL. Außerdem war nach Gabe der hypertonen MAT ORL die Plasmaosmolalität statistisch signifikant erhöht. Der Säuren-Basen-Status der Tiere verbesserte sich infolge der Absorption von Flüssigkeit. Dieser Effekt war allerdings weniger offensichtlich, da das Versuchsprotokoll eine hochgradige Dehydratation aber nur eine gering- bis maximal mittelgradige metabolische Azidose induzieren konnte. Schlussfolgerungen: Die unvollständige Gerinnung eines MAT im Labmagen scheint zu keiner schnelleren Entleerung zu führen. Die abomasale Milchgerinnung ist nicht beeinträchtigt, wenn die Milchfütterung mit einer 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthaltenden ORL kombiniert wird. Darüber hinaus resultiert aus einer Durchfallerkrankung keine Störung der Milchgerinnung im Labmagen. Die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in Milch oder MAT hat keine schnellere abomasale Passage der Ingesta zur Folge. Im Gegensatz zu gesunden Kälbern findet die Entleerung des Labmagens bei durchfallkranken Tieren verzögert statt. Es sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, welche die Ursachen für die verlangsamte abomasale Passage bei an Durchfall leidenden Kälbern bestimmen. Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die gemeinsame Verabreichung von Milch bzw. MAT mit einem bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulver weder die Milchgerinnung noch die abomasale Entleerung der Tränke bei durchfallkranken Kälbern beeinflusst. Folglich ist die Einmischung einer ORL in eine caseinhaltige Tränke möglich. Jedoch zeigen die Ergebnisse der zweiten Untersuchung, dass die Fütterung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL weniger effektiv bei der Erhöhung des Plasmavolumens dehydrierter Kälber ist als das in Wasser zubereitete Äquivalent (Wasser-ORL). Genau genommen erhöht die Verabreichung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL die Plasmaosmolalität bei dehydrierten Tieren, was möglicherweise bei durchfallkranken Kälbern zu einer akuten Kochsalzvergiftung führen könnte. In einer Folgeuntersuchung zu dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Gabe von hypertoner Milch-ORL in Kombination mit freiem Zugang zu Wasser eine effektive Behandlungsmaßnahme durchfallkranker Kälber darstellt, da die hohen Elektrolytgaben die Wasseraufnahme der Kälber stimulieren und keine Gefahr einer Hypernatriämie besteht (WENGE et al. 2014). Anhand der beiden Arbeiten kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass durchfallkranke Kälber, denen kein freier Zugang zu Wasser gewährt wird, wasserbasierte, isotone ORL erhalten sollten. / Aims of the present studies on oral rehydration management of calf diarrhoea were to reveal the effects of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) on abomasal milk clotting and abomasal diameter, as well as to compare the effectiveness of differently prepared ORS in calves with experimentally induced dehydration. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted: The first investigation in healthy and diarrhoeic calves should demonstrate via ultrasound whether the incorporation of bicarbonate-containing electrolyte powder into ‘milk meals’ impairs the abomasal coagulation of milk protein. At the same time, the ventrodorsal diameter of the abomasum was measured to outline abomasal emptying. This study is the first in which milk clotting in the abomasum of spontaneously diarrhoeic calves was investigated. The second investigation examined the effects of feeding milk replacer (MR), as well as ORS prepared in water or in MR on the fluid and acid-base balance of experimentally dehydrated calves. Materials and methods: Abomasal curd formation, as well as ventrodorsal diameter (= abomasal height), were ultrasonographically imaged in healthy (n = 28) and diarrhoeic calves (n = 15) before and after feeding milk, MR and ORS containing bicarbonate prepared in milk or MR, respectively. In the second investigation six calves were experimentally dehydrated according to a modified protocol of WALKER et al. (1998a). Subsequently, these calves were fed with either milk replacer (MR) or an ORS prepared in either water (water-ORS) or MR (MR-ORS). In one experiment, the dehydrated calves remained fasting. During the experimental period, venous blood samples were taken according to a defined schedule before and after induction of dehydration, as well as before and after feeding. Parameters of fluid and acid-base balance were determined at various timepoints. Results: After milk-feeding, a complete separation of curd and whey was always detected via ultrasound; whereas after MR-feeding, separation was incomplete. Feeding mixtures of milk or MR with ORS containing 62 - 93 mmol/L bicarbonate did not cause any differences in the ultrasonographic images of abomasal content compared to those of milk or MR. Moreover, abomasal milk clotting was not disturbed due to diarrhoea. Inadequate milk clotting of MR did not result in its faster abomasal passage but according to the significantly larger abomasal diameter starting from 4 h after