Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-22T12:17:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VANESSA DOS SANTOS SANTIAGO - TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 1752417 bytes, checksum: 4ac1fe644e9e3baae1cd0a9861e331c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:17:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VANESSA DOS SANTOS SANTIAGO - TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 1752417 bytes, checksum: 4ac1fe644e9e3baae1cd0a9861e331c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / CNPq / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de obter um produto em pó a partir da polpa integralda pitaya, através do método de secagem por aspersão e avaliar sua estabilidade durante 60 dias de armazenamento, sob condições controladas de umidade relativa (83%) e temperatura (30 e 40 °C). Foram elaboradas três formulações com a polpa de pitaya integral com a adição de maltodextrina em três concentrações (25, 30 e 35%) e desidratadas nas temperaturas do ar de secagem de 150, 170 e 190 °C. Foi selecionado o melhor produto em pó mediante os resultados das análises dos parâmetros de betacianinas e intensidade de vermelho (+a*). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos na temperatura de 150 °C e 25% de maltodextrina. Determinaram-se as isotermas de adsorção de água da amostra selecionada em diferentes temperaturas (20, 30 e 40 °C) e ajustaram-se os modelos de GAB, Oswin e Peleg aos dados experimentais. A partir dos resultados verificados, a polpa de pitaya integral foi considerada ácida e com conteúdo de betacianinas considerável. As amostras em pó apresentaram teor de água de 2,02 a 2,60% e verificou-se que durante o armazenamentoda amostra em pó selecionada o teor de água, a atividade de água e a solubilidade das amostras aumentaram. As isotermas de adsorção do pó selecionado foram classificadas como Tipo III e os modelos de Oswine GAB foram os que melhor se ajustaram aos dados experimentais. Com o aumento da temperatura houve um maior aumento na degradação das betacianinas e da intensidade de vermelho da polpa de pitaya em pó selecionada com comportamento inverso para a luminosidade. / This work was carried out with the objective of obtaining a powder product from the pitaya whole pulp by means of spray drying and evaluating its stability during 60 days of storage under controlled conditions of relative humidity (83%) and temperatures (30 and 40 °C). Three formulations were made with the pitaya whole pulp with the addition of maltodextrin, in three concentrations (25, 30 and 35%), and dehydrated at the drying air temperatures of 150, 170 and 190 oC. The best powder was selected by the results of the analysis of the parameters of betacyanins and redness (+a*). The best results were obtained at the temperature of 150 °C and 25% maltodextrin. The moisture adsorption isotherms of the selected powder at different temperatures (20, 30 and 40 oC) were determined and the GAB, Oswin and Peleg models fitted to the experimental data. From the verified results the pitaya whole pulp was considered acid and with considerable betacyanin content. The powder had a moisture content of 2.02 to 2.60% and it was verified that during the storage of the selected powder the moisture content, the water activity and solubility of the samples increased. The moisture adsorption isotherms of the selected powder were classified as Type III and the Oswin and GAB models were the best fit to the experimental data. With the increase in temperature there was a greater increase in the degradation of the betacyanins and the redness of the selected pitaya powder with inverse behavior for the luminosity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IrisUM_DISSERT.pdf: 2435954 bytes, checksum: 34cd5bf96f0e9f5d42ed48a3b74595a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / O cacto Cereus jamacaru Mill. (Cactaceae) ? uma esp?cie t?pica da vegeta??o da caatinga. Sabe-se que os seus clad?dios cont?m os alcal?ides tiramina e 2- hidroxifeniletilamina, compostos ativos que podem atuar no sistema nervoso central, mimetizando a a??o da dopamina. Como essa esp?cie vegetal ? bastante utilizada na medicina popular, e n?o h? na literatura cient?fica nenhuma informa??o sobre os seus efeitos em esp?cies animais, maiores estudos s?o relevantes e necess?rios. No presente trabalho a an?lise fitoqu?mica (LC-MS/MS) identificou os alcal?ides D-tiramina (m/z 137,2), hordenina (m/z 165,2), N-metiltiramina (m/z 151) e ainda o amino?cido Dtirosina (m/z 181.2), precursor de diversos alcal?ides nos extratos etan?lico e aquoso obtidos de clad?dios de C. jamacaru. Os efeitos t?xicos e/ou comportamentais do extrato etan?lico nas doses de 210 e 420 mg/kg/dia, correspondentes