Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito dos níveis de energia (NDT) e proteína bruta (PB) consumidos por vacas de corte durante a gestação sobre o peso dos fetos aos quatro (PF4) e oito meses (PF8) e dos bezerros ao nascimento (PN); sobre o peso pós-natal aos 60 (PV60), 100 (PV100), 180 (PV180) e 205 (PV205) dias de vida; sobre o peso, a idade, o ganho médio diário (GMD), a área de olho de lombo (AOL), o marmoreio e a espessura de gordura (EG) ao abate. Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática da literatura e uma metanálise (MA) a partir de duas bases de dados eletrônicas (Scopus e Web of Science). A MA para efeitos randomizados foi realizada para cada resultado com as médias do grupo controle e tratado, conduzida com os níveis de NDT e PB em relação às exigências das vacas (NRC, 1996). Foram avaliadas 46 publicações, correspondentes a 50 estudos, 135 ensaios e 9.379 animais. Não houve efeito do consumo de PB e NDT pelas vacas sobre o PF4. Quando as vacas consumiram PB e NDT em níveis iguais às suas exigências, no primeiro (1TRI) e segundo trimestre (2TRI) da gestação, houve redução no PF8 (DM= 2,236kg; P<0,001). O PN reduziu nos bezerros filhos de vacas que consumiram PB igual ou acima das suas exigências no terceiro trimestre da gestação (3TRI) (DM= -2,954kg; P<0,001 e DM= -0,453kg; P=0,045, respectivamente) ou 140% das exigências de NDT (DM= -2,709; P = 0,001). Quando o consumo de NDT foi igual à recomendação do NRC (1996), observou-se aumento de 2,029kg no PN dos bezerros (P<0,001). O PV60 foi inferior quando as vacas consumiram PB (DM= -1,923kg; P<0,001) e NDT (DM= -1,676kg; P<0,001) acima de suas exigências no 3TRI. O PV205 foi 3,122kg inferior (P<0,001) quando as vacas consumiram até 120% de NDT no 2TRI e 3TRI. Os novilhos cujas mães consumiram PB e NDT acima de suas demandas, no 3TRI, foram abatidos 5,5 dias antes (P= 0,015) que os demais. O GMD, o marmoreio e a EG foram superiores em vacas que consumiram NDT e PB acima das suas exigências no 3TRI (P<0,05). Em síntese, os níveis de PB e NDT, consumidos pelas vacas, acima das recomendações do NRC, estão negativamente relacionados com o desenvolvimento dos fetos e com o PN, sendo que esse efeito permanece até os 205 dias de idade. Por outro lado, na fase de terminação o excesso de PB e NDT passa a contribuir com o GMD, o marmoreio e a EG da carcaça das progênies. / Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) levels, consumed by cows during gestation, on fetal and postnatal development and on carcass traits. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and a metanalysis (MA) on two electronic databases (Scopus and Web of Science). Inclusion criteria were complete studies using pregnant beef cows receiving different diets that analysed fetus weight at four (FW4) and eight months (FW8), and birth weight of calves (BW); postnatal weight at 60 days (PW60), 100 days (PW100), 180 days (PW180) and 205 days (PW205) of life; and on weight, age, mean daily gain (ADG), loin eye area (LEA), marbling and fat thickness (FT) at slaughter. Random effect MA were conducted for each indicator separately with the mean of control and treated group. The analysis was conducted with the TDN and CP levels in relation to cows’ requirements (NRC, 1996). We evaluated 46 publications, reporting 50 studies, 135 trials and 9,379 animals. The CP and TDN level consumed by pregnant cows showed no change on FW4. Cows that consumed CP and TDN in a level equal to their requirements, in the first (1TRI) and second trimester (2TRI) of gestation, showed a reduction in FW8 (DM= 2,236kg; P<0.001). The BW reduced in cows that consumed CP equal to or above their requirements in the third trimester of gestation (3TRI) (DM= -2.954kg, P<0.001 and DM= -0,453kg, P=0.045, respectively), or 140% of TDN requirements (DM= -2.709, P=0.001). The calves of cows that consumed TDN equal to NRC (1996) requirements, increased the BW in 2,029kg (P<0.001). The PW60 was lower when cows consumed CP (DM= -1.923kg; P<0.001) and TDN (DM= -1.676kg; P<0.001) above their requirements in the 3TRI. The PW205 was lower (DM= 3.12kg; P<0.001) when cows consumed 120% of TDN in the 2TRI and 3TRI. Steers whose mothers consumed CP and TDN above their requirements in the 3TRI were slaughtered 5.5 days earlier (P= 0.015) than the others. The ADG, marbling and FT were higher when cows consumed TDN and CP above the NRC (1996) requirements in the 3TRI (P<0.05). In summary, the CP and TDN levels, consumed by cows, above the NRC recommendations, are negatively associated to fetal development and birth calf weight, and this effect remains until 205 days of age. Alternatively, in the feeder phase, CP and TDN in excess contribute to average daily gain, marbling and fat thickness of the progeny.