MR-feeding gastric emptying of MR was slightly decreased when compared to milk. Within the two groups of experimental animals no statistically significant differences could be determined with respect to the abomasal diameter between the diets with and without addition of ORS. Statistically significant differences of abomasal diameter between healthy and diarrhoeic calves after feeding the same diet indicate that abomasal emptying is delayed in calves suffering from diarrhoea. Plasma volume increased significantly following the intake of a ‘fluid meal’ in experimentally dehydrated calves, whereas it remained constant in the absence of treatment. The rate of plasma volume expansion was reduced by feeding MR relative to water-ORS or MR-ORS. In dehydrated calves, the expansion of plasma volume was more pronounced following the intake of water-ORS compared to the feeding MR-ORS. Moreover, plasma osmolality increased significantly following the ingestion of hypertonic MR-ORS. The acid-base status of animals was corrected as a result of fluid absorption, but this effect was less obvious as the experimental protocol resulted in severe dehydration and only mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. Conclusions: Inadequate curd formation of an MR in the abomasum does not result in faster abomasal passage. Milk clotting in the abomasum is not affected when combining milk feeding with ORS containing 93 mmol/L of bicarbonate. Furthermore, abomasal curd formation is not disturbed due to diarrhoea. The addition of an bicarbonate-containing ORS in milk or MR does not result in faster abomasal passage of ingesta. In contrast to healthy calves, abomasal emptying is prolonged in diarrhoeic calves. Hence, further studies are needed to determine reasons for decelerated abomasal passage in calves suffering from diarrhoea. According to the results of the present study it can be concluded that combined feeding of milk/MR with an bicarbonate-containing ORS does not affect either milk clotting or abomasal emptying of the diet in diarrhoeic calves. Consequently, the addition of ORS to milk meal is possible. However, the results of the second investigation indicate that the feeding of hypertonic MR-ORS is less effective in increasing plasma volume of dehydrated calves than the water-based equivalent (water-ORS). In fact, administration of hypertonic MR-ORS increases plasma osmolality in dehydrated calves, potentially causing acute hypernatraemia in diarrhoeic calves. In a follow-up study to the present investigation, it could be demonstrated that feeding hypertonic milk-ORS combined with ad libitum access to water is an effective method of treating diarrhoeic calves because the high electrolyte content stimulates water intake of calves and there is no risk of hypernatraemia (WENGE et al. 2014). Based on these two studies, it can be concluded that diarrhoeic calves without free access to water should receive isotonic water-based ORS.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para auxiliar o empresário rural no momento de decidir qual a tecnologia menos arriscada para aumentar a taxa de prenhez em seu sistema de produção de bezerros. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as percepções de especialistas quanto a sete fatores a partir dos quais foi desenvolvida uma equação para calcular este risco. Tais parâmetros e suas definições foram apresentados em questionários aos 18 especialistas, selecionados por amostragem não probabilística. Neste documento foram listadas 32 tecnologias, avaliadas de acordo com os parâmetros conforme a escala Likert de cinco níveis. Foram utilizados os parâmetros relacionados diretamente ao risco das tecnologias, atribuindo-se um valor conforme a nota dos especialistas, de forma a ajusta-las conforme sua influência no risco, se positiva ou negativa. Não houve diferença significativa entre o risco calculado e o estimado pelos especialistas, além de ambos apresentarem alta correlação, validando esta metodologia. As tecnologias de insumo se apresentaram mais arriscadas, indicando custo, complexidade operacional e conhecimento técnico mais elevados do que as de processo. Da mesma forma, as tecnologias de manejo demonstraram menor risco em relação às nutricionais e reprodutivas, que não apresentaram diferença entre si. As tecnologias consideradas inovadoras foram mais arriscadas do que as consolidadas, apresentando todos os parâmetros mais elevados, com exceção da flexibilidade. Dessa forma, a metodologia desenvolvida foi capaz de determinar o risco das tecnologias, obtendo resultados semelhantes às percepções dos especialistas. / This study proposes a methodology to assist the farmers in deciding which technology is less risky to reduce the inefficiencies of their cow-calf production. Thus, were evaluated the perceptions of experts about seven factors predetermined from which were developed a formula to calculate this risk. These parameters and their definitions were reported in questionnaires to 18 experts, selected by nonprobability sampling. This document listed 32 technologies