respectivamente a 14 g e 28 g do p? da planta seca/kg/dia, foram investigados, em ratos. Os animais foram tratados durante trinta dias, por gavagem, quando ent?o foram submetidos a testes para avalia??o da atividade geral (campo aberto), do aprendizado e mem?ria (labirinto em cruz elevado modificado), do comportamento estereotipado induzido pelo femproporex e da catatonia induzida pelo haloperidol. Al?m disso, os par?metros de toxicidade (ganho de peso, consumo de ra??o e ingest?o h?drica), enzimas hep?ticas (ALT e AST), ureia e creatinina e histopatologia da adrenal, ba?o, cora??o, f?gado, p?ncreas e rim foram analisados. Os resultados mostraram diferen?as no consumo de ra??o e ingest?o h?drica pelos ratos machos e f?meas experimentais, com conseq?ente diminui??o do ganho de peso. O tratamento por 30 dias com a dose de 420 mg/kg/dia provocou aumento nas concentra??es de ur?ia e ALT dos machos e diminui??o na concentra??o do AST das f?meas, por?m a raz?o AST/ALT desses animais n?o foi estatisticamente diferente da raz?o dos animais do grupo controle, sugerindo aus?ncia de hepatotoxicidade. O estudo histopatol?gico n?o revelou nenhuma altera??o digna de nota nos diversos ?rg?os analisados. No campo aberto, tanto os machos como as f?meas experimentais, apresentaram atividade geral diminu?da em rela??o ao grupo controle. No labirinto em cruz elevado modificado observou-se uma tend?ncia (dados n?o significantes estatisticamente) de melhoria da mem?ria/aprendizado nos grupos experimentais de machos e f?meas em rela??o aos animais controle. No teste da catatonia, os machos experimentais tratados com a dose de 210 mg/kg/dia foram mais resistentes ? a??o do haloperidol, mostrando-se menos catat?nicos que os demais grupos. Nenhuma altera??o foi observada nas f?meas experimentais. N?o foi observada altera??o alguma no comportamento estereotipado dos animais experimentais machos e f?meas. Esses resultados sugerem que a exposi??o de ratos ao extrato etan?lico de C. jamacaru produz efeitos t?xicos e afeta os par?metros comportamentais avaliados em ratos machos e f?meas de maneiras diferentes. Poss?vel prote??o estrog?nica e/ou diferen?as na a??o de enzimas biotransformadoras podem explicar tais resultados

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-10T23:27:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandaDanieleGoncalvesDantas_DISSERT.pdf: 1089350 bytes, checksum: de988be9de4a5192ed1c20c6104873de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-18T20:53:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandaDanieleGoncalvesDantas_DISSERT.pdf: 1089350 bytes, checksum: de988be9de4a5192ed1c20c6104873de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T20:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandaDanieleGoncalvesDantas_DISSERT.pdf: 1089350 bytes, checksum: de988be9de4a5192ed1c20c6104873de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A palma ? uma importante forrageira para a pecu?ria no semi?rido do Brasil, pela adapta??o ?s condi??es clim?ticas dessa regi?o, produtividade e valor nutricional. A produ??o dessa cact?cea tem respondido positivamente a t?cnicas como adensamento, aduba??o e manejos de corte, todavia, no Rio Grande do Norte, apenas certas ?reas possuem clima favor?vel ao desenvolvimento dessa cultura e a irriga??o, com pouca quantidade de ?gua, tem se revelado uma alternativa para a viabiliza??o do cultivo desse vegetal. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes l?minas de ?gua salina e doses de aduba??o org?nica com esterco bovino, sobre as caracter?sticas morfol?gicas e produ??o de mat?ria verde e seca da palma Mi?da (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dick) em plantio adensado. O experimento foi realizado na Esta??o Experimental de Terras Secas (EMPARN), Pedro Avelino, latitude 5?31?21? Sul e longitude 36?23?14? Oeste. O solo foi classificado como Cambissolo H?plico Carbon?tico T?pico e a ?gua utilizada na irriga??o, C4S1T3 (5,25 dS.m-1), com plantio em espa?amento de 2,0 x 0,25 m (20.000 plantas ha-1). Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, onde as l?minas de ?gua salina (0; 7,5, 15,0 e 30,0 mm m?s-1) com intervalo de 10 dias, constitu?ram as parcelas principais e as aduba??es org?nicas (0, 25 e 50 Mg ha-1 ano-1) as subparcelas, com quatro repeti??es. As caracter?sticas morfol?gicas mensuradas foram n?mero de clad?dios, altura e volume da planta; comprimento, largura, per?metro, espessura, ?rea e ?ndice de ?rea de clad?dios, produ??es de mat?ria verde e seca, teor de mat?ria seca, efici?ncia do uso da ?gua e danos causados pela cochonilha de escama e podrid?o mole. N?o houve influ?ncia da aduba??o org?nica com esterco bovino sobre a maioria das vari?veis estudadas, particularmente em rela??o ?s produ??es