La stabilité et le développement des nations dépendent grandement de leurs Infrastructures Critiques (IC). Vu leur importance, de nombreuses menaces guettent leurs systèmes d’information - aussi appelés Infrastructures d’Information Critiques (IIC) -, parmi elles: les atteintes à l’intégrité de leurs données et processus informatisés ainsi que les abus pouvant survenir au cours des collaborations avec d’autres parties. L’intégrité d’une information, qui est sa propriété de ne pas être altérée, est primordiale pour les IIC puisqu’elles manipulent et génèrent des informations devant nécessairement être correctes et fiables. Dans un contexte de mondialisation et d’ouverture, les IC ne peuvent évoluer sans collaborer avec leur environnement. Toutefois, cela n’est pas sans risques puisque les ressources qu’elles engagent peuvent faire l’objet de corruptions et de sabotages. Tentant de réduire les risques de corruptions pouvant émaner de l’intérieur comme de l’extérieur, nous avons œuvré à l’amélioration du mécanisme de contrôle d’accès. Incontournable, il vise à limiter les actions auxquelles peuvent prétendre les utilisateurs légitimes du système, conformément à la politique de sécurité de l’organisation. La pertinence et la finesse de cette dernière impacte grandement l’efficacité du mécanisme. Ainsi, les modèles de contrôle d’accès sont utilisés pour faciliter l’expression et l’administration desdites politiques. OrBAC est un modèle riche et dynamique, satisfaisant plusieurs besoins des IIC, en revanche il reste limité quant à la prise en charge de l’intégrité, aussi bien en contexte localisé que distribué. Ainsi, nous avons proposé une extension d’OrBAC pour les environnements localisés, Integrity-OrBAC (I-OrBAC), qui tient compte de contraintes réelles liées à l’intégrité pour statuer sur les requêtes d’accès. I-OrBAC intègre des paramètres issus de l’application de méthodes d’analyse de risques pour refléter les besoins des ressources passives et apprécier, à leur juste valeur, les habilitations des sujets. Cela nous a orientés vers une modélisation en multi-niveaux d’intégrité qui favorisera la priorisation des biens sensibles, comme la stipule les programmes de protection des IC. Dans I-OrBAC, les niveaux d’intégrité servent aussi bien à contraindre l’attribution des privilèges qu’à la rendre plus flexible : ces niveaux restreignent les accès pour garantir que seuls les utilisateurs chevronnés accèdent aux ressources sensibles, mais permettent aussi aux sujets de différents rôles de réaliser une même tâche, étant bien sûr assujettis à des niveaux seuils différents. Pour rendre I-OrBAC proactif - non limité à statuer uniquement sur les requêtes d’accès - nous avons proposé un algorithme qui vise à déterminer le sujet le plus adéquat, parmi les rôles prioritaires, pour la réalisation d’une tâche sans attendre que les sujets n’en fassent la requête. L’algorithme est décrit par un système d’inférence pour faciliter sa compréhension tout en favorisant la conduite de raisonnements logiques et la dérivation de conclusions. Nous avons proposé une implémentation de notre modèle dans le cadre d’une étude de cas tirée du projet européen FP7 CRUTIAL relatif aux réseaux de transport et de distribution d’électricité. Finalement, pour pallier les problèmes issus des collaborations, nous avons fait appel aux contrats électroniques pour étendre I-OrBAC aux environnements distribués - l’extension Distributed IOrBAC (DI-OrBAC). Ces pactes servent non seulement à définir le contexte, les clauses ainsi que les activités à réaliser mais aussi à prévenir l’occurrence de litiges et à les résoudre. Toutefois, nous avons dû concevoir des mécanismes adaptés à notre modèle I-OrBAC pour leur négociation et leur application. / Nations stability and development depend deeply on their Critical Infrastructures (CI). Given their importance, many threats target their information systems - also called Critical Information Infrastructures (CII) -, among them: the attacks against integrity of their data and computerized processes and the abuses that may occur during the collaborations with other parties. Information integrity, that is its property of not being corrupted, is paramount to the CII as they manipulate and generate information that must necessarily be correct and reliable. In the context of globalization and openness, CI cannot evolve without collaborating with their environment. However, this is not without risks, since their resources can be targets of corruptions and sabotages. Trying to reduce corruption risks that may occur both from inside and outside, we focused on improving the access control mechanism. Being necessary, it aims to limit the actions of the system legitimate users in accordance with the organization security policy. The relevance and the fine-grained property of the policy impact the effectiveness of the mechanism. Therefore, access control models are used to facilitate the expression and the administration of such policies. OrBAC is a rich and dynamic model, satisfying several CII needs; however it remains