evaluated according to the parameters in the Likert scale of five levels. Were used the parameters directly related to the risk, assigning a value to the experts notes, in order to adjust these as their influence on the risk, whether positive or negative. There was no significant difference between the calculated and the estimated risks; they also had a high correlation, validating this methodology. The innovative technologies were more risky, indicating cost, operational complexity and technical knowledge higher than the process technologies. Likewise, the management technologies showed less risk than the nutritional and reproductive ones, which appear to have no difference among them. The innovative technologies were riskier than the consolidated ones, with all the standards higher, with the exception of flexibility. The methodology was able to determine the risk of technologies, obtaining similar results to the perceptions of the experts.

Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito dos níveis de energia (NDT) e proteína bruta (PB) consumidos por vacas de corte durante a gestação sobre o peso dos fetos aos quatro (PF4) e oito meses (PF8) e dos bezerros ao nascimento (PN); sobre o peso pós-natal aos 60 (PV60), 100 (PV100), 180 (PV180) e 205 (PV205) dias de vida; sobre o peso, a idade, o ganho médio diário (GMD), a área de olho de lombo (AOL), o marmoreio e a espessura de gordura (EG) ao abate. Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática da literatura e uma metanálise (MA) a partir de duas bases de dados eletrônicas (Scopus e Web of Science). A MA para efeitos randomizados foi realizada para cada resultado com as médias do grupo controle e tratado, conduzida com os níveis de NDT e PB em relação às exigências das vacas (NRC, 1996). Foram avaliadas 46 publicações, correspondentes a 50 estudos, 135 ensaios e 9.379 animais. Não houve efeito do consumo de PB e NDT pelas vacas sobre o PF4. Quando as vacas consumiram PB e NDT em níveis iguais às suas exigências, no primeiro (1TRI) e segundo trimestre (2TRI) da gestação, houve redução no PF8 (DM= 2,236kg; P<0,001). O PN reduziu nos bezerros filhos de vacas que consumiram PB igual ou acima das suas exigências no terceiro trimestre da gestação (3TRI) (DM= -2,954kg; P<0,001 e DM= -0,453kg; P=0,045, respectivamente) ou 140% das exigências de NDT (DM= -2,709; P = 0,001). Quando o consumo de NDT foi igual à recomendação do NRC (1996), observou-se aumento de 2,029kg no PN dos bezerros (P<0,001). O PV60 foi inferior quando as vacas consumiram PB (DM= -1,923kg; P<0,001) e NDT (DM= -1,676kg; P<0,001) acima de suas exigências no 3TRI. O PV205 foi 3,122kg inferior (P<0,001) quando as vacas consumiram até 120% de NDT no 2TRI e 3TRI. Os novilhos cujas mães consumiram PB e NDT acima de suas demandas, no 3TRI, foram abatidos 5,5 dias antes (P= 0,015) que os demais. O GMD, o marmoreio e a EG foram superiores em vacas que consumiram NDT e PB acima das suas exigências no 3TRI (P<0,05). Em síntese, os níveis de PB e NDT, consumidos pelas vacas, acima das recomendações do NRC, estão negativamente relacionados com o desenvolvimento dos fetos e com o PN, sendo que esse efeito permanece até os 205 dias de idade. Por outro lado, na fase de terminação o excesso de PB e NDT passa a contribuir com o GMD, o marmoreio e a EG da carcaça das progênies. / Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) levels, consumed by cows during gestation, on fetal and postnatal development and on carcass traits. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and a metanalysis (MA) on two electronic databases (Scopus and Web of Science). Inclusion criteria were complete studies using pregnant beef cows receiving different diets that analysed fetus weight at four (FW4) and eight months (FW8), and birth weight of calves (BW); postnatal weight at 60 days (PW60), 100 days (PW100), 180 days (PW180) and 205 days (PW205) of life; and on weight, age, mean daily gain (ADG), loin eye area (LEA), marbling and fat thickness (FT) at slaughter. Random effect MA were conducted for each indicator separately with the mean of control and treated group. The analysis was conducted with the TDN and CP levels in relation to cows’ requirements (NRC, 1996). We evaluated 46 publications, reporting 50 studies, 135 trials and 9,379 animals. The CP and TDN level consumed by pregnant cows showed no change on FW4. Cows that consumed CP and TDN in a level equal to their requirements, in the first (1TRI) and second trimester (2TRI) of gestation, showed a reduction in FW8 (DM= 2,236kg; P<0.001). The BW reduced in cows that consumed CP equal to or above their requirements in the third trimester of gestation (3TRI) (DM= -2.954kg, P<0.001 and DM= -0,453kg, P=0.045, respectively), or 140% of TDN requirements (DM= -2.709, P=0.001). The calves of cows that consumed TDN equal to NRC (1996) requirements, increased the BW in 2,029kg (P<0.001). The PW60 was lower when cows consumed CP (DM= -1.923kg; P<0.001) and TDN (DM= -1.676kg; P<0.001) above their requirements in the 3TRI. The PW205 was lower (DM= 3.12kg; P<0.001) when cows consumed 120% of TDN in the 2TRI and 3TRI. Steers whose mothers consumed CP and TDN above their requirements in the 3TRI were slaughtered 5.5 days earlier (P= 0.015) than the others. The ADG, marbling and FT were higher when cows consumed TDN and CP above the NRC (1996) requirements in the 3TRI (P<0.05). In summary, the CP and TDN levels, consumed by cows, above the NRC recommendations, are negatively associated to fetal development and birth calf weight, and this effect remains until 205 days of age. Alternatively, in the feeder phase, CP and TDN in excess contribute to average daily gain, marbling and fat thickness of the progeny.