Issue of my Master{\crq}s work inclusive of questions consumers{\crq} cooperative and network marketing. This is very interesting and actual section, because both of these levels have been hiding large potential. They can bring out compelling alternative solution in contact with final consumer. The Work is focused on general analysis of the setting of network marketing and the setting of consumers{\crq} cooperative in the Czech republic. This analysis is completed with comparison of two concrete subjects and assets for final consumers. One of the components is also question form. This question form is based on questioning of two hundreds respondents. Main aims were to find out consumers view of network marketing and consumers{\crq} cooperative, how consumers trust these systems and how often they use it for shopping. Conclusion what I got from research is that consumers{\crq} cooperative is more popular, than network marketing. Due to wrong name of network marketing. That is also why the final consumer use consumers{\crq} cooperative more often for shopping, than network marketing. Main potential of consumers{\crq} cooperative and network marketing is based on the fact, that they can get final consumers to integrate chain. In that case, the consumer is supposed to participate in the co-creation of products and services.

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Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 15 mai 2023) / Le désenchantement actuel à l'égard des démocraties libérales serait alimenté par « un sentiment de dépossession et d'impuissance » (Gauchet, 2018 : 59). Cette remise en question du régime politique des sociétés occidentales, dont les manifestations sont nombreuses et grandissantes, nous amène à réfléchir sur nos manières de concevoir le principe de démocratie. Selon le philosophe et pédagogue John Dewey (2018), la démocratie devrait être comprise comme « mode de vie », c'est-à-dire une manière d'être, de penser et d'agir dans ses dimensions autant politiques que sociales. Pour ce faire, la démocratie doit s'apprendre à travers l'éducation. En ce sens, les projets d'éducation populaire représentent une voie privilégiée pour l'apprentissage de pratiques démocratiques. On compte parmi eux le projet québécois (1988 - ) de Coopérative jeunesse de services (CJS), un programme estival dans le cadre duquel une quinzaine de jeunes « coopérant-e-s » offrent des services aux gens de leur communauté, et ce, aux quatre coins du Québec sous forme d'entreprise coopérative (Favreau et Lévesque, 1991). Depuis ses débuts, le projet (d'origine ontarienne) a évolué en fonction des personnes et des organisations qui l'ont encadré ainsi que du financement et des politiques qui lui ont éventuellement assuré sa pérennité. À partir de rapports évaluatifs du projet, d'observation participante ainsi que de quatorze entretiens semi-dirigés, cette étude analyse le projet CJS dans une perspective sociohistorique. Les résultats de la recherche permettent de conclure que l'expérience CJS, dans sa formule originale, peut être comprise comme une expérience qui participe à construire la démocratie comme « mode de vie », tel que l'entend Dewey. Cependant, les changements occasionnés depuis ses débuts, particulièrement ceux effectués en 2017, semblent être d'ordre sociopolitique, suggérant ainsi un basculement de certains principes d'éducation à la coopération vers d'autres principes qui relèvent davantage de l'entreprise privée. Toutefois, ces changements structuraux ne semblent pas occasionner de modifications importantes en ce qui concerne l'expérience vécue par les participant-e-s. / The current disenchantment with liberal democracies is said to be fueled by "a feeling of dispossession and powerlessness" (Gauchet, 2018: 59). This questioning of the political regime of Western societies, whose manifestations are numerous and growing, leads us to reflect on our ways of conceiving the principle of democracy. According to the philosopher and educator John Dewey (2018), democracy should be understood as a "way of life," that is, a way of being, thinking and acting in its political as well as social dimensions. To do this, democracy must be learned through education. In this sense, popular education projects represent a privileged path for learning democratic practices. Among them is the Quebec project (1988 - ) Coopérative jeunesse de services (CJS), a summer program in which some fifteen young "cooperants" offer services to the people of their community, all over Quebec, in the form of a cooperative enterprise (Favreau and Lévesque, 1991). Since its inception, the project (which originated in Ontario) has evolved according to the people and organizations that have supported it, as well as the funding and policies that eventually ensured its sustainability. Using project evaluation reports, participant observation and fourteen semi-structured interviews, this study analyzes the CJS project from a socio-historical perspective. The results of the research allow us to conclude that the CJS experience, in its original formula, can be understood as an experience that participates in the construction of democracy as a "way of life", as Dewey understood it. However, the changes that have taken place since its inception, particularly in 2017, seem to be of a socio-political nature, suggesting a shift from certain principles of education for cooperation to other principles that are more related to private enterprise. However, these structural changes do not appear to be causing significant changes in the experience of participants.