limited as to the support of integrity, both in local and distributed environments. Thus, we proposed an OrBAC extension for local environments, Integrity-OrBAC (IOrBAC), which takes into account real integrity constraints to rule on access requests. I-OrBAC includes some parameters extracted from the application of risk analysis methods to reflect passive resources needs and appreciate pertinently subjects’ clearances. This led us to a multi integrity levels modeling, that promotes the prioritization of sensitive resources just like the CI protection programs do. In I-OrBAC the integrity levels are used both to constraint the assignment of privileges and to make it more flexible: these levels restrict access to ensure that only experienced users access sensitive resources but also allow subjects of different roles to perform the same task, of course being subject to different threshold levels. To make IOrBAC proactive - not only being limited to ruling on access requests - we proposed an algorithm that aims to determine the most appropriate subject, among the priority roles, for achieving a task without waiting for subjects to request it. The algorithm is described by an inference system to ease its understanding while promoting the conduct of logical reasoning and deriving conclusions. We proposed an implementation of our model through a case study drawn from the FP7 European project (CRUTIAL) on electrical energy transmission and distribution. Finally, to address problems that arise from collaborations, we used electronic contracts to enrich and extend IOrBAC to serve in distributed environments - the extension is called Distributed I-OrBAC (DI-OrBAC). These agreements aim, on the one hand, to define the context, terms and activities to be achieved and serve, on the other hand, to prevent and resolve the disputes. However, we had to design appropriate mechanisms for our I-OrBAC model in order to lead correct negotiations and rigorous enforcement of these contracts.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Como eventos de fissão induzida por nêutrons não ocorrem nas regiões nãomultiplicativas de reatores nucleares, e.g., moderador, refletor, e meios estruturais, essas regiões não geram potência e a eficiência computacional dos cálculos globais de reatores nucleares pode portanto ser aumentada eliminando os cálculos numéricos explícitos no interior das regiões não-multiplicativas em torno do núcleo ativo. É discutida nesta dissertação a eficiência computacional de condições de contorno aproximadas tipo albedo na formulação de ordenadas discretas (SN) para problemas de autovalor a dois grupos de energia em geometria bidimensional cartesiana. Albedo, palavra de origem latina para alvura, foi originalmente definido como a fração da luz incidente que é refletida difusamente por uma superfície. Esta palavra latina permaneceu como o termo científico usual em astronomia e nesta dissertação este conceito é estendido para reflexão de nêutrons. Este albedo SN nãoconvencional substitui aproximadamente a região refletora em torno do núcleo ativo do reator, pois os termos de fuga transversal são desprezados no interior do refletor. Se o problema, em particular, não possui termos de fuga transversal, i.e., trata-se de um problema unidimensional, então as condições de contorno albedo, como propostas nesta dissertação, são exatas. Por eficiência computacional entende-se analisar a precisão dos resultados numéricos em comparação com o tempo de execução computacional de cada simulação de um dado problema-modelo. Resultados numéricos para dois problemas-modelo com de simetria são considerados para ilustrar esta análise de eficiência. / As neutron fission events do not take place in the non-multiplying regions of nuclear reactors, e.g., moderator, reflector, and structural core, these regions do not generate power and the computational efficiency of nuclear reactor global calculations can hence be improved by eliminating the explicit numerical calculations within the non-multiplying regions around the active domain. Discussed here is the computational efficiency of approximate discrete ordinates (SN) albedo boundary conditions for two-energy group eigenvalue problems in X,Y geometry. Albedo, the Latin word for whiteness, was originally defined as the fraction of incident light reflected diffusely by a surface. This Latin word has remained the usual scientific term in astronomy and in this dissertation this concept is extended for the reflection of neutrons. The non-standard SN albedo substitutes approximately the reflector region around the active domain, as we neglect the transverse leakage terms within the nonmultiplying reflector. Should the problem have no transverse leakage terms, i.e., onedimensional slab geometry, then the offered albedo boundary conditions are exact. By computational efficiency we mean analyzing the accuracy of the numerical results versus the CPU execution time of each run for a given model problem. Numerical results to two symmetric test problems are shown to illustrate this efficiency analysis.