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 556624 bytes, checksum: 056ba0df182c2228165522bc161fcc00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / At birth, ruminant animals have a non-functional rumen. The maturation of the forestomachs involves colonization by anaerobic microorganisms, establishment of ruminal fermentation, increase in volume, muscle strengthening and papillae growth (which increases absorptive area). Studies suggest that the introduction of solid feeds in the diet aids the anatomical and physiological development of the rumen. In this work, Holstein crossbred calves fed different levels of milk (2, 4, 6 and 8 liters/day) and concentrate ad libitum during the breast-feeding period were used to evaluate the weight gain, dry matter intake and ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in the rumen. Additionally, the thickness of the epithelium, conjunctive, muscle tissues, and height and density of the rumen papillae at weaning and 30 days after weaning was also determined. The increase in average daily gain (ADG) was associated with increased daily intake of total dry matter (TDMI). The daily dry matter intake of concentrate (DMIc) and the daily milk intake of animals sacrificed at weaning showed a high quadratic correlation (r = 0.83), whereas the maximum DMIc (0.27 kg/d) was observed when the animals were fed four liters of milk daily. The TDMI after weaning did not differ (P > 0.05) for animals fed 4, 6 and 8 liters of milk/day during the breast-feeding period. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen increased (P < 0.05) with animal age, but the proportion of acetate, propionate and butyrate (4.5 : 3: 1) did not differ (P> 0.05) at weaning and 30 days after weaning. Animals with larger ADG sacrificed at weaning had lower proportions of propionate in the rumen. The mean ammonia concentration in the rumen of animals sacrificed at weaning was 2.5 times larger (P < 0.05) than that observed in animals sacrificed three days old and 30 days after the introduction of hay in the diet. The ammonia concentration in the rumen increased with TDMI and was related to a greater ADG of the animals. The thickness of the epithelial and conjunctive tissue did not differ (P > 0.1) with age, whereas the height of the papillae increased (P <0.1) and the density of the papillae reduced (P < 0.1). The ADG of the animals sacrificed at weaning increased with the reduction of papillae density (enlargement of the absorption surface of the rumen epithelium). The increase in DMIc of animals sacrificed at weaning did not influence the thickness of the muscle tissue. However, it was associated with increased papillae height. The propionate concentration and papillae height of the ventral sac of the rumen of animals sacrificed at weaning showed a quadratic correlation (r = 0.82), and higher papillae were observed when the propionate concentration was about 30 mmol/l. These results indicate that different levels of milk intake during the breast-feeding period influence the intake of concentrate, which reflected in the development of the rumen papillae. In addition, the ability to consume concentrate feeds increased with age, making more substrates available for rumen microbial fermentation. / Ao nascer os animais ruminantes possuem o rúmen não-funcional. O desenvolvimento do rúmen envolve a colonização por micro-organismos, estabelecimento da fermentação ruminal, aumento do volume, fortalecimento da musculatura e crescimento das papilas (aumento da área absortiva). Estudos sugerem que a introdução de alimentos sólidos na dieta auxilia no desenvolvimento anatômico e fisiológico do rúmen. Neste trabalho bezerros holandeses mestiços alimentados com diferentes níveis de leite (2, 4, 6 e 8 litros/dia) e concentrado ad libitum durante a fase de aleitamento foram utilizados para avaliar o ganho de peso, consumo de matéria seca, concentração de amônia e ácidos orgânicos no rúmen, bem como a espessura dos tecidos epitelial, conjuntivo e muscular e a densidade e altura das papilas ruminais dos animais ao desmame e 30 dias após desmame. O aumento do ganho médio diário de peso (GMD) esteve associado ao aumento do consumo diário de massa seca total (CMSt). O consumo diário de massa seca do concentrado (CMSc) e o volume de leite diário dos animais abatidos ao desmame apresentaram alta correlação quadrática (r = 0,83), sendo que o ponto máximo de