Orientador: Lourenço Magnoni Junior / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a contribuição da ciência geográfica na construção da consciência crítica necessária para os educandos compreenderem a dinâmica de construção do seu espaço de vivência e a apropriação desigual dos recursos e das riquezas produzidas. Esta pesquisa qualitativa, fundamentada no método de análise de conteúdo, tem como tema a atividade sucroalcooleira, alicerçada no contexto no qual estão inseridos os estudantes, apresentando como parte dos resultados o desenvolvimento de um vídeo educativo como objeto de aprendizagem. Essa atividade econômica é histórica no Brasil e nos remete ao processo de colonização imposto pelos portugueses a partir do século XVI, como uma das primeiras atividades econômicas desenvolvidas no território da colônia, marcando profundamente a ocupação e a transformação do território brasileiro. As análises e apontamentos em relação às transformações históricas e geográficas, produzidas por essa atividade econômica na organização do espaço do município de Barra Bonita, tiveram como ponto de partida a percepção acerca do lugar que os estudantes do 6º ano do ensino fundamental II da escola pública possuem. Abordamos o papel da Educação Ambiental e a sua relevância no espaço escolar como possibilidade para a conscientização dos indivíduos frente à expansão sobre o espaço natural, produzido pelos interesses mercantis. À pesquisa bibliográfica, realizada na intenção da construção do referencial teórico, foi acrescentada ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work aims to demonstrate the geographic science contribution in the construction of critical conscience need for students to understand the dynamic of living space construction and unequal appropriation of resources and of produced richness. This qualitative search, reasoned in the content analysis method has as theme the sugar-alcohol activity, grounded in the contexts that are inserted students, presenting as part of results the development of a educative movie as learning object. This economic activity is historical in Brazil and sends us to the colonization process imposed by the Portuguese from the XVI century, as one of the first economic activities developed in the colony territory, deeply marking the occupation and transformation of Brazilian territory. The analysis and appointments regarding historic and geographic transformation produced by this economic activity in the space organization of Barra Bonita city had as their starting point the perception about the place that the 6th year students from elementary school II of public school have. We approach the role of Environmental Education and your relevance in the school space as possibility to the awareness of individuals in face of expansion about natural space, produced to the market interests. The bibliographic search, made in the intention of theoretical reference construction was added to the documental search from the analysis of official documents, such as “paulista curriculum”, the law of guidel... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit ont pour but de concevoir, simuler, fabriquer et caractériser un convertisseur modal à base de canne microstructurée air-silice (CMAS). Cette fonction représente un élément clé pour les multiplexeurs modaux et les compensateurs de dispersion chromatique. Le composant proposé est basé sur une CMAS effilée dite « taper » qui constitue une transition entre les deux fibres différentes. La conversion se fait à travers l’excitation d’un mode particulier dans une fibre multimode à partir d’une fibre standard. Dans les structures à diamètre évolutif, la compréhension des différentes théories régissant le couplage entre les différents modes est nécessaire. Une étude approfondie est réalisée pour analyser le phénomène de couplage et étudier le critère d’adiabaticité. Ce composant est élaboré autour d’une technologie de fabrication existante à XLIM qui se base sur la technique fusion-étirage. Enfin, nous validons numériquement et expérimentalement ce principe. Nous réussissons à exciter le mode fondamental et d’autres modes d’ordre supérieur dans une fibre multimode. / These research works presented in this manuscript aim at designing, simulate, manufacture and characterizing the modal converter based microstructured air-silica cane. This function represents a key element for modal multiplexers and chromatic dispersion compensators. The proposed component is based on a tapered microstructured air-silica cane « taper » which constitutes a transition between the two different fibers. The conversion is done through the excitation of a particular mode in a multimode or few mode fibers from a standard fiber. In the tapered structures, the understanding of the different theories involving the coupling between the different modes was yet necessary. A thorough study is carried to analyze the phenomenon of coupling and study the adiabatic criterion. This component is developed around an existing manufacturing technology at XLIM which based in the technique « stack and draw». Finally, we validate numerically and experimentally that principle. We succeed to excite the fundamental mode and higher order modes in a multimode fiber.

