The thesis investigates the theoretical knowledge about the issue of addictive substances and personal experience with their use for pupils 6. and 8. classes of primary school and for students 2. and 4. year of the grammar school. In the first part of my work, I focused on the definition of basic concepts, the outline of the characters and the possible causes that lead to addiction to drugs, I presented the most commonly used drugs and identified the possibilities of drug prevention. The second part is devoted to a survey in the form of a questionnaire, which directly examines the knowledge and experience with the drug specific age groups of pupils and students. This work could be material for teachers who want to participate in the drug prevention.

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Estima-se atualmente que mais de 5% da população mundial vem fazendo uso recreativo de algum tipo de substância psicoativa, sendo que o direito a esse uso é tema recorrente da sociedade contemporânea. Por apresentar riscos associados à saúde e a segurança das populações, o uso abusivo dessas substâncias tem instigado a toxicologia social na busca de respostas, com as quais se possa caracterizar, analisar e gerenciar esses riscos. Drogas de grande consumo no Brasil são a anfetamina, cocaína e Cannabis sativa. Esta tese desenvolveu uma nova metodologia para detectar e quantificar anfetamina, cocaína e tetrahidrocanabinol em sangue total, com uso de microextração em fase líquida via fibra de polipropileno (HF-LPME), seguida de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Trata-se de uma técnica que apresenta vantagens sobre as tradicionais, uma vez que demanda quantidades menores de solvente orgânico, diminuindo riscos e custos de processo. Também propôs um estudo com a aplicação dos métodos em 69 amostras de sangue de vivos e de post mortem, as quais foram obtidas por convênio com a superintendência da polícia técnica científica de São Paulo (SPTC/SP). Os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados de acordo com diretrizes internacionais de interesse forense. Como resultado da validação, os métodos desenvolvidos se mostraram precisos e exatos para anfetamina e cocaína. O limite de detecção da cocaína foi de 5 ng . mL-1 e o limite de quantificação de 10 ng . mL-1. Quanto a anfetamina, os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram de 5 ng . mL-1. A técnica de HF-LPME não foi aplicável ao tetraidrocanabinol (Δ9-THC). Como resultado da análise das amostras, 40% delas apresentaram resultados positivos para cocaína. Desses positivos, 35% foram oriundos das matrizes de sangue de vivos e 64% oriundos de sangue post mortem. Nenhuma delas apresentou resultado quantificável para anfetamina. / It is currently estimated that more than 5% of the world\'s population has been doing recreational use of some kind of psychoactive substances and the legal right to such use is a recurring theme debated by contemporary society. Due to the risks associated with populations health and safety, the abusive use of these substances has been instigating by social toxicology to search for answers to characterize, analyze and manage these risks. Drugs of great consumption in Brazil are, amphetamine cocaine and marijuana. This thesis proposes to develop a new methodology to detect and quantify psychoactive drugs in whole blood with the use of liquid phase microextraction by polypropylene fiber (HFLPME), followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is a technique that presents advantages compared with traditional ones, because of the smaller amounts demands of organic solvent, reducing risks and process costs. It also proposes a study with 69 blood samples taken from living persons and post mortem blood samples, which were obtained by agreement with the Superintendency of São Paulo Scientific Technical Police (SPTC / SP). The methods developed were validated according to international guidelines of forensic interest. As a result of the validation, the methods developed were precise and accurate for amphetamine and cocaine. The limit of cocaine detection was 5 ng . mL-1 and the limit of quantification was 10 ng . mL-1. As for amphetamine, the limits of detection and quantification were 5 ng . mL-1. The HF-LPME technique was not applicable to tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). As a result of the sample analysis, 40% of them presented positive results for cocaine. Of these, 35% were from blood samples taken from living persons and 64% from the post mortem blood samples. None of the samples presented quantifiable results for amphetamine.