La nation s’est affirmée à partir de la fin du 18e siècle comme l’un des grands paramètres de la modernité. Sa remise en cause, tout spécialement dans les dernières décennies du siècle dernier, est à la fois partie prenante et symptomatique de l’actuel phénomène d’effritement des identités collectives. Le Québec n’échappe pas à ce courant de fond, comme en témoigne l’œuvre du vidéaste et cinéaste Robert Morin, qui propose une galerie de personnages en manque d’attaches et souvent réduits à leur propre subjectivité. Dans un contexte de questionnement généralisé des concepts de nation et de collectivité, ces individualités se sentent isolées et tentent désespérément de réactualiser les liens qui les unissent à leurs semblables, mais sans grand succès. La communauté revêt ainsi une dimension nostalgique, parcourant l’œuvre de Morin dans son entièreté et se manifestant de différentes manières, tant à l’écran qu’à travers son approche du médium qui reste grandement tributaire des pratiques filmiques et vidéographiques des années ’60 et ’70. Écartelé entre la prise de conscience de son isolement et son désir d’appartenir à une entité collective, qu’elle soit nationale ou autre, le sujet délié que l’on retrouve chez Morin, comme cette thèse tente de le démontrer, subit ce phénomène de déliaison et lutte simultanément pour l’enrayer. / Since the end of the 18th century, the nation has asserted itself as one of the cornerstone institution of modernity. Its questioning, especially in the later decades of the last century, is at the same time symptomatic and partly responsible for the present erosion of the sense of collective identity. In Quebec, this phenomenon is also discernable, as the works of the filmmaker Robert Morin seem to suggest, with their cast of solitary characters frequently reduced to their own subjectivity. In this context, isolated individuals are trying with great urgency to revive the ties that bind them with their fellow men and women, but without much success. Thereby, in different ways, the concept of community appears in a nostalgic light, on the screen as much as in Morin’s ways of dealing with the medium, his practice being very influenced by those of the sixties and the seventies. As this thesis tries to suggest, the unbind subject which is represented in Morin’s works, torn between his awareness of aloneness and his desire to be part of a social community (whether national or not), experience this ongoing process of social erosion, while simultaneously trying to stop it.

This diploma thesis deals with the causes of division of customer preferences towards individual retail units in the town of Blatná in order to recommend proposals for improvement for the consumer cooperative COOP. The theoretical overview provides basic information about food retailers in the Czech Republic, presents the formats of stores, attitudes of shoppers to food stores, individual elements of the retail mix or other factors influencing customer attitudes towards the store which can be influenced by retailers. The practical part relates to the food chains in Blatná and it is focused on identifying the respondents' favourite and main shopping place, the reasons for dividing customer preferences towards retail units, researching attitudes toward retail units and evaluating the retail mix of these stores. The practical part consists of two parts, a questionnaire survey focused on customers of food stores in Blatná, and research from these stores. Subsequently, it is possible to define respondents' attitudes towards food retailers in Blatná and their buying behavior. The survey in retail formats is used to identify and evaluate the core elements of the retail mix of individual stores. Thanks to these procedures it is possible to define improvement suggestions for COOP Tip in Blatná.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese ALEJANDRA ASTRID LEON CEDENO.pdf: 2109192 bytes, checksum: 8ffba45e5d87f9cc991ca39f3d9a1102 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-23 / Is it possible for equalitarian initiatives to work in unequal societies? And if it is, how does it happen? This question guided a dialogue between academic and activist voices in the process of doing this work. Through the academic voices, Chapter 1 presents a way of understanding power and emancipation nowadays. Chapter 2 presents the situated knowledge episthemological view (Haraway, 1995), and with this base, the constructive exchange method. As a part of the activist voices, chapter 3 discusses coexistance through two experiences with an equalitarian interest in Catalonia: the Les naus squat and Coop57 Ethical and solidarity financing cooperative. Chapter 4 relates the collective life of two equalitarian experiences in Venezuela - the Santo Domingo Brazil Cooperative and People 94.5 FM Community Radio . After that encounter, the research question is revisited. First, a temporary and situated understanding of power and emancipation is presented: Of power, trying to comprehend some dynamics that initiatives like these must take care of, so they avoid staying trapped in them; and of emancipation, to understand how can they do it and create new forms of life. Chapter 5, consequently, uses chapter 1 to review of the concepts of power, domination and control. Through this, it proposes power-domination-control as a way of capturing collective potencial, aiming to touch everything and everybody in everyday life, and to do this in multiple and complex ways, which could seem as incoherent between them. It tends to operate ungrounded, without having a center and expanding itself to all of society, and that is what justifies the importance of situating it. Chapter 6 proposes emancipation as a process, or a micro-process of squatting (not invading, but occupying what was ours and was taken from us). Squatting spaces of endless possibilities, that can articulate themselves in ways of struggle in a bigger scale, are constructed in resistance processes in an everyday practical way, in molecular revolution experiences (Guattari, 1984). It is proposed to look at everyday life, place, action and time in an active way, and also defends the importance of anarchist practices in