de mat?ria verde e seca. As l?minas de irriga??o tiveram influ?ncia significativa sobre a maioria das vari?veis, promovendo altura e volume de plantas superiores, clad?dios maiores e mais espessos e eleva??es das produ??es de mat?ria verde e seca. A aus?ncia da irriga??o promoveu significativa expans?o da praga da cochonilha de escama e quando irrigada com diferentes l?minas incrementou os danos e perdas de estande, ocasionados pela podrid?o mole, com mais intensidade na maior l?mina. / Cactus pear is an important forage for livestock in semi-arid region of Brazil, due to its adaptation to climate conditions in this region, high productivity and nutritional value. The yield of this cactus has positively responded to techniques such as planting density, fertilization and cutting managements, however, in Rio Grande do Norte State, only certain areas have favorable climate conditions to the development of this crop. Drip irrigation, with a small amount of water, has proven to be an alternative to the viability of cactus pear cultivation in these areas. The research aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of saline water and manure organic fertilization on the morphological characteristics and production of fresh and dry matter of the prickly-pear cactus cv. Mi?da (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dick) in a dense planting system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of Terras Secas (EMPARN), Pedro Avelino, latitude 5?31'21" South and longitude 36?23'14" West. The soil was classified as Typical Cambisol Haplicum Carbonate and the water used in irrigation, C4S1T3 (5,25 dS.m-1), with planting spacing of 2.0 x 0.25 m (20,000 plants ha-1). A completely randomized design in a split plot was used, where water levels (0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 mm month-1) with 10 days intervals, were the main plots and organic fertilization (0 , 25 and 50 Mg ha-1 yr-1) the subplots, with four replicates. The measured morphological characteristics were number of cladodes, height and volume of the plant; length, width, perimeter, thickness, area and cladodes area index, fresh and dry matter production, dry matter content, water use efficiency (WUE) and damage promoted by cochineal pest (Diaspis echinocacti) and soft rot (Erwinia carotovora). There was no influence (P>0.05) of organic fertilization on most variables, particularly in relation to the production of fresh and dry matter. The water levels had a significant influence (P<0.05) on most variables, promoting higher height and volume of the plants, larger and thicker cladodes, and increase on fresh and dry matter production (13.55 Mg DM ha-1 yr-1). The absence of irrigation caused a significant expansion in plant damage caused by the cochineal pest and when irrigated with different water levels there was an increase in damage and stand loss, caused by soft rot, been more intense at the higher water level.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-12-26T20:08:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EugeniaCorderoSchmidt_DISSERT.pdf: 37502107 bytes, checksum: 8ea90c3282a2c39d9600a891b990f41e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-26T20:17:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EugeniaCorderoSchmidt_DISSERT.pdf: 37502107 bytes, checksum: 8ea90c3282a2c39d9600a891b990f41e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-26T20:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EugeniaCorderoSchmidt_DISSERT.pdf: 37502107 bytes, checksum: 8ea90c3282a2c39d9600a891b990f41e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A Caatinga ? uma forma??o florestal escler?fila, dec?dua e espinhosa. Situase em uma regi?o semi-?rida, com cerca de 730 000 km2, exclusiva do territ?rio brasileiro. Este ambiente apresenta grande varia??o de tipos de vegeta??o que foram atribu?das ? varia??es em larga escala no clima, padr?es de geomorfologia e diferen?as de pequena escala em relevo e solos. A precipita??o escassa e flutuante das regi?es ?ridas e semi-?ridas, exercem um forte controle sobre: hist?rias de vida, caracter?sticas fisiol?gicas e composi??o de esp?cies de sua biota. Pelo menos 77 esp?cies de morcegos das 178 esp?cies presentes no Brasil s?o encontrados na Caatinga, dos quais 13 s?o frug?voros e cinco nectarivorous incluindo o end?mica Xeronycteris vieirai. Os morcegos s?o conhecidos por desempenharem pap?is importantes no controle de pragas, poliniza??o e dispers?o de sementes. No entanto, pouca informa??o foi gerada sobre o papel ecol?gico dessas esp?cies em um ambiente como Caatinga. Em geral, esse habitat ? o ecossistema brasileiro mais negligenciado em termos de pesquisa e conserva??o da sua biodiversidade. Especificamente no caso dos morcegos, o