Purpose: To examine how IR-related press releases affect share price for stock companies, and to explore how said companies practice Investor Relations. Methods: The study was conducted using an event study as well as e-interviews. The event study has a quantitative deductive research approach where the market model is used for calculating the abnormal return based on press releases. The e-interviews have a qualitative research approach and follow a semi structured interview guide. The study includes all listed stock companies within the Swedish construction industry and includes press releases from the last decade. Theory: The study is based on the efficient market hypothesis and its semi strong form, theories within Investor Relations and previous research. Results: The event study shows a significant negative abnormal return during a four day period starting the day after the press release event. The negative abnormal return could derive from investor relations being used by companies as damage control, or that the investors’ expectations are too high as a result of IR. No significant differences in how companies practice IR was found in e-interviews. To the contrary, companies show similar tendencies in IR practice. It can be concluded that stock companies, through investor relations, are able to affect their share price. / Syfte: Att undersöka hur IR-relaterade pressmeddelanden påverkar aktiekursen hos börsnoterade företag samt att undersöka hur företagen arbetar med Investor Relations. Metod: Studien är utförd med hjälp av en eventstudie tillsammans med e-intervjuer. Eventstudien har en kvantitativ deduktiv ansats där marknadsmodellen används för beräkning av avvikande avkastning baserat på pressmeddelanden. E-intervjuerna har en kvalitativ ansats och följer en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Studien innefattar alla börsnoterade företag i den svenska byggindustrin och pressmeddelanden från det senaste decenniet. Teori: Den effektiva marknadshypotesen och dess halvstarka form, teorier inom investor relations tillsammans med tidigare genomförda forskning har legat till grund för studien. Resultat: Resultatet från eventstudien visar på en signifikant negativ avvikande avkastning med start dagen efter händelsedagen till och med fyra dagar efter händelsedagen. Den negativa avvikande avkastningen kan bero på att arbetet med IR försöker dämpa befintlig negativitet hos investerare, alternativt kan det bero på att investerares förväntningar är för höga på grund av positiv IR. Utmärkande strategier för hur IR-arbetet går till i praktiken bland de observerade företagen har inte funnits i e-intervjuerna, istället liknar företagens IR-arbete varandra i stort. Slutsatsen dras att börsnoterade företag kan påverka sin aktiekurs med hjälp av investor relations.

Effektiviteten på de finansiella marknaderna är något som studerats utifrån många olika perspektiv. Vad den effektiva marknadshypotesen i sin helhet påstår är att all information som tillkommer snabbt inkorporeras i aktiepriset utan att investerare har haft en chans att agera, vilket omöjliggör arbitragemöjligheter och således en chans till en positiv abnormal avkastning. Denna studies sätt att undersöka detta fenomen är att studera avkastningen vid genomförandet av en aktiesplit på stockholmsbörsen för att se om någon positiv abnormal föreligger. Studien är gjord i form av en eventstudie där aktiesplitar som genomförts under åren 2000 - 2006 och 2015 - 2019, där de undersökts och genomgått statistiska tester. Dessa olika tidsperioderna har till en början analyserats var för sig för att sedan jämföras mot varandra för att undersöka ifall skillnader föreligger. Studien har kommit fram till att positiv abnormal avkastning förekommer vid genomförandet av en aktiesplit på stockholmsbörsen och kan även se tendenser på skillnader mellan de olika undersökningsperioderna. / The efficiency of the financial markets is something that has been studied through many perspectives. What the efficient market hypothesis says is that new information that reaches the market fast incorporates in the stock price without any chance for the investors to act on it. This results in no chance in arbitrage opportunities hence no chance to positive abnormal return. This study's way of examining this phenomenon was to study the return on the implementation of stock splits which has been implemented on the swedish stock exchange to see if any positive abnormal return exists. This event study has examined stock splits during the periods of year 2000 - 2006 and 2015 - 2019 and statistical tests have been made. These different periods of time have at first been examined by themselves before comparing them with each other to see if there might be any different between them. This study shows that there are significant positive abnormal returns associated with stock returns on the swidish stock exchange during both periods. The study also shows tendencies of that the abnormal returns differ between the two time periods.