Orientador: Márcia Justino Rossini Mutton / Resumo: O bioetanol é uma das principais alternativas aos combustíveis fósseis, destacando-se pelas excepcionais características de ser um combustível renovável que apresenta sustentabilidade energética, econômica e ambiental. Para atender à demanda crescente por este biocombustível sem aumento da área cultivada, deve-se maximizar a produtividade agroindustrial, além de se incorporar novas matérias-primas e/ou tecnologias de produção. Neste contexto, a cana energia apresenta potencial de utilização devido a características de maior teor de fibras e elevada produtividade agrícola, podendo ser utilizada na produção de etanol 1G e 2G, além da cogeração de energia elétrica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de etanol utilizando-se mostos provenientes de cana-de-açúcar (CTC2) e cana energia (Vertix9), empregando-se duas cepas de leveduras (Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Pichia kudriavzevii), isoladas ou em consórcio. Foram avaliadas as características físico-químicas e tecnológicas dos mostos, além dos parâmetros microbiológicos (viabilidade de células e de brotos e brotamentos (%), durante o desenvolvimento do processo fermentativo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em parcelas sub subdivididas, com 3 repetições. Os tratamentos principais foram dois genótipos de cana (cana-de-açúcar e cana energia), os secundários foram constituídos por 4 condições fermentativas de pH (3,5 e 4,5) e temperatura (32°C e 37°C), sendo as leveduras inoculadas isol... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bioethanol is one of the main alternatives to fossil fuels, standing out for the exceptional characteristics of being a renewable fuel which presents financial security, energy, and environmental sustainability. In order to meet the thriving demand for this biofuel without increasing the area under cultivation, it is necessary to enhance agroindustrial productivity, in addition to incorporating new raw materials and/or production technologies. From this angle, energy cane has potential usage due to its characteristics of higher fiber content and high agricultural productivity, which can be used for the production of 1G and 2G ethanol, additionally to electric power cogeneration. The aim of this work was to evaluate ethanol production using musts from sugar cane (CTC2) and energy cane (Vertix9), applying two yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia kudriavzevii), isolated or in a consortium. The musts physical-chemical and technological characteristics were evaluated, further to the microbiological parameters (cells and bud’s viability and bud rate (%), during the fermentation process development. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a subdivided plot scheme, with 3 replications. The main treatments were two sugarcane genotypes (sugar cane and energy cane), the secondary treatments consisting of 4 fermentative conditions of pH (3.5 and 4.5) and temperature (32°C and 37°C), with yeasts being inoculated pure and intercropped (50% P. kudriavzevii + ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The major objective of this study was to investigate various alternatives for lowering the cost of transporting sugar cane in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. These alternatives included both irrigation and non-irrigation possibilities. Production costs for sugar cane were determined by using studies completed by the USAID-Utah State University study team, budget studies of Senor Carlos Castro of the Guabira' sugar cane mill in Santa Cruz and a study undertaken by Senor Enrique Gomez, a graduate student at Utah State University. A Cane registry commissioned by the National Sugar Cane Commission was used in conjunction with a least-cost transportation model in order to determine a least-cost distribution system for the transport of existing sugar cane production. This model was also used to investigate various alternative for reducing transportation costs to the producers. Analysis of the least-cost transportation studies showed that over $61,000,000 could be saved in transportation costs of "zones of influence" were established for each of the existing mills. Other feasible alternatives were to close the San Aurelio mill and increase the capacity of La Belgica and Guabira' by 25 percent and the development of irrigation projects from rivers in the southern region capable of irrigating 2137 hectares of sugar cane.