Em distintos momentos da história, pesquisadores investigaram e propuseram, com relativo sucesso, modelos locacionais que explicassem a origem e os processos dos crescimentos das cidades, mas, de modo frequente, esbarrando na complexidade desses sistemas. Recentemente, apoiados nas teorias sobre Sistemas Complexos, Nova Geografia Econômica e Modelos Configuracionais Urbanos, alguns conceitos proporcionam uma fundamentação mais consistente para a verificação das variáveis e suas interações espaciais, as quais identifiquem esses processos. Dentre os sistemas complexos, são representativos os conceitos sobre a resiliência e a criticalidade auto-organizada enquanto os conceitos do modelo centro-periferia, propostos pela nova geografia econômica, contribuem para compreensão das formações de aglomerações econômicas e populacionais. Tais abordagens conduzem ao desenvolvimento da hipótese de que a localização relativa dos serviços urbanos e dos moradores, no espaço intraurbano, estaria condicionada a duas forças que se contrapõem, “centrípeta e centrífuga”, que são geradoras de “tensões” as quais conduzem o sistema a atingir níveis críticos por determinados períodos até que novas condições movam o sistema, de maneira surpreendente, a um novo limiar. O processo de crescimento do sistema urbano seria, assim, sujeito às variações de densidades populacionais e das localizações dos diferentes serviços urbanos e suas externalidades econômicas existentes na cidade. A averiguação e os comportamentos destas forças foram testados em uma situação real, na cidade de Santa Maria – RS. Os dados populacionais e dos serviços urbanos foram espacializados recorrendo a um Sistema de Informação Geográfica – SIG e suas interações avaliadas com o uso de medidas configuracionais urbanas. Espera-se, com isso, contribuir para a consolidação do conhecimento da dinâmica urbana e das condições dos diversos estados do sistema urbano. / At different times, researchers have investigated and proposed, with relative success, locational models that explain the origin and the processes of urban growth, but, often, failing to account for the complexity of these systems. Recently, the theories of Complex Systems, New Economic Geography and Urban Configurational Models, have provided concepts with a more consistent rationale for checking variables and the spatial interactions that identify these processes. The Complex Systems framework has provided the concepts of resiliency and self-organized criticality, whereas New Economic Geography has furnished the center-periphery model, which aids in understanding economic and population agglomerations. These approaches support the hypothesis that the relative location of urban services and residents in the intraurban space is subject to centripetal and centrifugal forces, which generate tensions that lead the system toward critical levels for determined periods until new conditions move the system, unexpectedly, to a new threshold. The growth process of the urban system is thus subject to variations in population density and in localization of the different urban services and their economic externalities that exist in the city. The behaviors of these forces were tested in a real situation, in the city of Santa Maria, RS. Population and urban services data were spatialized using a Geographic Information System – GIS and their interactions were evaluated with the use of urban configurational measures to contribute to our knowledge of urban dynamics and the conditions of the various states of the urban system.