Estima-se atualmente que mais de 5% da população mundial vem fazendo uso recreativo de algum tipo de substância psicoativa, sendo que o direito a esse uso é tema recorrente da sociedade contemporânea. Por apresentar riscos associados à saúde e a segurança das populações, o uso abusivo dessas substâncias tem instigado a toxicologia social na busca de respostas, com as quais se possa caracterizar, analisar e gerenciar esses riscos. Drogas de grande consumo no Brasil são a anfetamina, cocaína e Cannabis sativa. Esta tese desenvolveu uma nova metodologia para detectar e quantificar anfetamina, cocaína e tetrahidrocanabinol em sangue total, com uso de microextração em fase líquida via fibra de polipropileno (HF-LPME), seguida de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Trata-se de uma técnica que apresenta vantagens sobre as tradicionais, uma vez que demanda quantidades menores de solvente orgânico, diminuindo riscos e custos de processo. Também propôs um estudo com a aplicação dos métodos em 69 amostras de sangue de vivos e de post mortem, as quais foram obtidas por convênio com a superintendência da polícia técnica científica de São Paulo (SPTC/SP). Os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados de acordo com diretrizes internacionais de interesse forense. Como resultado da validação, os métodos desenvolvidos se mostraram precisos e exatos para anfetamina e cocaína. O limite de detecção da cocaína foi de 5 ng . mL-1 e o limite de quantificação de 10 ng . mL-1. Quanto a anfetamina, os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram de 5 ng . mL-1. A técnica de HF-LPME não foi aplicável ao tetraidrocanabinol (Δ9-THC). Como resultado da análise das amostras, 40% delas apresentaram resultados positivos para cocaína. Desses positivos, 35% foram oriundos das matrizes de sangue de vivos e 64% oriundos de sangue post mortem. Nenhuma delas apresentou resultado quantificável para anfetamina. / It is currently estimated that more than 5% of the world\'s population has been doing recreational use of some kind of psychoactive substances and the legal right to such use is a recurring theme debated by contemporary society. Due to the risks associated with populations health and safety, the abusive use of these substances has been instigating by social toxicology to search for answers to characterize, analyze and manage these risks. Drugs of great consumption in Brazil are, amphetamine cocaine and marijuana. This thesis proposes to develop a new methodology to detect and quantify psychoactive drugs in whole blood with the use of liquid phase microextraction by polypropylene fiber (HFLPME), followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is a technique that presents advantages compared with traditional ones, because of the smaller amounts demands of organic solvent, reducing risks and process costs. It also proposes a study with 69 blood samples taken from living persons and post mortem blood samples, which were obtained by agreement with the Superintendency of São Paulo Scientific Technical Police (SPTC / SP). The methods developed were validated according to international guidelines of forensic interest. As a result of the validation, the methods developed were precise and accurate for amphetamine and cocaine. The limit of cocaine detection was 5 ng . mL-1 and the limit of quantification was 10 ng . mL-1. As for amphetamine, the limits of detection and quantification were 5 ng . mL-1. The HF-LPME technique was not applicable to tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). As a result of the sample analysis, 40% of them presented positive results for cocaine. Of these, 35% were from blood samples taken from living persons and 64% from the post mortem blood samples. None of the samples presented quantifiable results for amphetamine.

The Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study (BLTS) was being conducted in Australia and was funded by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Adolescent twins were sampled as a part of this study and surveyed about their substance use as part of the Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse and Dependence project. The methods developed in this dissertation were designed for the purpose of analyzing a subset of the Pathways data that includes demographics, cannabis use metrics, personality measures, and imputed genotypes (SNPs) for 493 complete twin pairs (986 subjects.) The primary goal was to determine what combination of SNPs and additional covariates may predict cannabis use, measured on an ordinal scale as: “never tried,” “used moderately,” or “used frequently”. To conduct this analysis, we extended the ordinal Generalized Monotone Incremental Forward Stagewise (GMIFS) method for mixed models. This extension includes allowance for a unpenalized set of covariates to be coerced into the model as well as flexibility for user-specified correlation patterns between twins in a family. The proposed methods are applicable to high-dimensional (genomic or otherwise) data with ordinal response and specific, known covariance structure within clusters.

Ce travail propose une approche des drogues et dépendances du point de vue d'une anthropologie par la culture matérielle. Le rapport aux objets est interrogé dans le contexte de la consommation de drogues licites et illicites, « réelles » et métaphoriques. Par un triple travail ethnographique – pauses café-cigarette, cannabis et pratique du jeu vidéo – le processus d'actualisation du sens construit dans l'action est décrit et analysé, au-delà de sa dimension symbolique. La dépendance, en tant que « catégorie » de relation aux objets et à autrui dans la vie quotidienne, est mise en regard avec les notions de routine et de ritualisation. La « drogue » apparaît comme « objet de pouvoirs » : elle cristallise l'idée de puissance de l'objet sur le sujet ; elle exemplifie les effets de domination inhérents à la construction sociale des normes (déviance, légitimité). L'attention ainsi portée au corps en action sur la matière et sur autrui amène à une réflexion plus large sur sa place dans le processus de subjectivation, entendu comme construction d'un sujet agissant sur lui-même en s'inscrivant dans des réseaux de pouvoirs.