Kuba har i dagsläget ett högt beroende av importerad olja, för att tillgodose sin växande efterfrågan på elektricitet. Importen sker främst från Venezuela. Detta beroende gör Kuba känsligt för ändringar i oljepriser samt det politiska klimatet. Den nuvarande krisen i Venezuela har haft en betydande inverkan på Kubas elproduktion. Genom att utöka landets förnybara energikällor kan Kuba minska sitt beroende av andra länder och diversifiera sin energiförsörjning. Detta kommer även att leda till en positiv miljöpåverkan då landets CO 2-utsläpp minskar. Kubas geografiska läge har ideala förhållanden för förnyelsebar energigenerering, så som solkraft. Solkraft utvecklas konstant och innehåller en hög potential. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) är en teknologi där speglar och/eller linser används för att koncentrera solljus till en liten yta som konverterar solljuset till värme. Denna värme kan sedan användas i termodynamiska cykler. Det finns två huvudsakliga problem med implementering av CSP på Kuba. För det första är CSP beroende av momentana väderförhållanden, vilket leder till en oregelbunden elproduktion. För det andra har CSP höga investeringskostnader. För att adressera dessa problem, är det möjligt att implementera CSP i ett redan existerande kraftverk med regelbunden energikälla, d.v.s. skapa ett hybridkraftverk. På så vis uppnås regelbunden elproduktion med signifikant lägre investeringskostnad. Ett sådant existerande kraftverk kan hittas hos många av Kubas sockerbruk. Den här studien undersöker möjligheten att implementera solkraft i sockerbruket Carlos Baliño, beläget i Villa Clara, Kuba. Fabriken är självförsörjande av elektricitet på årlig basis. De använder en Rankine-cykel för att generera el och processvärme som används i sockerframställningen. Bränslet som används är bagasse, en restprodukt efter att sockerjuicen pressats ut ur sockerrören. Fyra CSP-teknologier och tre implementeringslayouts undersöktes, vilket resulterade i att parabolic trough-teknologin och förvärmning av vatten ansågs vara de bästa alternativen för Kuba och Carlos Baliño. Vidare undersöktes två olika scenarier för CSP. Scenario 1 innefattar implementering av CSP i sockerbruket under rådande skick och Scenario 2 består av implementering av CSP efter en investering gjorts i en Condensing Extraction turbin (CEST). Resultatet visar att Carlos Baliño bör investera i CEST innan de implementerar CSP, det vill säga Scenario 2. Detta beror på att i scenario 1 är det inte möjligt att generera elektricitet utanför sockersäsongen, vilket leder till att en stor del av solpotentialen inte kan utnyttjas. Den maximala investeringskostnaden för scenario 1 är 3,7 MUSD, vilket inte är en realistisk kostnad. Den maximala investeringskostnaden för scenario 2 beror av tillgänglig bagasseimport och är 5,9 – 7,2 MUSD. Att investera i CSP rekommenderas ej om bagasseimporten är obegränsad. Givet att bagasseimporten är begränsad skulle CSP-implementeringen leda till en utökad elproduktion av 5,4 – 7,2 GWh/år, en årlig minskning av oljeanvändandet med 16 100 – 21 800 tunnor och minskade CO2-utsläpp med 12 00-16 00 ton årligen. Carlos Baliños ekonomiska resultat skulle öka med 0,5 MUSD/år och den kubanska statens med 0,7 – 0,9 MUSD/år. Framtida studier rekommenderas undersöka möjligheten till generering av el året runt vid Carlos Baliño utan en CEST, solkraftsefterfrågan på nationell nivå och potentiella utvecklingar av solkraft hos Carlos Baliño. / Cuba is currently highly dependent on imported oil, mainly from Venezuela, to meet their growing electricity demand. This dependence makes Cuba sensitive to changes in oil price as well as the political climate. The current crisis in Venezuela has a large impact on Cuba’s electricity generation. By expanding its renewable energy sources Cuba could decrease their dependence on other countries and diversify their energy supply. Moreover, it would have a positive climate impact by reducing the country’s CO2-emissions. Geographically, Cuba has ideal conditions for renewable energy utilization, such as solar power. Solar energy is constantly progressing and is considered a great source of energy. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is a technology which applies mirrors and/or lenses to concentrate the sunlight onto a small area which converts the sunlight into heat, possible to use in a thermodynamic cycle. There are mainly two problems with the implementation of CSP in Cuba. Firstly, CSP is a non-dispatchable power generating system since it is dependent on the instantaneous weather conditions. Secondly, it has high investment costs. One way of solving these problems is by implementation CSP in an already existing power plants with a dispatchable source of energy, making it a hybrid power plant. Accordingly, the hybrid power plant would be dispatchable and the investment costs would be significantly lower. Existing power plants can be found in Cuban sugar mills. This study investigates the possibility to implement solar power in the sugar mill Carlos Baliño, located in Villa Clara, Cuba. The factory is currently self-sufficient electricity wise on a yearly basis, using a co-generation Rankine cycle to generate electricity and process heat used in the sugar production. The fuel used is bagasse, a rest product obtained after the sugar juice has been pressed out of the sugar canes. Four CSP-technologies and three implementation layouts were examined, resulting in the parabolic trough-technology and feedwater heating being considered the optimal solution. Furthermore, two different scenarios for CSP was investigated; implementation of CSP in the mill at the current state (scenario 1) or after investing in a Condensing-Extraction Turbine (CEST) (scenario 2). The results show that Carlos Baliño should invest in a CEST before considering implementation of CSP. Off-season operation is not available for scenario 1, leading to a vast amount of solar potential being unexploited. The maximal investment allowed for scenario 1 is 3.7 MUSD, which is not a realistic number. The maximal investment allowed for in scenario 2 is 5.9 – 7.2 MUSD, depending on bagasse import availability. If bagasse import is unlimited, it is not recommended to invest in solar power. Implementation of CSP in scenario 2 regarding bagasse import limits would yearly lead to an additional electricity generation at Carlos Baliño of 5.4 – 7.3 GWh, decrease the oil usage with 16,100 – 21,800 barrels and the CO2-emissons with 1,200 – 1,600 tonnes. Carlos Baliño’s annual yield would increase with 0.5 – 0.6 MUSD/year and the Cuban states annual yield would increase with 0.7 – 0.9 MUSD/year. Future work is recommended to explore alternatives to all year-around electricity generation in Carlos Baliño without investing in a CEST, investigate solar power demand on a national level, and examine possible developments of the suggested solar field, for instance solar-only operation.