Modelos e teorias científicas surgem da necessidade do homem entender melhor o funcionamento do mundo em que vive. Constantemente, novos modelos e técnicas são criados com esse objetivo. Uma dessas teorias recentemente desenvolvida é a da Criticalidade Auto-Organizada. No Capítulo 2 desta tese, apresentamos uma breve introdução a Criticalidade Auto-Organizada. Tendo a criticalidade auto-organizada como pano de fundo, no Capítulo 3, estudamos a dinâmica Bak-Sneppen (e diversas variantes) e a comparamos com alguns algoritmos de otimização. Apresentamos no Capítulo 4, uma revisão histórica e conceitual das redes complexas. Revisamos alguns importantes modelos tais como: Erdös-Rényi, Watts-Strogatz, de configuração e Barabási-Albert. No Capítulo 5, estudamos o modelo Barabási-Albert não-linear. Para este modelo, obtivemos uma expressão analítica para a distribuição de conectividades P(k), válida para amplo espectro do espaço de parâmetros. Propusemos também uma forma analítica para o coeficiente de agrupamento, que foi corroborada por nossas simulações numéricas. Verificamos que a rede Barabási-Albert não-linear pode ser assortativa ou desassortativa e que, somente no caso da rede Barabási-Albert linear, ela é não assortativa. No Capítulo 6, utilizando dados coletados do CD-ROM da revista Placar, construímos uma rede bastante peculiar -- a rede do futebol brasileiro. Primeiramente analisamos a rede bipartida formada por jogadores e clubes. Verificamos que a probabilidade de que um jogador tenha participado de M partidas decai exponencialmente com M, ao passo que a probabilidade de que um jogador tenha marcado G gols segue uma lei de potência. A partir da rede bipartida, construímos a rede unipartida de jogadores, que batizamos de rede de jogadores do futebol brasileiro. Nessa rede, determinamos várias grandezas: o comprimento médio do menor caminho e os coeficientes de agrupamento e de assortatividade. A rede de jogadores de futebol brasileiro nos permitiu analisar a evolução temporal dessas grandezas, uma oportunidade rara em se tratando de redes reais. / Models and scientific theories arise from the necessity of the human being to better understand how the world works. Driven by this purpose new models and techniques have been created. For instance, one of these theories recently developed is the Self-Organized Criticality, which is shortly introduced in the Chapter 2 of this thesis. In the framework of the Self-Organized Criticality theory, we investigate the standard Bak-Sneppen dynamics as well some variants of it and compare them with optimization algorithms (Chapter 3). We present a historical and conceptual review of complex networks in the Chapter 4. Some important models like: Erdös-Rényi, Watts-Strogatz, configuration model and Barabási-Albert are revised. In the Chapter 5, we analyze the nonlinear Barabási-Albert model. For this model, we got an analytical expression for the connectivity distribution P(k), which is valid for a wide range of the space parameters. We also proposed an exact analytical expression for the clustering coefficient which corroborates very well with our numerical simulations. The nonlinear Barabási-Albert network can be assortative or disassortative and only in the particular case of the linear Barabási-Albert model, the network is no assortative. In the Chapter 6, we used collected data from a CD-ROM released by the magazine Placar and constructed a very peculiar network -- the Brazilian soccer network. First, we analyzed the bipartite network formed by players and clubs. We find out that the probability of a footballer has played M matches decays exponentially with M, whereas the probability of a footballer to score G gols follows a power-law. From the bipartite network, we built the unipartite Brazilian soccer players network. For this network, we determined several important quantities: the average shortest path length, the clustering coefficient and the assortative coefficient. We were also able to analise the time evolution of these quantities -- which represents a very rare opportunity in the study of real networks.