This extended essay deals in more detail with the organizations which give only health home care for their clients. It is a special form of the health care given to a patient at his home and paid by the state within the framework of public health insurance. During the visits, the patient is treated or rehabilitated by a gualified nurse. All the treatments are put into effect according to the treating doctor´s indications who has called for this care form. Although the questions is a health services, we can see a social influence here, too when the patient and his relations to the people round him are influenced as well. Nowadays. great numbers as state in the Czech Republic. In the first theoretical part, the attention is paid to a history of home care, a definition of basic words and a detailed specification of agency activities. Basides, the clients the services was inicated for are noticed here, too. It also concerns their state of health and social relations to the people around them and the surroundings. The data obtained from my own research are stated in the practical part. This research was carried out by a quntitative method with several techniques of a run interview and a secondary analysis of data in a set of some chosen patients living in the northern part of the Pilsen Region and agencies being situated in that area. The aim of my extended essay is to evaluated a social influence of home care on a patient and to point out the most frequent diagnoses it has been indicated for.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de sucedâneo lácteo com alto conteúdo proteico de origem vegetal no desempenho e saúde de bezerros, e avaliar métodos de reidratação para o tratamento de diarreias. No primeiro estudo foram utilizados 33 bezerros da raça Holandês distribuídos nos tratamentos: 1) Alto volume e baixa proteína (AV/BP): 8 litros, 21,4% PB; 2) Alto volume e alta proteína (AV/AP): 8 litros, 23,7% PB e 3) Baixo volume e alta proteína (BV/AP): 6 litros, 23,7% PB. Os bezerros foram alojados em abrigos individuais, com livre acesso a água e concentrado. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para o desempenho animal (P>0,05). Os tratamentos AV/BP e AV/AP resultaram em maior consumo de sucedâneo (P<0,05), mas não afetaram o consumo de concentrado nem o consumo total (P>0,05). O escore fecal foi maior (P>0,05) para animais nos tratamentos AV/AP e BV/AP. Os animais nos tratamentos AV/BP permaneceram maior número de dias em diarreia (P<0,05), em comparação aqueles aleitados com BV/AP, os quais tiveram menos dias com vida (P<0,05). A concentração de lactato foi maior (P<0,05) para animais nos tratamentos AV/BP e AV/AP enquanto a concentração de proteína total foi maior (P<0,05) nos tratamentos AV/BP e BV/AP. Sucedâneos com elevado conteúdo de proteína de origem vegetal afetam negativamente o desempenho de bezerros podendo levar o animal a morte. No segundo estudo foram comparados três soluções de hidratação oral quanto a sua eficiência em repor eletrólitos e água, além de manter o desempenho de bezerros. Foram utilizados 42 bezerros mestiços Holandês-Jersey, distribuídos nos tratamentos: 1) Soro comum, 2) Glutellac&reg; e 3) Soro comum + Aminogut&reg;. Os animais foram aleitados com 4 L/d de sucedâneo lácteo até a oitava semana de vida quando foram desaleitados de forma abrupta. As terapias de reidratação foram oferecidas quando os animais apresentavam escore fecal >= 3 na escala de 1 a 5. Não houve efeito das terapias de reidratação no desempenho nem em metabólitos sanguíneos (P>0,05). O consumo voluntário de água foi maior para os animais reidratados com Glutellac&reg;, mas o consumo total maior para os animais reidratados com Soro comum. As concentrações de HCO3 e Na+ foram maiores para os animais no tratamento Glutellac&reg; (P=0,088 e P=0,073 respectivamente), sendo a concentração de glicose também afetada pelo protocolo de hidratação (P<0,05). A concentração de HCO3 aumentou do primeiro para o segundo dia, a de K+ e glicose diminuíram do primeiro para o segundo dia, enquanto que o Beecf teve um comportamento variável segundo a terapia de reidratação utilizada. Houve efeito da interação tratamento x dia de avaliação apenas para a concentração de BUN (P<0,05). O pH, a concentração de Na+ e Beecf foram maiores em animais mais velhos, enquanto K+, hematócrito e hemoglobina, foram menores (P<0,05). O consumo voluntário de água foi maior em animais reidratados com Glutellac&reg;, o que junto com a simplicidade de uso, representam as principais vantagens deste método de reidratação. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of milk replacer with high inclusion of vegetable protein in regard to performance and health of dairy calves, and evaluate rehydration methods for the treatment of diarrhea. In the first study 33 Holstein calvesdistributed in the treatments: 1) High volume and low protein (HV/LP): 8L/d, 21.4% CP; 2) High volume and high protein (HV/HP): 8L/d, 23.7% CP and 3) low volume and high protein (LV/HP): 6L/d, 23.7% CP. The calves were housed in individual shelters, with free access to water and starter concentrate. There was no effect of the treatments for animal performance (P>0.05). The treatments HV/LP and HV/HP resulted in higher milk replacer intake (P<0.05), but did not affect concentrate intake, neither the total dry matter intake (P>0.05). The fecal score was higher (P>0.05) for animals in treatments HV/HP and LV/HP. The animals in the treatments HV/LP remained more days in diarrhea (P<0.05), compared to LV/HP animals, which had fewer days with life (P<0.05). Lactate concentration was higher (P<0.05) for animals in treatments HV/LP and HV/HP while the concentration of total protein was higher (P<0.05) in treatments HV/LP and LV/HP. The use of milk replacer with high contents of vegetal protein, negatively affects the performance of calves and could lead to animals´ death. In the second study, three oral rehydration protocols were compared in regard to their efficiency in replace electrolytes and water, and in the maintenance of calves performance. Forty-two crossbred calves were used Holstein-Jersey, distributed in the treatments: 1) Common electrolytes oral solution, 2) Glutellac&reg; and 3) Common electrolytes oral solution + Aminogut&reg;. Calves were feed with 4 L/d of milk replacer until the eighth week of life when they were abruptly weaned. The rehydration therapy were offered when the animals presented fecal score >= 3 in a scale of 1 to 5. There was no effect of rehydration therapies for the variables related to animal\'s performance neither for blood metabolites (P>0.05). Voluntary water intake was greater for the animals that were rehydrated with Glutellac&reg;, however total intake was higher for animals rehydrated with a common electrolytes oral solution. HCO3 and Na+ concentration were higher for the animals in the treatment Glutellac&reg; (P=0.088 and p=0.073, respectively) being the glucose concentration also affected by protocol of rehydration (P<0.05). The HCO3 was increased from the first to the second day, the K+ and glucose reduced from the first to the second day, while the Beecf was variable according to rehydration therapy used. There was a significant interaction treatment x day only for the concentration of BUN (P<0.05). pH, concentration of Na+ and Beecf, were higher for older animals, while K+, hematocrit and hemoglobin, were lower (P<0.05). The voluntary water intake was significantly greater in animals rehydrated with Glutellac&reg;, which together with simplicity of use, form the main advantages of this rehydrating.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para auxiliar o empresário rural no momento de decidir qual a tecnologia menos arriscada para aumentar a taxa de prenhez em seu sistema de produção de bezerros. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as percepções de especialistas quanto a sete fatores a partir dos quais foi desenvolvida uma equação para calcular este risco. Tais parâmetros e suas definições foram apresentados em questionários aos 18 especialistas, selecionados por amostragem não probabilística. Neste documento foram listadas 32 tecnologias, avaliadas de acordo com os parâmetros conforme a escala Likert de cinco níveis. Foram utilizados os parâmetros relacionados diretamente ao risco das tecnologias, atribuindo-se um valor conforme a nota dos especialistas, de forma a ajusta-las conforme sua influência no risco, se positiva ou negativa. Não houve diferença significativa entre o risco calculado e o estimado pelos especialistas, além de ambos apresentarem alta correlação, validando esta metodologia. As tecnologias de insumo se apresentaram mais arriscadas, indicando custo, complexidade operacional e conhecimento técnico mais elevados do que as de processo. Da mesma forma, as tecnologias de manejo demonstraram menor risco em relação às nutricionais e reprodutivas, que não apresentaram diferença entre si. As tecnologias consideradas inovadoras foram mais arriscadas do que as consolidadas, apresentando todos os parâmetros mais elevados, com exceção da flexibilidade. Dessa forma, a metodologia desenvolvida foi capaz de determinar o risco das tecnologias, obtendo resultados semelhantes às percepções dos especialistas. / This study proposes a methodology to assist the farmers in deciding which technology is less risky to reduce the inefficiencies of their cow-calf production. Thus, were evaluated the perceptions of experts about seven factors predetermined from which were developed a formula to calculate this risk. These parameters and their definitions were reported in questionnaires to 18 experts, selected by nonprobability sampling. This document listed 32 technologies evaluated according to the parameters in the Likert scale of five levels. Were used the parameters directly related to the risk, assigning a value to the experts notes, in order to adjust these as their influence on the risk, whether positive or negative. There was no significant difference between the calculated and the estimated risks; they also had a high correlation, validating this methodology. The innovative technologies were more risky, indicating cost, operational complexity and technical knowledge higher than the process technologies. Likewise, the management technologies showed less risk than the nutritional and reproductive ones, which appear to have no difference among them. The innovative technologies were riskier than the consolidated ones, with all the standards higher, with the exception of flexibility. The methodology was able to determine the risk of technologies, obtaining similar results to the perceptions of the experts.