Submitted by Nicolò Rocca (nicolo.rocca@outlook.com) on 2017-02-22T22:26:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV-EESP Dissertation Nicolò Rocca.pdf: 1754308 bytes, checksum: 9f5af21bb7819365b18cde149f924fff (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Dear Nicolo, Please, it’s necessary to correct some things in your thesis: • Withdraw the pages numbers before the introduction, but they must to be considered, the numbers need to start in the introduction and they must to be on the superior right side of the page; • At the Page 3 – You need to ask the Ficha catalográfica code for Biblioteca, according the orientation sent to you by email, it’s the first step: Step 1: Ficha Catalográfica: To fill in the “Ficha Catalográfica”, access the link: http://sistema.bibliotecas-sp.fgv.br/ficha_catalografica, fill the information and await for the email the “Biblioteca Digital (Digital Library)” will send you (it might take up to 72 hours to be processed and sent to your email address). • At the page 4 - Data da aprovação: thesis presentation date Withdraw the small line above the professor’s names on 2017-02-23T12:11:41Z (GMT) / Submitted by Nicolò Rocca (nicolo.rocca@outlook.com) on 2017-02-23T21:47:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV-EESP Dissertation Nicolò Rocca.pdf: 1720638 bytes, checksum: 4e69717cae8077ae5c8dfd5e481e84c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2017-02-24T11:55:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV-EESP Dissertation Nicolò Rocca.pdf: 1720638 bytes, checksum: 4e69717cae8077ae5c8dfd5e481e84c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-02T15:59:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV-EESP Dissertation Nicolò Rocca.pdf: 1720638 bytes, checksum: 4e69717cae8077ae5c8dfd5e481e84c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-30 / First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Miguel Ferreira at Nova SBE and Professor Ricardo Rochman at FGV-EESP, for their constructive feedback and insightful guidance throughout the research. I would also like to thank all the members of International Master in Finance Brazil-Europe for providing me deep knowledge in the areas of corporate finance, quantitative analysis, management of financial institutions and investment banking necessary to excel in today’s international financial markets. Furthermore, I would also like to express gratitude for the extensive facilities provided by the institutions, for the staff and for the IMF program that blends analytical, applied and scientific rigor. I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my family for providing me continuous encouragement throughout my years of university. Thanks to all of them. / O primeiro objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar quais são os principais determinantes das mudanças nas classificações de crédito corporativo brasileiro fornecidas pela Standard & Poor's. As regressões de painel são aplicadas para analisar as relações entre classificações e sete determinantes. Os resultados mostram cinco determinantes estatisticamente significativos. A segunda parte do estudo examina como as empresas brasileiras listadas reagiram às recentes baixas soberanas emitidas pela Standard & Poor, pela Moody's e pela Fitch. Metodologia do estudo do evento é usada. Todos os eventos apresentam evidências empíricas de retornos anormais negativos, mostrando uma forte correlação negativa entre as ações negativas de rating de crédito eo mercado de ações brasileiro. Ao agregar os eventos, os downgrades ao território da sucata e as mudanças da avaliação de Moody's são aquelas que derrubam estoques retornam o mais.