constructing emancipation. For a possible conclusion, chapter 7 discuss initiatives as an alternative of the hegemonic words of group and organization ; it then proposes four methods, or key practices which could serve temporarily to answer the question of how equalitarian initiatives work in control societies, by looking at these very different experiences of four initiatives to get an overall understanding / É possível que iniciativas igualitárias funcionem em meio a sociedades desiguais? E se é, como acontece? Essa indagação guiou um diálogo entre vozes acadêmicas e ativistas no percurso desta tese. Dentre as vozes acadêmicas, a tese apresenta , no capítulo 1, uma compreensão sobre os âmbitos do poder e a emancipação na atualidade. No capítulo 2, apresenta a epistemologia dos conhecimentos situados (Haraway, 1995) e, com essa base, o método da troca construtiva. Dentre as vozes ativistas, relata-se a convivência com quatro experiências de preocupação igualitária: duas na Catalunha o Centro Social Okupado Les nauS e Coop57, Cooperativa de Financiamento Ético e Solidário, narradas no capítulo 3- e duas na Venezuela - a cooperativa Santo Domingo Brasil e a rádio comunitária Gente 94.5 FM, que aparecem no capítulo 4. A partir desse encontro, a pergunta de pesquisa é revisitada. Primeiramente, apresenta-se um olhar provisório e situado sobre o poder e a emancipação. Do poder, tentando entender dinâmicas das quais as iniciativas devem se cuidar para não ficarem presas a elas; da emancipação, para compreender como podem fazê-lo e criar vida nova. No capítulo 5, depois de revisar os conceitos de poder, dominação e controle, é proposto o poder-dominação-controle como forma de captura da potência coletiva, que cresce em extensão e intensidade, buscando atravessar tudo e a todos/as no dia-a-dia, de formas múltiplas e complexas que podem parecer incoerentes entre si. Tende a se desterritorializar, a funcionar sem centro e a diluir-se por todo o corpo social, e justamente isso justifica a importância de situá-lo. No capítulo 6, propõe-se a emancipação como processo ou microprocesso de okupar (não invadir e sim ocupar o que era nosso e nos foi tomado). Okupar espaços de possibilidades liberadoras, que podem se articular em formas de luta a maior escala, que se constroem em processos de potência e resistência, de forma cotidiana e fractal, em experiências de revolução molecular (Guattari, 1984). Propõe-se uma compreensão ativa do cotidiano do lugar, da ação e do tempo, bem como a importância das práticas libertárias na construção da emancipação. Para uma conclusão possível, no capítulo 7, discute-se a noção de iniciativas como alternativa às palavras hegemônicas grupo e organização , e propõem-se também quatro jeitos de fazer ou práticas-chave que poderiam servir temporariamente para responder a pergunta de como iniciativas igualitárias funcionam em sociedades de controle, ajudando a que experiências tão diferentes quanto estas quatro sejam inteligíveis entre si

Meteorological drought indices are commonly calculated from climatic stations that have long-term historical data and then converted to a regular grid using spatial interpolation methods. The gridded drought indices are mapped to aid decision making by policy makers and the general public. This study analyzes the spatial performance of interpolation methods for meteorological drought indices in the United States based on data from the Co-operative Observer Network (COOP) and United States Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) for different months, climatic regions and years. An error analysis was performed using cross-validation and the results were compared for the 9 climate regions that comprise the United States. Errors are generally higher in regions and months dominated by convective precipitation. Errors are also higher in regions like the western United States that are dominated by mountainous terrain. Higher errors are consistently observed in the southeastern U.S. especially in Florida. Interpolation errors are generally higher in the summer than winter. The accuracy of different drought indices was also compared. The Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) tends to have lower errors than Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in seasons with significant convective precipitation. This is likely because SPEI uses both precipitation and temperature data in its calculation, whereas SPI is based solely on precipitation. There are also variations in interpolation accuracy based on the network that is used. In general, COOP is more accurate than USHCN because the COOP network has a higher density of stations. USHCN is a subset of the COOP network that is comprised of high quality stations that have a long and complete record. However the difference in accuracy is not as significant as the difference in spatial density between the two networks. For multiscalar SPI, USHCN performs better than COOP because the stations tend to have a longer record. The ordinary kriging method (with optimal function fitting) performed better than Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) methods (power parameters 2.0 and 2.5) in all cases and therefore it is recommended for interpolating drought indices. However, ordinary kriging only provided a statistically significant improvement in accuracy for the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) with the COOP network. Therefore it can be concluded that IDW is a reasonable method for interpolating drought indices, but optimal ordinary kriging provides some improvement in accuracy. The most significant factor affecting the spatial accuracy of drought indices is seasonality (precipitation climatology) and this holds true for almost all the regions of U.S. for 1-month SPI and SPEI. The high-quality USHCN network gives better interpolation accuracy with 6-, 9- and 12-month SPI and variation in errors amongst the different SPI time scales is minimal. The difference between networks is also significant for PDSI. Although the absolute magnitude of the differences between interpolation with COOP and USHCN are small, the accuracy of interpolation with COOP is much more spatially variable than with USHCN.