Tanto a administração de monensina quanto o processamento de grãos alteram o padrão de fermentação ruminal de forma a aumentar a disponibilidade de energia e proteína para o animal, resultando em melhor desempenho. Dois trabalhos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de concentrados contendo milho laminado a vapor ou floculado, com ou sem a adição de monensina, no consumo de MS, ganho de peso e parâmetros sanguíneos e ruminais de bezerros leiteiras, antes e após a desmama realizada a sexta semana de vida. No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas 32 bezerras holandesas do nascimento a 12 semanas de vida, em um delineamento experimental do tipo blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 2x2. Do nascimento a desmama os animais receberam concentrado ad libitum até o consumo de 2 kg/d , quatro litros diários de leite e tiveram acesso livre à água. Após a desmama, realizada na sexta semana de vida, os animais continuaram recebendo 2 kg de concentrado e passaram a ter acesso a feno picado ad libitum. O tipo de processamento de grão ou a adição de monensina não afetou o consumo médio de concentrado ou feno (P>0,05), assim como o peso final e o ganho de peso diário (P>0,05). As concentrações plasmáticas de glicose e AGL médios do período experimental não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos; entretanto, as concentrações de N-uréico foram inferiores no plasma de animais recebendo concentrado com grãos laminados e monensina (P=0,08). Houve efeito significativo da idade animal nas concentrações plasmáticas de glicose (P<0,0001), N-uréico (P<0,001) e AGL (P<0,02). Somente os parâmetros glicose e AGL plasmáticos foram afetados pelo horário após o fornecimento do alimento. No segundo experimento, 16 bezerros holandeses fistulados no rúmen com 3 a 5 dias de vida, foram agrupados em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 2x2. Os animais receberam concentrado ad libitum até o consumo de 2 kg/d , 4 litros diários de leite e tiveram acesso livre à água. Após a desmama, realizada na oitava semana de vida, os animais passaram a receber 2 kg/d de concentrado e feno picado ad libitum. Os tratamentos não afetaram (P>0,05) o consumo de concentrado e feno, assim como o desempenho animal. A concentração molar de propionato (P<0,05) foi maior para animais recebendo grão laminado. Houve tendência de maior concentração molar de AGV total (P=0,11) e butirato (P=0,13) para animais recebendo grão laminado. A inclusão de monensina tendeu a reduzir as concentrações de N-NH3 ruminal (P=0,12). O peso do retículo-rúmen (% trato total) tendeu (P=0,09) a ser maior em animais recebendo grão laminado e monensina. A capacidade do retículo-rúmen foi aumentada (P<0,05) pelo fornecimento de grão laminado e monensina. Milho floculado resultou em menor peso do abomaso em % trato total (P<0,01). / Two trails were conducted to evaluate the effects of concentrates containing processed grains (steam-flaked vs. steam-rolled), with or without monensin, on intake, weight gain and blood and rumen parameters of baby calves, before and after weaning at six weeks of life. In the first trial, 32 baby heifers were utilized on a completely randomized block, with a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The animals received concentrate ad libitum up to 2 kg/d, plus 4 L of milk. Calves had free access to water. After weaning, at the sixth week of life, calves received concentrate and chopped hay. The treatments did not affect (P>0,05) concentrate or hay intake, final live weight, average daily gain, plasma glucose and NEFA concentration. PUN was lower on calves fed steam-rolled corn and monensin (P=0,08). There was a significant effect of age on glucose (P<0,0001), PUN (P<0,001), and NEFA (P<0,02) concentrations. Only glucose and NEFA were affected by time after feeding. In the second trial, Sixteen Holstein calves were ruminally canulated with 3 to5 days of life, and utilized on a completely randomized design block with a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The animals received concentrate ad libitum up to 2 kg/d, plus 4 L/d of milk. Calves had free access to water. After weaning at the eight weeks of life, calves received concentrate and chopped hay. Animal performance, concentrate and hay intakes were lower than expected and not affected (P>0,05) by treatments. The molar proportion of propionate was higher (P<0,05) for steam-rolled concentrate. There was a tendency for higher total VFA (P=0,11) and butyrate (P=0,13) for steam-rolled corn. Monensin tended to reduce ruminal N-NH3 concentration (P=0,12). Weight of reticulum-rumen (as % total tract) tended to be higher (P=0,09) for calves on steam-rolled and monensin concentration. However, the capacity of reticulum-rumen was increased by steam-rolled and monensin feeding (P<0,05). Steam-flaked concentrate resulted on heavier abomasum, as % total tract (P<0,01).