En este trabajo se ha estudiado el potencial tanto los filamentos de cáñamo como de la cañamiza como refuerzo/carga del polipropileno. La modificación de estos materiales se realiza para lograr una mayor compatibilidad con la matriz polimérica. Se evaluaron las propiedades mecánicas de las resistencias a tracción e impacto, de los materiales compuestos reforzados tanto de filamento como de cañamiza. Los filamentos de cáñamo poseen suficiente capacidad de refuerzo en los materiales compuestos basado en polipropileno debido a sus propiedades intrínsecas, siendo una buena alternativa como material de refuerzo. Así, la adición de MAPP (polipropileno modificado con anhídrido maleico) conduce a materiales compuestos con unas resistencias a tracción de hasta el 70% de las que se obtienen con compuestos de PP reforzados con fibra de vidrio. Mientras que la cañamiza ha actuado como una carga en la matriz, incrementado significativamente la rigidez de los materiales compuestos. / In this work, the potential of hemp strands as well as hemp straw, to be used as reinforcement/filler of polyprppylene has been studied. The modification of these materials ha been carried out to obtain a greater compatibility with the polymer matrix. The mechanical properties of the obtained materials were evaluated under tensile, flexural and impact stresses. The hemp strands showed a sufficient capacity of reinforcement in the polypropylene-based composite due to their intrinsic properties, being a good alternative like reinforcement agent. Thus, the addition of MAPP (polypropylene modified with maleic anhydride) leaded to composites with a value of ultimate tensile strength that achieved 70% of the value of materials formulated with PP and fibreglass. In the particular case of the addition of hemp straw, this component acted as a filler of the polymer matrix, increasing the rigidity of the composite but with a limited influence in the ultimate tensile strength.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:46:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introdução: O crack continua sendo um desafio para area de Saúde no campo das drogas. Seus efeitos prazerosos rapidos e a facil obtencao da droga tem conseguido uma adesao crescente de novos usuarios. A fissura que e desenvolvida no usuario em funcao do crack torna-o vulneravel a situacoes de risco e descontrole de uso da droga. Em funcao desse efeito, usuarios tem tentado estrategias proprias para sobreviver a cultura do crack principalmente a fissura. Nesse sentido, os usuarios tem associado o crack com maconha ou alcool com esse proposito. Objetivos: O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar com detalhes as razoes pelas quais o usuario faz associacoes de alcool ou maconha com crack, em que momento elas ocorrem (durante o consumo do crack, anterior ao consumo, apos o consumo, etc.) e as suas implicacoes no que se refere a Saúde do usuario de crack. Metodo: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida por meio de entrevistas em profundidade. Foi construida uma amostra intencional por criterios, composta por 27 usuarios de crack que fizeram associacao com alcool ou maconha, de ambos os sexos e com idade entre os 19 e os 56 anos. Estes foram recrutados a partir da tecnica de bola de neve, utilizando o ponto de saturacao teorica como indicativo que a amostra era suficiente. As entrevistas foram transcritas literalmente, inseridas e analisadas pelo software NVivo 10, com exploracao dos dados mediante a tecnica de analise de conteudo. Resultados: Entrevistados reportaram que a associacao com maconha trouxe oprotecaoo a eles; reduziu os efeitos indesejaveis, melhorou o sono e a fome e dimuiu a vontade de consumir crack. A associacao com alcool tambem reduziu os efeitos indesejaveis porem tornou-se, ao longo do tempo, ogatilhoo para o consumo de crack. Discussao: Ambas as associacoes reduziram a fissura e a paranoia, porem a associacao com maconha mostrou-se benefica e protetora ao usuario. Porem, a associacao com alcool desenvolveu no usuario, ao longo do tempo, uma dependencia cruzada com o crack, aumentando o consumo dessa droga. Conclusao: As associacoes de alcool ou maconha com crack sao alternativas bastante comuns entre os usuarios de crack. Em ambas as associacoes foi observado a reducao na fissura e na paranoia, porem a associacao com maconha pareceu ser mais efetiva e menos danosa. O cocaetileno, a dependencia cruzada, um possivel aumento do consumo de crack e da agressividade, foram alguns dos resultados da associacao de alcool e crack. A discussao sobre o valor da associacao de crack com maconha reveste-se de ideologia e proibicionismo devido a ilegalidade da droga impedindo o avanco de se achar uma solucao alternativa. / Capes; BEX-1799/05-3 / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

This Thesis drala with the topic of smoking and alkohol use among students JU. The meaning of the work lies in trying to figure out what is the relationship and dependence in combination. The aim of the thesis is to explore the situation of smoking and dribling among students JU. Find out what students occupy a positron on these negative lifestyle factors, what are the relationships between smoking and dribling alkohol, or dependence on them and on the basis of analyzes to compare the results relationships, addiction, and the numer od students JU.

Background: Polysubstance use (PSU) is common among patients with cannabis use (CU) and is related to more severe CU problems. However, it is unclear how PSU predicts CU treatment outcomes beyond CU patterns. We examined the frequency, amount, and class of additionally used substances as predictors for primary and secondary outcomes. Methods: We conducted crude and adjusted regression analyses for PSU variables as predictors of remission, abstinence, reduction, and secondary outcomes in 166 help-seeking patients from a randomized clinical trial of CANDIS, a cognitive behavioral treatment program. Results: Patients with recent illegal PSU experienced more difficulties in reducing their CU (B = –1.22, p < 0.001). In contrast, remission rates were slightly higher in patients with a wide variety of last-year-PSU (RD = 0.04, p < 0.001). Amphetamine use predicted poorer outcomes regarding CU-related problems (B = –4.22, p = 0.019), and the use of opiates, inhalants, and dissociative substances predicted poorer physical health outcomes (B = –0.62, p = 0.009; B = –0.96, p = 0.039; B = –1.18, p = 0.007). Conclusions: CU treatment is also effective for patients with moderate PSU. However, treatment effects may be enhanced by addressing specific PSU characteristics as part of a modularized program.