En mati??re de s??curit?? en r??gion frontali??re, les ??tats f??d??raux nord-am??ricains ne sont pas les seuls acteurs puisque celle-ci renvoie ?? plusieurs champs de comp??tences constitutionnels partag??s avec les gouvernements f??d??r??s ou d??tenus par ceux-ci. Ainsi, au Canada la s??curit?? en r??gion frontali??re concerne autant les comp??tences f??d??rales que les responsabilit??s provinciales. La S??ret?? du Qu??bec ??tant l???organisation polici??re de la province, elle est amen??e ?? jouer un r??le important en cette mati??re. Cette organisation reste un acteur transnational au sens de Keohane et Nye, elle ??tablit des relations transgouvernementales avec ses homologues ?? travers le monde, notamment pour assurer la s??curit?? en r??gion frontali??re. L???existence d???une culture organisationnelle partag??e par la majorit?? des polici??res et des policiers favorise l?????tablissement de relations entre eux, qui ne se produisent pas sous les directives du gouvernement f??d??ral ou m??me des gouvernements provinciaux. Cette ??tude ne concerne pas l???ensemble des activit??s internationales de la S??ret?? du Qu??bec, mais se concentre sur les relations transgouvernementales entretenues par les directeurs et directeurs adjoints des quatorze postes frontaliers ?? la fronti??re Qu??bec-??tats-Unis. Ces fonctionnaires de proximit?? poss??dent un pouvoir discr??tionnaire et une autonomie particuli??re au sein de l???organisation polici??re et cela leur permet de choisir ou non d?????tablir des relations avec leurs homologues. Cette ??tude cible les facteurs qui favorisent et les ??l??ments qui entravent l?????tablissement des relations transgouvernementales des polici??res et policiers en r??gion frontali??re.

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<p>Denna studie utreder vilka funktioner och roller som byggvaruhuskedjor efterfrågar att deras leverantörer från träindustrin bör ha i marknadskanalen. Vidare förklaras hur dessa leverantörer bör agera för att möta dessa krav och förväntningar. Sålunda skapas gynnsamma utvecklingsmöjligheter av nya produktlösningar för att svara upp till nya krav på teknik och produktutveckling för att öka försäljningen av trävaror till de viktiga GDS (Gör-Det-Själv)- och byggmaterialmarknaderna i både Sverige och Europa. Byggvaruhuskedjorna anser att träindustrin har ett alldeles för stort produktions- och volymfokus och inriktar sig för mycket på export av trävaror. Byggvaruhuskedjor efterfrågar alltmer en leverantör från träindustrin med en hög anpassningsförmåga som kan medverka i kedjans utvecklingsarbete och som samtidigt har stor lyhördhet gentemot marknadens behov och har möjlighet att göra anpassningar till lokala GDS- och byggmaterialmarknader. Leverantörer från träindustrin måste sålunda gå ifrån produktions- och volymfokusering till kundutveckling och kundfokus. Deras produktivitetsutveckling och samarbetsvillighet har en stor betydelse för att generera en välfungerande interaktion med sina kunder. Sålunda kan en koppling mellan deras egen produktion och deras kunders behov utvecklas. Det kommer sannolikt att bli mycket kostsamt och svårt för träindustrin att försöka bearbeta den svenska och europeiska marknaderna utan att använda byggvaruhuskedjorna som marknadskanal. Byggvaruhuskedjornas ökade konsumentfokus och riktade marknadsföring medför enligt dem själva en expansion av marknaden samtidigt som prismedvetenheten och kraven från GDS- och byggmaterialmarknaderna ökar. Byggvaruhuskedjorna verkar alltmer fungera som systemintegratör och anser själva att de känner av en större makt gentemot sina leverantörer. Byggvaruhuskedjorna förefaller dock svårare att definiera som antigen mega-retailers eller category-killers. Branschgränserna blir alltmer oklara och det blir sålunda svårare att avgöra vilka företag som specifikt kan klassificeras att tillhöra bygghandeln Den nationella bygghandeln blir samtidigt alltmer internationell och sammanfattningsvis verkar en marknadskanal med nya funktioner och strukturer att utvecklas.</p>