Value shares are notorious for remaining stagnant for extended periods of time, forcing value investors to remain locked in their investments often for excessive periods. This research study applied the price acceleration momentum indicator of Bird and Casavecchia (2007) on a value portfolio with the objective of improving the timing of value share acquisitions.A time series study was conducted, taking into account the top 160 JSE shares over the period 1 January 1985 to 31 August 2012. A price acceleration momentum indicator was applied to enhance a value portfolio formed on the basis of book-tomarket ratio, dividend yield and EBITDA/EV. Cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) were used to compare portfolio results statistically.A substantial contribution is made to the literature by proving that a value-only portfolio can be significantly enhanced by the combination of price acceleration momentum. Results indicated an increase in CAAR from 199.83% to 321.29%. Risk-adjusted returns (Sharpe ratio) were also improved without the detriment of increased share price volatility (standard deviation). This research study further contributes to the literature by proving that a price acceleration momentum indicator adds no additional value over a value portfolio combined with ordinary price momentum. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Syfte: Studien har utrett om aktiesplit genomförda på Stockholmsbörsen under åren 2004-2008 genererat överavkastning och i sådana fall om det har funnits några skillnader i överavkastning beroende på företagens storlek. Teori: Den effektiva marknadshypotesen, framförallt i dess semistarka form, har utgjort en teoretisk referensram för arbetet. Metod: En kvantitativ deduktiv forskningsansats har tillämpats med eventstudiemetodik som grund. Undersökningen behandlar en femårsperiod mellan 2004-2008 där ett urval av 56 stycken splitar mötte uppsatta kriterier. Dessa delades in i tre undergrupper beroende på bolagens kapitalstorlek vid splitgenomförandet. Kursdata för 250 dagar innan spliten och 250 dagar efter har samlats in för berörda bolag med hänsyn till splitdagen. OMXSPI har använts som jämförelseindex. Resultat: Resultatet tillsammans med hypotesprövning visar att överavkastning i samband med aktiesplit har påträffats för hela populationen under mätperioden. Ett möjligt samband mellan storleken på bolag och omfattningen överavkastning har även upptäckts. Den enskilt största överavkastningen uppmättes på splitdagen. Analys: En analys av resultaten pekar på att marknaden uppfattat aktiesplit som en positiv nyhet och i linje med tidigare forskning har det funnits överavkastning i tiden runt en aktiesplit. Vid uteslutande av en undergrupp som inte klarat hypotestestet kunde sambandet mellan företagsstorlek och omfattningen överavkastning till viss del bekräftas som negativt. Slutsats: Investerare har kunnat generera överavkastning i samband med aktiesplit på Stockholmsbörsen mellan 2004-2008. Resultatet tyder på ett negativt samband mellan företagsstorlek och överavkastning, däremot kan inte sambandet bekräftas tillfullo. / Purpose: The study has investigated whether or not stock splits on the Stockholm Stock Exchange during the years 2004-2008 generated positive abnormal return and in such case, has there been any difference in the positive abnormal return depending on firm size. Theory: The efficient market hypothesis, especially in its semi-strong form, has provided a theoretical framework for the essay. Method: A quantitative deductive research approach is applied with event study methodology used as basis. The study concerns a five-year period 2004-2008, where a selection of 56 splits met set criteria. These were divided into three groups depending on their capital size at the split date. The price data for 250 days before the split, and 250 days after were collected for the companies with regard to split day. The same data was collected for OMXSPI that was used as a benchmark. Results: The result together with hypothesis testing shows that positive abnormal return associated with stock split has been found in the overall population. A possible correlation between the firm size and the extent of positive abnormal returns has also been discovered. The single greatest positive abnormal return was measured on the split date. Analysis: An analysis of the results indicates that the market perceived stock split as positive news. There has been a positive abnormal return around the time of a stock split in line with previous research. The exclusion of a subgroup that failed hypothesis test revealed a partly confirmed negative relationship between firm size and the amount of positive abnormal returns. Conclusion: Investors have been able to generate positive abnormal returns in association with stock split on the Stockholm Stock Exchange from 2004 to 2008. The results suggest a negative correlation between firm size and positive abnormal returns, however, the correlation is not fully confirmed.