Rio Grande do Norte possui uma das maiores lacunas de conhecimento no Brasil. Os dados aqui apresentados, representam uma das primeiras pesquisas formais com morcegos na Caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte. Foram geradas informa??es sobre a estrutura aninhada e assim?trica da rede mutual?stica entre morcegos nectar?voros e esp?cieschave de plantas para a manuten??o da comunidade de morcegos nectar?voros nesta regi?o. Al?m disso, a primeira evid?ncia de folivoria de pelo menos 16 esp?cies de plantas pelo morcego frug?voro Artibeus planirostris foi documentada. Isto representa o primeiro registro para um ambiente semi-?rido e o primeiro registro para a esp?cie. Finalmente, o primeiro ?insight? para aspectos biol?gicos do morcego end?mico X. vieirai, incluindo dieta, poleiros e dados de reprodu??o, assim como a extens?o de sua distribui??o a n?vel nacional. / Caatinga is a deciduous thorny woodland and sclerophyllous vegetation, encountered in a semi-arid region of around 730 000 km2 entirely within the Brazilian territory . This environment presents high variation of vegetation types that have been attributed to large-scale variations in the climate, geomorphology patterns, and smallscale differences in topography and soils. The sparse and fluctuation precipitation of arid and semiarid regions is believed to exert strong control over life histories, physiological characteristics, and species composition of their biotas. At least 77 bat species of the 178 species present in Brazil are found in Caatinga, of which 13 are frugivorous and five nectarivorous including the endemic Xeronycteris vieirai. Bats are known play important roles in pest control, pollination and seed dispersal, nonetheless little information has been generated regarding the ecological role these species play in an environment like Caatinga. In general, this habitat is the most neglected Brazilian ecosystem in terms of investigation and conservation of its biodiversity. Specifically in the case of bats, Rio Grande do Norte is one of the biggest knowledge gaps in Brazil. The data presented here represent one of the first formal investigations with bats in the Caatinga in Rio Grande do Norte. Information on the nested and asymmetric structure of the mutualistc network between nectarivorous bats and plants was generated, with data on key plant species for the maintenance of the community of nectar-feeding bats in this region. Also, the first evidence of folivory of at least 16 plant species by the fruit-eating bat Artibeus planirostris was documented, representing the first record for a semi arid enviroment and the first record for the bat species. Finally, the first insight to biological aspects of the endemic X. vieirai including diet, roosts and reproduction data were registered as well the extention of its range distribution at a national level.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-06-19T12:59:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Laisla Rangel Peixoto.pdf: 44106015 bytes, checksum: 6f7b9d5945cca437f89df4d89f4e9570 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-07-03T17:47:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Laisla Rangel Peixoto.pdf: 44106015 bytes, checksum: 6f7b9d5945cca437f89df4d89f4e9570 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T17:47:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Laisla Rangel Peixoto.pdf: 44106015 bytes, checksum: 6f7b9d5945cca437f89df4d89f4e9570 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The palmadora, belonging to the family Cactaceae, is a plant popularly known as Palmatoria, Palma or Quipá. The T. palmadora is widely distributed in areas of the Caatinga of the Northeast region of Brazil, the tea of its root being popularly used in the treatment of problems in the urethra. The present study aimed to isolate chemical compounds from the extracts and phases obtained, perform the physicochemical characterization of the plant drug, as well as to investigate biological activities of the roots of the species T. palmadora. After harvesting, the roots were dried and crushed to obtain the vegetable drug. The physicochemical characterization of the plant drug was used to determine the granulometry, density, ash content, moisture content, pH, microstructure (Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Dispersive Energy (EDS)), Infrared Region Spectroscopy with Fourier Transform (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The crude ethanol extract (EEB), the nebulized hydroalcoholic extract (EHAN), and the hexane and hexane phases (Hex), Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2), Ethyl Acetate (AcOEt) and Ethanolol (EtOH) were obtained from the root of T.palmadora. In