This research analyzed why some university faculty resisted a new software program using a new model of motivation. The new model, called the motivation and acceptance model (MAM), was inspired by the technology acceptance model and the commitment and necessary effort model of motivation. This model was tested on faculty at a college in a large southeastern university who were resisting a new software program called LiveText. This research used regression analysis to determine the relationship between the variables of the MAM: perceived usefulness, perceived organizational support, perceived ease of use, and attitude toward LiveText. The research was conducted during the Spring 2007 semester. The data were analyzed with regression, independent-sample t-tests, and descriptive statistics using SPSS v15. This research demonstrates that the MAM accurately measured the relationship between professors' perceptions and their use of LiveText. The research also suggests that the perceived utility of LiveText and users' attitudes toward LiveText were statistically significant predictors of LiveText use and that perceived ease of use also predicted whether the professors found LiveText useful. Additional research should seek to develop a greater understanding of technology acceptance and employee resistance to innovations using larger sample sizes, a variety of environments and organizations, diverse populations, and different types of technologies and technology-implementation strategies.

With over one hundred years of commercial cultivation, sugar cane is one of the most valuable agricultural botanical resources in the World. This position is not only based on production of sugar from sugar cane but also it is, to a great extent, as a result of the increasing importance of sugar cane by-products and side industries. Furthermore, with the advancement of science; awareness of inharmonious growth of materials and energy consumption, and the desire to minimize the negative impacts of industrial pollutants and materials, the scope for using sugar cane is still developing rapidly. Bagasse, molasses and filtered mud are the most important by-products in the process of production of sugar from sugar cane. Among these by-products, bagasse is both a biomass resource for producing energy and is one of the most important agricultural wastes, which can be used in different side industries. Therefore, it was chosen for study in this research as it offers considerable potential as a source of energy. Bagasse is often used as a primary fuel source for sugar mills; when burned in quantity, it produces sufficient heat energy to supply all the needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare. To this end, today a secondary use for this waste product is in combined heat and power plants where its use as a fuel source provides both heat and power. With a suitable energy production technology, bagasse can be used as a fuel in CHP for high efficiency energy generation. Today, with regard to the low efficiency of traditional methods, the high cost of disposal of waste materials and environmental pollution, the use of modern methods such as anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas has increased. The collected biogas from the process of anaerobic digestion provides a renewable energy source similar to natural gas, but with less methane and lower heating value, that is suitable for use in CHP plants. In this research, a comparison with different bagasse energy production technologies leads to the selection of anaerobic digestion as the most suitable for use in Iran. Then a typical biogas CHP is assumed, and the biogas system is designed. Finally, the potential for the development of biogas CHP plants with bagasse in Iran is addressed through a study of the economic and environmental aspects.

The research seeks to understand and explain the impact, if any, on the transition out of sport, based on the level of commitment to sport being a Collegiate Athlete. Interest for this study came from personal experience as an athlete, as well as knowing numerous athletes who have gone or are going through, questioning their Identity once their playing days came to an end. This study includes extant literature discussing Athletic Identity. It offers a different perspective than other studies working through grief and loss after losing the ability to play a sport. The purpose of this study is to offer possible explanations and resources to deal with the problem of Identity Crisis in a post-athletic career. Here, Identity Crisis will be defined as a “personal psychosocial conflict, especially in adolescence that involves confusion about one's social role and often a sense of loss of continuity to one's personality” (Merriam-Webster's dictionary). This is currently being brought to light with the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study will describe the effects of transitioning out of sport through the Kübler-Ross “Grief and Loss cycle” of an athlete. This study is intended to be a resource for collegiate athletes, coaches, trainers, administrators, parents, and counselors to be better prepared to help athletes with this transition.

Native American societies in the Yazoo Basin during the Mississippian Period (ca. 1000 – 1700 A.D.) extensively built platform mounds often associated with “elite” or “sacred” areas, and exotic or energy expensive artifacts. Excessive energy expenditure, or “waste” behaviors, may be explained with costly signaling and bet-hedging, hypotheses stemming from evolutionary theory. I argue that costly signaling may best explain the waste evident in hierarchical and agricultural Mississippian Period societies of the Mississippi Valley. Consequently, I feel that differing levels of energy expenditure may be evident from the remains of perishable construction excavated from mound summits and off-mound contexts. During that time, wattle and daub was a common method of wall construction in the Yazoo Basin, leaving abundant evidence at Mississippian sites. By studying imprints from preserved daub fragments, the use of specific construction methods can be compared between mound and non-mound contexts and relative energy expenditure assessed.

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