A clonagem animal por transferência nuclear de células somáticas (SCNT) é uma técnica de reprodução assistida que consiste em transferir o núcleo de uma célula de interesse a um oócito previamente enucleado. Sua utilização ainda apresenta eficiência baixa, com perdas embrionárias principalmente no início da gestação, ou em outras fases da gestação e no período perinatal devido à interação materno-fetal anormal com malformações diversas na placenta. Após o nascimento, a mortalidade está entre 12,5 e 42% devido às anormalidades neonatais já descritas como a síndrome do large offspring, com fetos exageradamente grandes, desenvolvimento anormal da placenta e crescimento não sincronizado de órgãos. Também são relatadas malformações musculoesqueléticas, aumento do diâmetro do cordão umbilical, dificuldades respiratórias e anormalidades metabólicas. Acredita-se que o mecanismo desta síndrome esteja relacionado com a reprogramação nuclear. Alinhando a gravidade das alterações e o custo elevado da técnica, torna-se necessário entender os mecanismos dessas alterações e desenvolver estratégias para prevenção e terapias para minimizar perdas. A avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos pode auxiliar no diagnóstico e acompanhamento terapêutico do neonato. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos, bioquímicos e de hemogasometria de bezerros clonados por SCNT, comparando os resultados com aqueles de bezerros gerados a partir de inseminação artificial. Dos bezerros clonados deste estudo, quatro vieram a óbito no período pós-natal. Alterações comuns nestes bezerros e que não ocorreram com os demais foram: pesos extremos ao nascimento, muito altos ou muito baixos; avaliação baixa no APGAR, principalmente após 5 minutos do nascimento; presença de líquido amniótico com viscosidade elevada; pH sanguíneo baixo imediatamente após o nascimento e elevação da creatinina sérica. As alterações nestes parâmetros em bezerros neonatos clonados podem indicar um risco de complicação no quadro geral dos clones, forçando medidas intensivas no tratamento para preservar a vida dos mesmos. Outras alterações frequentes nos clones, mas que não estavam necessariamente relacionadas a um quadro de risco foram: aumento do diâmetro dos vasos umbilicais; pH elevado ao nascimento e que evoluiu para acidose respiratória, acidose metabólica ou acidose mista respiratória e metabólica; elevação do volume celular médio; leucocitose por neutrofilia que foi observado em todos os clones devido à administração de corticoides ao nascimento; elevação gradual da contagem de plaquetas; diminuição da concentração de creatinina sérica e da atividade de AST. A gamaglutamiltransferase apresentou uma elevação mais discreta nos clones, podendo indicar uma falha na transferência de imunidade passiva. A concentração de lactado apresentou-se elevada em todos os clones em algum momento do período perinatal, indicando o quadro de acidose metabólica / Animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is an assisted reproductive technique in which the nucleus of a donor cell is transferred to a previously enucleated oocyte. Despite its potential benefits to research and agriculture, only 1% of the reconstructed oocytes develop into live healthy neonates. Embryo losses may occur early in pregnancy or in other stages of gestation, and during the perinatal period. These losses have been associated to abnormalities in maternal-fetal interaction, probably due to a deficient placental vascularization. Mortality rates after birth range between 12,5 to 42%, and the main abnormalities are related to the large offspring syndrome, with overly large cattle, abnormal placental development, and desynchronized organ development. Other problems reported include muscleskeletal disorders, enlarged umbilical cord, respiratory distress and metabolic disorders. The mechanism of this syndrome is probably related to nuclear reprogramming. Considering the severity of these abnormalities and the high costs of the technique, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms that lead to the pathology and develop strategies for preventing and treating the affected animals, minimizing financial losses. The evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters is a very important tool for diagnosis and therapeutics. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical, hematological and biochemical profiles, including blood gas analysis in calves originated by SCNT embryos, as well as comparing the same results from artificial insemination (AI) bred calves (control group). Amongst the cloned calves in this study, four died in the post-natal period. The most common abnormalities seen in these calves and that did not affect the others were: extreme birth weights (low or high), low APGAR score, especially when evaluated 5 minutes after birth, viscous amniotic fluid, low blood pH measured immediately after birth and high serum levels of creatinine. These abnormalities may present a risk of general health impairment in cloned calves, imposing better intensive care treatment in order to minimize death losses. Other frequent abnormalities in clones, but not necessarily related to risk of neonatal death immediately after birth are: enlarged umbilical vessels, high blood pH at birth that progresses to respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis or mixed respiratory metabolic acidosis, high mean cell volume, leukocytosis with neutrophilia due to glucocorticoids therapy after birth was observed in all of our clones, gradual increase in platelet count, low creatinine levels and low aspartate aminotransferase levels. There was a slight increase in gamma glutamyltransferase in clones compared to controls, which represent a poor passive immunity transfer. Lactate levels were high in all of the cloned animals at some point of the perinatal period, showing that they suffer from some degree of metabolic acidosis