CMSc (0,27 Kg/d) foi observado nos animais que consumiram quatro litros de leite por dia. O CMSt após o desmame não variou (P > 0,05) para os animais que consumiram 4, 6 e 8 litros de leite/dia durante a fase de aleitamento. A concentração de ácidos orgânicos voláteis (AOVs) no rúmen aumentou (P < 0,05) com a idade dos animais, no entanto a proporção de acetato, propionato e butirato (4,5 : 3 : 1) não variou (P > 0,05) ao desmame e 30 dias após o desmame. Animais com maiores GMD abatidos ao desmame apresentaram menores proporções de propionato no rúmen. A média das concentrações de amônia no rúmen dos animais abatidos ao desmame foi 2,5 vezes maior (P < 0,05) que o observado nos animais abatidos com três dias de idade e 30 dias após a introdução de feno na dieta. A concentração de amônia no rúmen foi maior com o aumento do CMSt e representou aumento do GMD dos animais. As espessuras dos tecidos epitelial e conjuntivo não variaram (P > 0,1) com a idade, enquanto a altura das papilas aumentou (P < 0,1) e a densidade das papilas reduziu (P < 0,1). O GMD dos animais abatidos ao desmame aumentou com a redução da densidade de papilas (ampliação da superfície de absorção do epitélio ruminal). O aumento CMSc dos animais abatidos ao desmame não influenciou a espessura do tecido muscular, porém esteve relacionado com o aumento da altura das papilas. A concentração de propionato e a altura das papilas da porção ventral do rúmen dos animais abatidos ao desmame apresentaram alta correlação quadrática (r = 0,82), sendo que as maiores alturas foram observadas quando a concentração de propionato foi cerca de 30 mmol/L. Esses resultados demonstraram que a oferta de diferentes quantidades de leite durante a fase de aleitamento influencia o consumo de concentrado, o que refletiu no desenvolvimento das papilas do rúmen. Além disso, o aumento da capacidade de consumo de concentrado com a idade do animal representa um aumento da disponibilidade de substratos para a fermentação pela microbiota ruminal.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para auxiliar o empresário rural no momento de decidir qual a tecnologia menos arriscada para aumentar a taxa de prenhez em seu sistema de produção de bezerros. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as percepções de especialistas quanto a sete fatores a partir dos quais foi desenvolvida uma equação para calcular este risco. Tais parâmetros e suas definições foram apresentados em questionários aos 18 especialistas, selecionados por amostragem não probabilística. Neste documento foram listadas 32 tecnologias, avaliadas de acordo com os parâmetros conforme a escala Likert de cinco níveis. Foram utilizados os parâmetros relacionados diretamente ao risco das tecnologias, atribuindo-se um valor conforme a nota dos especialistas, de forma a ajusta-las conforme sua influência no risco, se positiva ou negativa. Não houve diferença significativa entre o risco calculado e o estimado pelos especialistas, além de ambos apresentarem alta correlação, validando esta metodologia. As tecnologias de insumo se apresentaram mais arriscadas, indicando custo, complexidade operacional e conhecimento técnico mais elevados do que as de processo. Da mesma forma, as tecnologias de manejo demonstraram menor risco em relação às nutricionais e reprodutivas, que não apresentaram diferença entre si. As tecnologias consideradas inovadoras foram mais arriscadas do que as consolidadas, apresentando todos os parâmetros mais elevados, com exceção da flexibilidade. Dessa forma, a metodologia desenvolvida foi capaz de determinar o risco das tecnologias, obtendo resultados semelhantes às percepções dos especialistas. / This study proposes a methodology to assist the farmers in deciding which technology is less risky to reduce the inefficiencies of their cow-calf production. Thus, were evaluated the perceptions of experts about seven factors predetermined from which were developed a formula to calculate this risk. These parameters and their definitions were reported in questionnaires to 18 experts, selected by nonprobability sampling. This document listed 32 technologies evaluated according to the parameters in the Likert scale of five levels. Were used the parameters directly related to the risk, assigning a value to the experts notes, in order to adjust these as their influence on the risk, whether positive or negative. There was no significant difference between the calculated and the estimated risks; they also had a high correlation, validating this methodology. The innovative technologies were more risky, indicating cost, operational complexity and technical knowledge higher than the process technologies. Likewise, the management technologies showed less risk than the nutritional and reproductive ones, which appear to have no difference among them. The innovative technologies were riskier than the consolidated ones, with all the standards higher, with the exception of flexibility. The methodology was able to determine the risk of technologies, obtaining similar results to the perceptions of the experts.