Purpose                               The main purpose of this study is to test in which part of the economic cycle that generates the best results on corporate acquisitions for the acquirer in the short-term. The study examines the Swedish market and has the aim to study both domestic and foreign acquisitions made by Swedish acquirers. The study also has a purpose of examining if there is a difference in results with domestic acquisitions and foreign acquisitions.   Theory The theoretical perspective will include previous research, concepts and theories. The theoretical framework includes Efficient market hypothesis, The random walk theory and the Non-random walk theory.  Method This study undertakes a quantitative approach with a deductive reasoning. The event study includes a 10 day event window (t-4, t+5). It is an event study that examines 100 acquisitions listed on the Nasdaq OMX Stockholm during the time period 2008- 2018.  Results Data has been collected from the databases Zephyr, Orbis and Nasdaq OMX Nordic. In the empirical foundation AAR and CAR is presented. The results show that it is better to make acquisitions during a upturn in the short-term perspective. The results also show a very slim difference between domestic and foreign acquisitions. / Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka i vilket konjunkturläge företagsförvärv genererar högst abnormal avkastning på det förvärvande företagets aktie på kort sikt. Studien mäter förvärv på den svenska marknaden och avser att analysera om förvärv utförda mellan svenska företag kontra svenska förvärv på utländska företag påverkar den abnormala avkastningen på. Teori Studien utgår från två stycken teorier och innefattar en referensram med utvalda tidigare forskningar inom området. Teorierna som ingår i studien är Effektiva marknadshypotesen och The Random walk som även inkluderar non-random walk. Metod Denna studie har en kvantitativ forskningsdesign med deduktiv ansats som bygger på ett metodval i form av eventstudie. Eventstudien består av ett eventfönster på 10 dagar (t-4 till t+5)och undersöker reaktionen på marknaden vid 100 stycken förvärv där det förvärvande företaget är börsnoterat på OMX Stockholm nasdaq. Resultat Datan är insamlad via databaserna Zephyr, Orbis och Nasdaq OMX Nordic. I empirinpresenteras AAR och CAR där resultaten visar på att det är bättre att genomföra förvärv i högkonjunktur i ett kortsiktigt perspektiv. Resultaten för inhemska kontra utländska marknadenvisar på väldigt små skillnader.

Submitted by Espen Schie (schie.espen@gmail.com) on 2016-10-16T12:10:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16_S2-26278-16-Espen_Schie FGV.pdf: 3207969 bytes, checksum: cbdb1bbe909765f1d984b14ff8673810 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Espen, Unfortunately, your thesis is different from the guidelines that must be the FGV thesis. I will send to you by email the model for you to follow. All work must be done using the standards defined by ABNT or APA (American Psychology Association): http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/site/bkab/normalizacao. best. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-10-17T11:50:41Z (GMT) / Submitted by Espen Schie (schie.espen@gmail.com) on 2016-10-19T19:30:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16-c334442-Espen_Schie FGV.pdf: 3181725 bytes, checksum: 340993a2fe39d6fd701b7e2e6f30b164 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Espen, The title of your thesis is different from the oficial document of your examining board. It can't be different, please change to the original title, below: SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS' INVESTMENT IMPACT ON LISTED TARGET FIRMS Also the number of pages should appear only in the introduction but count from the cover. example introductio page 10 Best. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-10-19T19:36:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by Espen Schie (schie.espen@gmail.com) on 2016-10-19T20:43:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16-c334442-Espen_Schie FGV.pdf: 3181048 bytes, checksum: bc89d43276d78eef9b4ddfb0ce178087 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Espen, The title of your thesis is a little bit different from the title send by Nova de Lisboa, it can't be different, because the oficial document from your examining board has to be the same as the post in the Biblioteca Digital. Could you please change to "SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS' INVESTMENT IMPACT ON LISTED TARGET FIRMS" Warm regards. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-10-20T12:29:36Z (GMT) / Submitted by Espen Schie (schie.espen@gmail.com) on 2016-10-21T06:15:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16-c334442-Espen_Schie FGV.pdf: 3180995 bytes, checksum: c83f0592de725c5a2798d3968f68831d (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Espen, The title of your thesis is different from the official document from your examining board, it can't be different. and you can't change the title after the examining board. Please change the title to the title below, if the title below is incorrect please let me know by email. Title: SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS' INVESTMENT IMPACT ON LISTED TARGET FIRMS Best. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-10-21T12:33:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by Espen Schie (schie.espen@gmail.com) on 2016-10-21T19:36:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16-c334442-Espen_Schie FGV.pdf: 3180826 bytes, checksum: b7715d967a8cc190a4fdc71eb15f0345 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-10-21T19:47:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16-c334442-Espen_Schie FGV.pdf: 3180826 bytes, checksum: b7715d967a8cc190a4fdc71eb15f0345 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-24T10:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16-c334442-Espen_Schie FGV.pdf: 3180826 bytes, checksum: b7715d967a8cc190a4fdc71eb15f0345 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-29 / This is a study on the share price effect of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) investment announcements. The study examines the short- and the long-term impact of SWF investments on publicly traded companies, performed with an event study methodology to estimate the abnormal returns of the stock prices of the acquired firms around the dates when the announcements become publicly available. The announcements included in this study were made between 1990 and 2015. First, the results are compared to the level of transparency, as measured by the LTMI Index, to examine how the changes in stock prices react to the event. Then, the study presents six extensions with portfolios for IFSWF membership, SWF funding source, open market transactions and privately negotiated deals, domestic and foreign targets, deal value and acquired target stake. The results of the study provide empirical evidence of short-term significant cumulative abnormal returns and that SWFs with high transparency tend to generate more and positive cumulative abnormal returns, while SWFs with low transparency generate negative cumulative abnormal returns. Moreover, the long-term results suggest negative cumulative abnormal returns, though mostly insignificant, and show a tendency to mean revert. / Este é um estudo sobre o efeito do preço das ações sobre investimentos anúnciados pelos fundos soberanos (SWFs). O estudo examina o impacto a curto e a longo prazo dos investimentos dos fundos soberanos em empresas de capital aberto, através de estudo de evento para estimar os retornos anormais dos preços das ações das empresas adquiridas em torno das datas em que os anúncios são públicos. Os anúncios incluídos neste estudo foram feitos entre 1990 e 2015 sendo que, em primeiro lugar, os resultados são comparados com o nível de transparência, medida pelo índice de LTMI, de forma a analisar possíveis alterações nos preços das ações face ao anúncio. Posteriormente, o estudo apresenta seis extensões: portfólios da IFSWF, fonte de financiamento dos SWFs, com investimentos privados e públicos, investimentos em empresas nacionais e estrangeiras, valor do negócio e percentagem adquirida. Os resultados do estudo fornecem evidência empírica dos retornos anormais acumulados significativos a curto prazo e que, os fundos soberanos com elevada transparência, tendem a gerar maiores retornos anormais acumulados ao passo que os SWFs com menor transparência geram retornos anormais acumulados negativos. Além disso, os resultados a longo prazo sugerem retornos anormais cumulativos negativos, embora na sua maioria insignificantes, apresentando uma tendência da reversão da média.

Purpose: To examine how video-game releases affect the share price, and if video-game reviews have any impact on the share price of gaming corporations.  Method: A quantitative deductive research approach is applied with event study methodology used as basis. The investigated companies were the five largest gaming companies listed on the U.S. NASDAQ exchange. A total of 29 video-game launches and 85 reviews where examined.   Theory: The study is based on The Efficient Market Hypothesis, Agent Theory, Public Relations Theory, Nextopia and previous research. Results: The result contains 114 observations in five companies. The result accounts for the cumulative abnormal return for each video-game. It also accounts for the cumulative average abnormal return for each company ten days after release. Analysis: The hypothesis test accounts for a statistical significant correlation between negative abnormal return and the release. It is also accounted for a cumulative average abnormal return of  -2,29 % of the video-game companies stocks. Conclusion: There is a negative abnormal return for shareholders ten days after a video-game release. The result and the analysis dose confirm a direct correlation between video-game reviews and the abnormal return.