Em distintos momentos da história, pesquisadores investigaram e propuseram, com relativo sucesso, modelos locacionais que explicassem a origem e os processos dos crescimentos das cidades, mas, de modo frequente, esbarrando na complexidade desses sistemas. Recentemente, apoiados nas teorias sobre Sistemas Complexos, Nova Geografia Econômica e Modelos Configuracionais Urbanos, alguns conceitos proporcionam uma fundamentação mais consistente para a verificação das variáveis e suas interações espaciais, as quais identifiquem esses processos. Dentre os sistemas complexos, são representativos os conceitos sobre a resiliência e a criticalidade auto-organizada enquanto os conceitos do modelo centro-periferia, propostos pela nova geografia econômica, contribuem para compreensão das formações de aglomerações econômicas e populacionais. Tais abordagens conduzem ao desenvolvimento da hipótese de que a localização relativa dos serviços urbanos e dos moradores, no espaço intraurbano, estaria condicionada a duas forças que se contrapõem, “centrípeta e centrífuga”, que são geradoras de “tensões” as quais conduzem o sistema a atingir níveis críticos por determinados períodos até que novas condições movam o sistema, de maneira surpreendente, a um novo limiar. O processo de crescimento do sistema urbano seria, assim, sujeito às variações de densidades populacionais e das localizações dos diferentes serviços urbanos e suas externalidades econômicas existentes na cidade. A averiguação e os comportamentos destas forças foram testados em uma situação real, na cidade de Santa Maria – RS. Os dados populacionais e dos serviços urbanos foram espacializados recorrendo a um Sistema de Informação Geográfica – SIG e suas interações avaliadas com o uso de medidas configuracionais urbanas. Espera-se, com isso, contribuir para a consolidação do conhecimento da dinâmica urbana e das condições dos diversos estados do sistema urbano. / At different times, researchers have investigated and proposed, with relative success, locational models that explain the origin and the processes of urban growth, but, often, failing to account for the complexity of these systems. Recently, the theories of Complex Systems, New Economic Geography and Urban Configurational Models, have provided concepts with a more consistent rationale for checking variables and the spatial interactions that identify these processes. The Complex Systems framework has provided the concepts of resiliency and self-organized criticality, whereas New Economic Geography has furnished the center-periphery model, which aids in understanding economic and population agglomerations. These approaches support the hypothesis that the relative location of urban services and residents in the intraurban space is subject to centripetal and centrifugal forces, which generate tensions that lead the system toward critical levels for determined periods until new conditions move the system, unexpectedly, to a new threshold. The growth process of the urban system is thus subject to variations in population density and in localization of the different urban services and their economic externalities that exist in the city. The behaviors of these forces were tested in a real situation, in the city of Santa Maria, RS. Population and urban services data were spatialized using a Geographic Information System – GIS and their interactions were evaluated with the use of urban configurational measures to contribute to our knowledge of urban dynamics and the conditions of the various states of the urban system.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-09T12:11:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao_LeonardoDallaPorta.pdf: 4244662 bytes, checksum: 214ab17f2ee3583441af553e0a0a7931 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T12:11:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao_LeonardoDallaPorta.pdf: 4244662 bytes, checksum: 214ab17f2ee3583441af553e0a0a7931 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / FACEPE / Avalanches neuronais, assim como oscilações e sincronização, são padrõesde atividade espontânea observados em redes neuronais. O conceito de avalanches neuronais foi concebido na última década.EssepadrãodeatividadetemdistribuiçõesdetamanhosP(s)eduraçõesP(d)invariantes por escala, i.e., obedecem relações do tipo lei de potênciaP(s)∼s−τ, com expoenteτ≃3/2, e P(d)∼d−τt, com expoenteτt ≃2, respectivamente. Essas propriedades são compatíveis com a ideia de que o cérebro opera em um regime crítico. A partir dessas constatações, muitos estudos teóricos e experimentais reportaram os potenciais benefícios de um cérebro operando na criticalidade, como por exemplo a máxima sensibilidade aos estímulos sensoriais, máxima capacidade de informação e transmissão e uma ótima capacidade computacional. Modelos da classe de universalidade de percolação direcionada (DP) têm sido amplamente utilizados para explicar a estatística invariante por escala das avalanches neuronais. Porém estes modelos não levam em consideração a dinâmica dos neurônios inibitórios e, além disso, como apresentam uma transição de fase entre um estado absorvente e uma fase ativa, torna-se difícil conciliar o modelo com correlações temporais