Chez les baleines à bosse (Megaptera novaeangliae), le maintien des liens sociaux entre les femelles et leurs nouveau-nés implique différentes modalités sensorielles telles que l'ouïe, le toucher et la vision. Si la communication acoustique chez les mâles chanteurs de cette espèce a été largement étudiée, les sons sociaux, en particulier ceux produits par les femelles et leurs nouveau-nés, ont été peu reportés. Cette étude décrit les sons sociaux présents dans les enregistrements acoustiques axés sur les groupes mère-baleineau et discute des vocalisations produites par les femelles et les baleineaux dans les interactions mère-jeune. En considérant les sons les plus fréquents de ce répertoire vocal, une analyse centrée sur la détermination de la source des sons de bass fréquence produits par la mère a été effectuée et des analyses ont été réalisées pour mettre en évidence l'individualité de certaines vocalisations appartenant à la mère et à son petit. Une description du contexte comportemental de leur production vocale a été réalisée et parallèlement, les profils de plongée des mères et de leurs nouveau-nés ont été décrits. En outre, les femelles et leurs petits passent beaucoup de temps à la surface de l'eau. Les mères sont souvent statiques à la surface tandis que les baleineaux évoluent autour d'elles. Cette étude est également consacrée à la compréhension de leurs comportements de surface, en tenant compte des comportements initiés par les baleineaux. Des séries d’analyses ont été réalisées pour déterminer si les baleineaux présentaient des comportements de latéralisation par rapport à leur mère. Enfin, en utilisant la méthode de photogrammétrie, les tailles des femelles et des nouveau-nés ont été mesurées, ainsi que l'espace utilisée par les baleineaux autour de leur mère. / In humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), maintaining social bonds between females and their newborns involves different sensory modalities such as hearing, touching and vision. While acoustic communication in male singers of this species has been extensively studied, social sounds, especially those produced by the females and their newborns have been poorly documented. This study describes the social sounds present in acoustic recordings focused on mother-calf groups and discusses the vocalizations used by females and calves in mother-offspring interactions. By considering the most frequent sounds from their vocal repertoire, an analysis focused on the determination of the source of the low-frequency sounds produced by the mother have been carried out and analyses were performed to investigate the individuality of some vocalizations belonging to the mothers and the calves. A description of the behavioural context of their vocal production was performed and the diving profiles of mother-calf pairs were described. Moreover, females with their calves spend a lot of time on the water surface. Mothers are often static at the surface while calves move around them. This study is also dedicated to the understanding of their surface behaviours, considering the behaviours initiated by calves. A series of analyses were carried out to determine whether calves exhibited lateralization behaviours in relation to their mothers. Finally, by using photogrammetry method, mother-calf lengths were measured, and calves spatial range around their mothers was investigated.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss unterschiedlich zusammengesetzter Tränken auf den Säuren-Basen-Haushalt bei Kälbern mit experimentell induzierter metabolischer Azidose zu untersuchen. Bei gesunden Kälbern konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Fütterung von milchbasierten ORL mit einer [SID3] ≥92 mmol/l eine Erhöhung der Plasma-[SID3] zur Folge hat (BACHMANN et al. 2009b) und damit eine alkalische Wirkung auf den SBS. Zu prüfen galt die Hypothese, ob es bei Kälbern mit experimentell induzierter metabolischer Azidose zu einem stärkeren alkalisierenden Effekt nach Gabe einer Tränke mit einer hohen [SID3] kommt. Bessere alkalisierende Eigenschaften einer Tränke könnten potentiell genutzt werden, um den Genesungsprozess von Kälbern mit metabolischer Azidose zu beschleunigen. Material und Methoden Zur Verfügung standen zwölf Kälber der Rasse Holstein-Friesian im Alter von weniger als vier Lebenswochen. Unter Verwendung von in der Literatur beschriebenen Induktionsprotokollen konnte per Infusion bei jeweils sechs Tieren eine manifeste hyperchlorämische Azidose und bei weiteren sechs Kälbern eine D-/L-Laktatazidose ausgelöst werden. Die Tiere wurden im Anschluss mit Milchaustauscher, wasser- oder milchaustauscher-basierter oraler Rehydratationslösung getränkt bzw. blieben im nüchternen Zustand. Zur Bestimmung von Stewart-Parametern des Säuren-Basen-Haushaltes im Plasma wurden nach einem festgelegten zeitlichen Schema vor und nach Induktion sowie vor und nach der Tränkegabe venöse Blutproben entnommen. Ergebnisse Bedingt durch die Einleitungsprotokolle war die Interpretation der Messergebnisse durch den starken Anstieg des Plasmavolumens bedeutend erschwert. Die eingesetzten