addition, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was performed. Isolation and identification of the chemical compounds were performed by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, respectively. The toxicological activity against Artemia salina, Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for bacteria and fungi, hemolytic tests and antioxidant activity, using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl- hydrazyl), Total Antioxidant Activity (AAT) and the Ferric Thiocyanate method. The powder was classified as semi-thin, easy flow, low moisture content and average pH value of 5.58. The data obtained by qualitative phytochemical screening showed positive results for alkaloids and steroids / triterpenoids. TG analysis of the plant drug showed the occurrence of three stages of mass loss. The DTA analysis showed two endothermic and one exothermic events. The phytochemical study of T. palmadora roots resulted in the isolation of 4 compounds, an ester derived from caffeic acid, 5- hydroxy-4 ', 7-dimethoxyflavone, vanillic acid and ethyl palmitate. It was observed that the values of the Lethal Concentration (LC50) of the extracts showed little significant activity (LC50> 1000 μg.mL-1). The extracts AcOEt, EtOH and Hex showed antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis. The EtOH extract showed the highest hemolytic activity. The antioxidant activity, as well as the capacity of sequestration of DPPH, the extract AcOEt obtained the best result, where in the concentration of 500 μg.mL-1 obtained an average of 76.44% and for the AAT, the extract AcOEt showed a better result, since the results were similar to the Quercetin standard. T.palmadora has been shown to be a promising species, due to the variety of isolated chemical compounds and important biological activities. Further chemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies should be done to promote knowledge about this plant. / Tacinga palmadora, pertencente à família Cactaceae, é uma planta conhecida popularmente como Palmatória, Palma ou Quipá. A T. palmadora é amplamente distribuída em áreas da Caatinga da região Nordeste do Brasil, sendo o chá de sua raiz utilizado popularmente no tratamento de problemas na uretra. O presente estudo teve por objetivo isolar compostos químicos dos extratos e fases obtidas, realizar a caracterização físico-química da droga vegetal, assim como investigar atividades biológicas das raizes da espécie T. palmadora. As raízes após coleta, passaram por processo de secagem e foram trituradas para a obtenção da droga vegetal. Foi realizada a caracterização físico-química da droga vegetal, para determinação da granulometria, densidade, teor de cinzas, teor de umidade, pH, microestrutura (Microscópia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Energia Dispersiva (EDS)), Espectroscopia na Região de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Análise termogravimétrica (TG) e Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA). Foi obtido da raiz da T.palmadora o Extrato Etanólico Bruto (EEB), o Extrato Hidroalcólico Nebulizado (EHAN) e os extatos e fases Hexânico (Hex), Diclorometano (CH2Cl2), Acetato de Etila (AcOEt) e Etanolólico (EtOH). Além disso, realizou-se o Screening fitoquímico qualitativo e quantitativo. O isolamento e a identificação dos compostos químicos foram realizados por métodos cromatográficos e espectroscópicos respectivamente. Realizou-se também a atividade toxicológica frente à Artemia salina, Determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) para bactérias e fungos, testes hemolíticos e atividade antioxidante, utilizando o método de Sequestro do radical DPPH (2,2 -difenil -1- picril –hidrazil), Atividade Antioxidante Total (AAT) e o método de Tiocianato Férrico. O pó foi classificado como semi-fino, de fácil escoamento, baixo teor de umidade e valor médio do pH de 5,58. Os dados obtidos pelo Screening fitoquímico qualitativo mostrou resultado positivo para alcaloides e esteroides/triterpenoides. A análise do TG da droga vegetal mostrou a ocorrência de três etapas de perda de massa. A análise da DTA mostrou dois eventos endotérmicos e um exotérmico. O estudo fitoquímico das raízes de T. palmadora resultou no isolamento de 4 compostos, um éster derivado do ácido caféico, a 5- hidroxi-4',7-dimetoxiflavona, o ácido vanílico e o palmitato de etila.Observou-se que os valores da Concentração Letal Média (CL50) dos extratos apresentaram atividade pouco significante (CL50> 1000 µg.mL^-1 ). Os extratos AcOEt, EtOH e Hex mostraram atividade antifúngica contra á C. albicans, C. krusei e C. tropicalis. O extrato EtOH foi a que apresentou melhor atividade hemolítica. A atividade antioxidante, quanto a capacidade de sequestro do DPPH, o extrato AcOEt obteve o melhor resultado, onde na concentração de 500 µg.mL^-1 obteve uma média de 76,44% e quanto a AAT, o extrato AcOEt mostrou um melhor resultado, visto que os resultados foram semelhantes ao padrão Quercetina. A T.palmadora demonstrou ser uma espécie promissora, pela variedade de compostos químicos isolados e por ter apresentado importantes atividades biológicas. Mais estudos químicos, farmacológicos e toxicológicos devem ser feitos a fim de promover o conhecimento acerca desta planta.