de longo alcance que são observadas experimentalmente em diferentes escalas espaciais. Neste contexto, um novo modelo computacional (CROs, do original em inglês Critical Oscillations) surgiu na literatura (Poil et al., J. Neurosci.,32 9817, 2012), incluindo neurônios inibitórios e buscando conciliar correlações temporais com avalanches neuronais. Neste modelo não há uma fase absorvente, e uma suposta transição de fases ocorre entre uma fase ativa e outra com oscilações coletivas. Devido à ausência de uma fase absorvente, avalanchesneuronaissãodefinidascomparando-seaatividadeinstantâneadaredecomumlimiar que depende da mediana da atividade total. Justamente na linha crítica do espaço de parâmetros, quandoháumabalançoentreexcitaçãoeinibiçãoneuronal,avalanchesneuronaisinvariantespor escala são observadas juntamente com correlações temporais de longo alcance (ruído 1/f). No presente trabalho, um estudo mais profundo a respeito dos resultados reportados para o modelo CROs foi realizado. As oscilações neuronais mostraram-se robustas para diferentes tamanhos de rede, e observamos que a dinâmica local reflete a dinâmica oscilatória global da rede. Correlações temporais de longo alcance foram observadas (num intervalo de escalas temporais) através da técnica deDetrendedFluctuationAnalysis, sendo robustas perante modificações no tamanho da rede. O resultado foi confirmado pela análise direta do espectro, que apresentou decaimento do tipo 1/f numa determinada faixa de frequências. O diagrama de fases do modelo mostrou-se robusto em relação ao tamanho da rede, mantendo-se o alcance das interações locais. Entretanto,osresultadosmostraram-sefortementedependentesdolimiarutilizadoparadetecção dasavalanchesneuronais.Porfim,mostramosquedistribuiçõesdeduraçõesdeavalanchessãodo tipo lei de potência, com expoenteτt ≃2. Este resultado é inédito e o valor encontrado coincide com o expoente crítico da classe de universalidade de DP na dimensão crítica superior. Em conjunto, nossos resultados fornecem mais evidências de que o modelo CROs de fato apresenta uma transição de fases. / Neuronal avalanches, as well as waves and synchronization, are types of spontaneous activity experimentally observed in neuronal networks. The concept of neuronal avalanches was conceivedinthepastdecade.ThispatternofactivityhasdistributionsofsizeP(s)anddurationP(d) which are scale invariant, i.e., follow power-law relationsP(s)∼s−τ, with exponentτ≃3/2, and P(d)∼ d−τd, with exponentτt ≃ 2, respectively. These properties are compatible with the idea that the brain operates in a critical regime. From these findings, many theoretical and experimental studies have reported the potential benefits of a brain operating at criticality, such as maximum sensitivity to sensory stimuli, maximum information capacity and transmission and an optimal computational capabilities. Models belonging to the directed percolation universality class (DP) have been widely used to explain the scale invariant statistic of neuronal avalanches. However,these modelsdo not take into account the dynamics ofinhibitory neuronsand, since as they present a phase transition between an absorbing state and an active phase, it is difficult to reconcile the model with long-range temporal correlations that are observed experimentally at different spatial scales. In this context, a new computational model (CROs, Critical Oscillations) appeared in the literature (Poil et al., J. Neurosci.,32 9817, 2012), including inhibitory neurons and seeking to reconcile temporal correlations with neuronal avalanches. In this model there is no absorbing phase, and a supposed phase transition occurs between an active phase and another with collective oscillations. Due to the lack of an absorbing phase, neuronal avalanches are defined comparing by the instant network activity with a threshold that depends of the total activity median. Precisely at the critical line in parameter space, when a balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition occurs, scale invariant neuronal avalanches are observed with long-range temporal correlations (1/f-like noise). In the present work, a deeper study about the resultsreportedfortheCROsmodelwasperformed.Neuronaloscillationshavebeenshowntobe robust to increasing network sizes, and it was observed that local dynamic reflects the oscillatory global dynamic of the network. Long-range temporal correlations were observed (in a range of time scales) via Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, being robust against changes in network size. The result was confirmed by direct analysis of the spectrum, which showed a decay like 1/f in a given frequency band. The phase diagram of the model was robust with respect to the network size, as long as the range of local interactions was kept. However, the results were dependent of the thresholdused to detect neuronal avalanches.Finally,we have shown thatthe distributions of avalanches duration follows a power-law with exponentτt ≃2. This result is unprecedented and the value obtainedcoincides with the criticalexponent of the DP universality class in the upper criticaldimension.Together,ourresultsprovidefurtherevidencethatinfacttheCROsmodel presents aphasetransition.