Induktionsprotokolle sind nicht für Untersuchungen des Säuren-Basen-Haushaltes bei Kälbern nach unterschiedlicher Fütterung geeignet. Aus diesem Grund kann die aufgestellte Hypothese, dass die Verabreichung von milchaustauscher-basierter ORL zu einer besseren alkalischen Wirkung bei Kälbern mit metabolischer Azidose führt, anhand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse weder abgelehnt noch bestätigt werden. Einige Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigten positive Effekte auf Parameter des SBS bei Kälbern, denen eine Tränke verabreicht wurde, im Vergleich zu nüchternen Tieren. Diese Parameter waren die Plasma-D-Laktatkonzentration, die Strong Ion Difference [SID3] und [SID4] und ionisiertes Calcium [Ca2+]. Die Effekte waren nicht auf eine bestimmte der drei eingesetzten Tränkevarianten zurückzuführen. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein quadratischer Zusammenhang zwischen der berechneten Variable Strong Ion Gap [SIGAlb/TP] und den gemessenen D-/L-Laktatkonzentrationen im Plasma besteht. Dies könnte zukünftig genutzt werden, um Faktoren zu etablieren, welche die Ableitung der Plasma-D-/L-Laktatkonzentration bei durchfallkranken Kälbern mit ZNS-Symptomatik aus gängigen Parametern ermöglicht, ohne die Laktatkonzentration direkt messen zu müssen. Schlussfolgerungen Für zukünftige Untersuchungen dieser Art wäre ein Induktionsprotokoll wünschenswert, das sowohl eine metabolische Azidose bei gleichzeitiger Dehydratation der Kälber vereint und so die metabolischen Bedingungen durchfallkranker Kälber simuliert. Die Gabe von ORL als direkte Einmischung in Milch bzw. MAT wird kritisch betrachtet. Ein negativer Effekt bei der Gabe von MAT-basierter ORL konnte bei diesen Untersuchungen auf keinen der bestimmten Parameter des SBS im Vergleich zu den anderen Tränkezusammensetzungen festgestellt werden. Klinische Nebenwirkungen Bei dieser Untersuchung traten nach der mehrfachen Infusion von D-/L-Laktat unerwartete Nebenwirkungen auf. Die Verabreichung führte zu starken Irritationen der Vena jugularis externa und zu Ödembildungen. Erhöhte D-Laktatkonzentrationen werden beim Menschen und verschiedenen Tierarten als Marker für traumatische Prozesse, Ischämie, Diabetes, gastrointestinale und neurologische Störungen diskutiert. Die weitere gezielte Untersuchung des Einflusses der wiederholten oder anhaltenden Einwirkung von D-Laktat auf Epithelzellen könnte nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungsergebnissen einen weiteren Anhaltspunkt für die Aufklärung der genauen pathologischen Mechanismen des D-Laktates bieten.

La bactérie Escherichia coli, habituelle commensale de la microflore intestinale des mammifères, peut être responsable de diarrhées chez les veaux nouveaux-nés. Parmi les E. coli pathogènes chez le veau, les souches nécrotoxinogènes de type NTEC2 produisent des adhésines de la famille des fimbriae F17. Ces fimbriae sont caractérisés par un polymorphisme de leur piline F17A et de leur adhésine F17G, qui se traduit par l'expression de variants dont plusieurs n'ont pas encore été décrits. Cette thèse rapporte la caractérisation de deux nouveaux variants F17e-A et F17f-A de la piline et d'un nouveau variant F17-G3 de l'adhésine. Le variant F17f-A, qui correspond à une combinaison des variants F17c-A et F17d-A, a été identifié sur le plasmide Vir d'une souche NTEC2 isolée d'un veau diarrhéique. Identifiés respectivement chez des souches d'E. coli isolées de veaux diarrhéiques en Iran et une souche commensale bovine d'E. coli, les variant F17e-A et F17-G3 ont été recherchés et leurs supports génétiques caractérisés au sein de souches d'E. coli isolées de veaux sains et diarrhéiques, afin de déterminer leur association à la virulence. Alors que le gène codant le variant F17-G3 est exclusivement chromosomique ‒ détecté notamment au niveau d'un probable îlot de pathogénicité, le gène codant le variant F17e-A est chromosomique ou associé aux gènes codant les toxines CNF2 et CDT-III ‒ caractéristiques des souches NTEC2 ‒ sur des plasmides IncF appartenant à une même lignée. Ces résultats confirment le lien entre fimbriae F17 et NTEC2 et mettent en évidence le rôle évolutif de supports plasmidiques dans l'émergence de ce pathovar / The bacterium Escherichia coli is commonly found in the normal intestinal microflora in mammals but may be responsible for diarrhea outbreaks in newborn calves. Among pathogenic E. coli in calves, necrotoxigenic strains of NTEC2 type produce adhesins of the F17 fimbriae family. These fimbriae are composed of the polymorphic pilin F17A and adhesin F17G, for which several variants are unknown. In this thesis, the two new pilin variants F17e-A and F17f-A and the new adhesin variant F17-G3 were reported. F17f-A is a mix of the pilin variants F17c-A and F17d-A and was identified on a Vir plasmid in a NTEC2 strain isolated from a diarrheic calf. F17e-A and F17-G3 were identified in E. coli strains isolated from diarrheic calves in Iran and from a bovine commensal E. coli strain respectively. To determine their association to virulence, a screening of these variants was performed on E. coli strains isolated from healthy and diarrheic calves. The genetic carriage of these variants was also determined. The F17-G3 encoding gene was exclusively carried by bacterial chromosome, notably on a pathogenicity island. The F17e-A encoding gene was chromosomally located or in association with the encoding genes of the NTEC2 typical toxins CNF2 and CDT-III on IncF plasmids that belong to a same plasmidic family. These results confirm the link between F17 fimbriae and NTEC2 strains and underline the role of plasmids in NTEC2 pathovar evolution and appearance

La contamination des équipements d’alimentation des veaux en pré-sevrage est une préoccupation de santé importante dans l’industrie laitière, et peut être associée à une augmentation des taux de morbidité et de mortalité. Les producteurs laitiers et intervenants ont donc besoin d’un outil pratique, rapide et fiable pour évaluer la propreté des équipements, compte tenu que l’évaluation visuelle seule est insuffisante. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de développer une méthode standardisée pour évaluer la propreté de plusieurs équipements grâce à la luminométrie, d’estimer la prévalence de contamination et décrire les pratiques de gestion recommandées pour le nettoyage. Un total de 7 troupeaux laitiers du Québec a été choisi par convenance. Après l’évaluation visuelle de l’hygiène, la propreté des équipements a été évaluée par écouvillonnage direct pour les seaux et les tétines avec des écouvillons Hygiena UltraSnap®. Une technique de rinçage a été utilisée pour les tubes à gaver, les biberons et les distributrices automatiques de lait (AMF) avec des écouvillons UltraSnap®, AquaSnap® et MicroSnap®. Pour valider la technique d’écouvillonnage direct des seaux, une étape avec le même opérateur et entre plusieurs opérateurs a été réalisée, ainsi qu’une culture bactérienne conventionnelle. Au total, 519 écouvillons ont été prélevés sur 201 équipements. La contamination médiane (intervalle interquartile) en RLU pour le biberon, le tube à gaver, l’AMF, le seau et la tétine est de 2 (1;6), 2 (0;12), 52 (19;269), 886 (128;7,230) et 899 (142;6 928), respectivement. La technique d’écouvillonnage direct, qui consiste à écouvillonner directement la surface d’un équipement, a montré une excellente corrélation pour la fidélité intra-opérateur (corrélation intra-classe (ICC) = 0,93; IC95%: 0,88-0,96). La fidélité inter-opérateur (2 sessions avec 3 opérateurs différents) a montré une corrélation élevée (ICC = 0,88; IC95%: 0,78-0,94 pour la 1ère session et ICC = 0,89; IC95%: 0,79-0,95 pour la 2e). Le score visuel (qui grade de 1 à 4 la propreté des équipements selon la quantité de matières organiques) des tubes à gaver, de l’AMF et des seaux a été positivement associé aux valeurs du luminomètre. Une corrélation positive entre la culture bactérienne et l’écouvillonnage direct des seaux a été trouvée pour l’UltraSnap (rho de Spearman (rs) = 0,653; IC95%: 0,283-0,873; P = 0,0003) et le MicroSnap (rs = 0,569; IC95%: 0,309-0,765; P = 0,002). Cette étude décrit une technique standardisée d’écouvillonnage à la ferme pour évaluer le statut hygiénique des équipements par luminométrie, qui peut être intégrée dans la gestion des problèmes de santé des veaux laitiers en pré-sevrage. / The contamination of equipment used to feed pre-weaned calves is an important health issue for the dairy industry, which can be associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, dairy producers and consultants need a practical, quick, and reliable tool to assess equipment cleanliness, since visual assessment alone is insufficient. The objectives of this cross-sectional study are to develop a standardized robust method to evaluate the cleanliness of several types of feeding equipment on-farm by using luminometry, with special emphasis on a direct swabbing technique to sample buckets, and to estimate the prevalence of contamination and the recommended management practices for cleaning and describing equipment. A total of 7 Quebec commercial dairy herds were selected conveniently. Following visual hygiene scoring, the cleanliness of available piece of feeding equipment was assessed using direct surface swabbing for buckets and nipples with Hygiena Ultra-Snap® swabs. A liquid rinsing technique was used for esophageal feeders, bottles, and automatic milk feeders (AMF) with UltraSnap®, AquaSnap®, and MicroSnap® swabs. To validate the direct swabbing technique of buckets, a comparison within and between operators was realized, as well as a conventional bacterial culture. A total of 519 swab samples were obtained from 201 pieces of equipment. The median (interquartile range) contamination in RLU for a bottle, esophageal feeder, AMF, bucket and nipple was 2 (1;6), 2 (0;12), 52 (19;269), 886 (128;7,230) and 899 (142;6,928), respectively. The direct swabbing technique, which consists in swabbing directly the surface of an equipment, showed an excellent correlation for inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.93; 95%CI: 0.88–0.96). The inter-operator (2 sessions with 3 different operators) reliability showed high correlation (ICC = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.78–0.94 for the 1st session, and ICC = 0.89; 95%CI: 0.79–0.95 for the 2nd session). The visual score (who ranks equipment cleanliness from 1 to 4 according to the quantity of organic matter) of esophageal feeders, AMF and buckets was positively associated with luminometer values. A positive correlation between bacterial culture and direct swabbing of buckets was found for the UltraSnap (Spearman’s rho (rs) = 0.653; 95%CI: 0.283–0.873; P = 0.0003) and MicroSnap (rs = 0.569, 95%CI: 0.309–0.765; P = 0.002). This study describes a standardized and practical on-farm swabbing technique for assessing the hygienic status of feeding equipment by luminometry, which can be integrated in the investigation of preweaning dairy calves’ health problems.