L’augmentation de la consommation de ressources suscite des préoccupations quant à leur disponibilité. Ces dernières années, les organisations nationales et internationales ont défini l’approvisionnement durable des ressources et la mise en place d’une économie circulaire comme des objectifs centraux de leurs stratégies à court et long termes.Dans ce contexte, différentes approches méthodologiques relevant de l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) sont utilisées pour caractériser l'impact de l'épuisement des ressources. Les approches actuelles fournissent néanmoins des visions partielles, car dépendantes de données disponibles limitées, et ne reflètent pas les défis de la société en lien avec cette question des ressources.La méthode et les facteurs nouvellement développés fournissent une vision plus exhaustive de la disponibilité des ressources et peuvent être utilisés dans des analyses du cycle de vie ou dans des approches d'économie circulaire. Ce travail fut produit en partenariat avec le cd2e et le pôle de compétitivité Team². Il a également été réalisé en collaboration avec le bureau d’études et d’expertise en ACV, Cycleco. / Increase in resource demand raises concerns over their availability. In the recent years, national and international institutions have targeted sustainable resource supply and new economy models (e.g. circular economy, etc.) as a goal of their short- and long-term strategies. In this context, different methodological approaches under Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework are used to address the impact of resource depletion. However, they provide partial visions, based on limited available data, and do not reflect society challenges related to the resources. The newly developed factors and the LCIA method provide a more exhaustive vision through the availability of resources and may be used in Life Cycle Assessment or circular economy approaches. This work is done in partnership with the cd2e and Team2 cluster. It is also carried out in collaboration with CYCLeco Life Cycle Assessment Experts.

Deux systèmes biologiques distincts, les muscles squelettiques et les sites d'adhésion de cellules kératocytes en mouvement, sont considérés dans un même cadre en raison de la similitude profonde de leur structure et de leur fonctionnalité. La réponse passive de l'un et de l'autre peut être modélisée à l'aide d'un grand nombre d'unités multi-stables couplées par des interactions à longue portée, et exposées à un désordre spatial fixé et un bruit thermique/mécanique. Les interactions à longue portée dans de tels systèmes conduisent à une synchronisation malgré les fluctuations temporelles et spatiales. Bien que les deux systèmes biologiques considérés présentent des différences structurelles importantes, nous montrons que l'on peut identifier une structure de verre de spin sous-jacente commune. À la lumière de cette analogie, ces systèmes vivants semblent être proches de points critiques et, à cet égard, le désordre gelé, reflétant l’incommensurabilité stérique des unités parallèles, peut être fonctionnel. Un autre paramètre important fixant la réponse est la rigidité interne du système qui couple les unités entre elles. / Two biological systems, a half-sarcomere of a skeletal muscle and an adhesive cluster of a crawling keratocyte, are considered in parallel because of the deep similarity in their structure and functionality. Their passive response can be modeled by a large number of multi-stable units coupled through long-range interactions, frustrated by quenched disorder and exposed to thermal noise. In such systems, long-range interactions lead to synchronization, defying temporal and spatial fluctuations. We use a mean-field description to obtain analytic results and elucidate the remarkable ensemble-dependence of the mechanical behavior of such systems in the thermodynamic limit. Despite important structural differences between muscle cross-bridges and adhesive binders, one can identify a common underlying spin glass structure, which we fully exploit in this work. Our study suggests that the muscle machinery is fine-tuned to operate near criticality, and we argue that in this respect the quenched disorder, reflecting here steric incommensuration, may be functional. We use the analogy between cell detachment and thermal fracture of disordered solids to study the statistics of fluctuations during cellular adhesion. We relate the obtained results to recent observations of intermittent behavior involved in cell debonding, also suggesting near-criticality. In addition to the study of the equilibrium properties of adhesive clusters, we also present the first results on their kinetic behavior in the presence of time-dependent loading.

The diploma’s thesis deals with the current state of requirements for products resulting from directives of the European Parliament and the European Council. The aim of the thesis is a system analysis of the issue, proposal and justification of the chosen procedure for solving the objectives. Furthermore, the analysis of requirements of current standards and safety analysis related to the work of machine operators in the areas of operation, service and maintenance of horizontal boring machine WHN 13 CNC. The analysis is followed by a proposal for preventive measures for hazards where the value of risks and criticality is unacceptable, leading to their reduction.

The diploma thesis deals with the issues concerning implementation of the RCM (Reliability Centred Maintenance) method on large power installations (boilers and their accessories) with the use of the new AMST software tool in the conditions of a particular energy company.