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes nÃveis de xiquexique (0, 12, 24 e 36%) em substituiÃÃo ao feno de capim Tifton sobre o consumo de nutrientes, respostas fisiolÃgicas e o comportamento ingestivo de vacas em lactaÃÃo. Foram utilizadas oito vacas leiteiras mestiÃas plurÃparas, com aproximadamente 100 dias em lactaÃÃo, produÃÃo mÃdia de 15 kg de leite/dia e com peso corporal mÃdio de 465,20  39,37 kg. Os animais foram distribuÃdos em quadrado latino 4x4, duplo (4 perÃodos, 4 nÃveis de xiquexique e 8 animais). Cada perÃodo teve duraÃÃo de 16 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptaÃÃo e 6 dias de coleta de dados, totalizando 64 dias experimentais. A relaÃÃo volumoso:concentrado foi de 60:40, com base na matÃria seca (MS). O xiquexique foi colhido e transportado da caatinga, onde, diariamente foram queimados os espinhos com lanÃa-chamas a gÃs para posterior trituraÃÃo em mÃquina forrageira. O feno de capim Tifton foi cortado com aproximadamente 50 dias de idade. Na avaliaÃÃo do consumo de nutrientes, o consumo de MS e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) nas trÃs unidades analisadas (kg/dia, %PC e g/kg0,75), assim como, os consumos de matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), extrato etÃreo (EE) e carboidratos totais (CT) expressos em kg/dia, apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente com os nÃveis de xiquexique na raÃÃo. A produÃÃo de leite (kg/dia) decresceu, mas a eficiÃncia alimentar nÃo foi influenciada pela introduÃÃo do xiquexique na raÃÃo. O consumo de Ãgua via alimento (CAAlimento), expresso em kg/dia e %PC, aumentou linearmente com a elevaÃÃo da participaÃÃo do xiquexique na raÃÃo total, entretanto, houve reduÃÃo linear no consumo voluntÃrio de Ãgua (CAVoluntÃrio) expresso em kg/dia e %PC e ausÃncia de efeito sobre o consumo de Ãgua total (CATotal). A participaÃÃo do CAVoluntÃrio no CATotal reduziu linearmente com os nÃveis de xiquexique na raÃÃo. A frequÃncia respiratÃria, temperatura superficial e temperatura retal pela manhà nÃo foram influenciadas pelos nÃveis de xiquexique nas raÃÃes experimentais. Jà a temperatura retal à tarde foi reduzida com os nÃveis de xiquexique na raÃÃo. O tempo de alimentaÃÃo e ruminaÃÃo expressos em hora/dia e o tempo de mastigaÃÃo total diminuiram linearmente com os nÃveis crescentes de xiquexique nas raÃÃes experimentais. Consequentemente, houve aumento linear no tempo em Ãcio. Os nÃveis de xiquexique na raÃÃo de vacas leiteiras em lactaÃÃo nÃo influenciaram a eficiÃncia de alimentaÃÃo (EAL) e ruminaÃÃo (ERU), expressas em gMS/h, nÃmero de mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por bolo ruminal e tempo de mastigaÃÃes merÃcica por bolo ruminal. A EAL e ERU expressas em gFDN/h, o nÃmero de bolos ruminais por dia e nÃmero de mastigaÃÃes merÃcica por dia apresentaram efeito linear decrescente com a inclusÃo de xiquexique nas raÃÃes. O xiquexique pode ser utilizado na alimentaÃÃo de vacas em lactaÃÃo de mÃdia e baixa produÃÃo, pois promove reduÃÃo do consumo de nutrientes, produÃÃo de leite, consumo voluntÃrio de Ãgua e altera o comportamento ingestivo, sem alterar a eficiÃncia alimentar. / This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of xiquexique (0, 12, 24 and 36%) replacing Tifton hay on nutrient intake, feeding behavior and physiological responses of lactating dairy cows. Eight pluriparous crossbred cows, with approximately 100 lactation days, average production of 15 kg milk/day and average body weight of 465.20  39.37 kg were used. The animals were distributed in a 4x4 double latin square, (4 periods, 4 levels xiquexique and 8 animals). Each period lasted 16 days with 10 days of adaptation and 6 days of data collection, totaling 64 experimental days. The forage: concentrate ratio of 60:40, based on dry matter (DM). The xiquexique was collected and transported to the caatinga, with the thorns daily burned with flamethrowers to gas for subsequent grinding in machine for forage. The Tifton hay cut with approximately 50 days of age. In the assessment of nutrient intakes, the DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake in the three analyzed units (kg / day, g/kg0,75 and % PC), as well as the intake of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP ), ether extract (EE) and total carbohydrates (TC) expressed as kg/day, linearly decreased to the levels of xiquexique in the ration. Milk production (kg/day) decreased, but feed efficiency was not affected by the introduction of the xiquexique in the ration. The water intake through food (WIFood) expressed as kg/day and %BW increased linearly with increasing participation of xiquexique in the total ration, however, there was a linear reduction in voluntary intake of water (WIVoluntary) expressed in kg/day and %PC and no effect on the total water intake (WITotal). Participation in WITotal of WIVoluntary decreased linearly with xiquexique levels in the ration. The respiratory rate, surface temperature and rectal temperature in two shifts (morning and afternoon) were not influenced by the levels of xiquexique the experimental diets. Rectal temperature in the afternoon was reduced with the levels of xiquexique in the ration. The feeding time and rumination expressed in hours/day and the total chewing time decreased linearly with increasing levels of xiquexique in the experimental rations. Consequently, there was linear increase in time in idle. The xiquexique levels in the ration of lactating dairy cows did not affect the feed efficiency (EAL) and rumination (ERU) , expressed in gDM / h, number of chews per ruminal bolus and time of chews for ruminal bolus. The EAL and ERU expressed in gNDF / h, the number of ruminal bolus per day and number of chews per day showed decreasing linear effect with the inclusion of xiquexique in the rations. The xiquexique can be used as feed for dairy cows medium and low production, because it promotes reduction of nutrient intake, milk production, voluntary intake of water and alters feeding behavior without changing the feed efficiency.

Rare plant conservation efforts must utilize current genetic methods to ensure the evolutionary potential of populations is preserved. One such effort involves the Key Tree Cactus, Pilosocereus robinii, which is an endangered columnar cactus native to the Florida Keys. The populations have precipitously declined over the past decade because of habitat loss and increasing soil salinity from rising sea levels and storm surge. Next-generation DNA sequencing was used to assess the genetic structure of the populations. Twenty individuals representative of both wild and extirpated cacti were chosen for Restriction Site Associated DNA (RAD) analysis. Samples processed using the HindIII and NotIII restriction enzymes produced 82,382,440 high quality reads used for genetic mapping, from which 5,265 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were discovered. The analysis revealed that the Keys’ populations are closely related with little population differentiation. In addition, the populations display evidence of inbreeding and low genetic diversity.

No description available.

Cacti (Cactaceae) represent a family of highly specialized angiosperm plants with a native range of distribution restricted to the American continents. Columnar cacti of the sub-family Cactoideae evolved in adaptation to their arid or semi-arid habitats characteristics that distinguish them from most other dicot plants, e.g. the stem succulence with a strongly vascularized storage parenchyma and the presence of the spine wearing areoles. Although cacti have been in cultivation since the discovery of America, some studies even suggest the agricultural use in pre-colombian times, and many scientific investigations were carried out on the functional morphology and anatomy with regard to biomechanical adaptations of the found structures, no research focused on the branch-stem attachment. The most conspicuous features of such a ramification are the pronounced constrictions at the branch-stem junctions that are also present in the lignified vascular structures within the succulent cortex. Based on Finite Element Analyses of ramification models it could be demonstrated that these indentations in the region of high flexural and torsional stresses are not regions of structural weakness, e.g. allowing vegetative propagation. On the contrary, they can be regarded as anatomical adaptations to increase the stability by fine-tuning the stress state and stress directions in the junction along prevalent fiber directions. The development of the woody support structure within the succulent cortex of the parental shoot can be traced back to the leaf and bud traces of the dormant axillary buds. Surprisingly, these initials also develop into another woody structure supporting the flowers of the cacti. As these two support structures differ significantly in their macroscopic and microscopic anatomy and as they develop from the same initial state as leaf/bud traces, another objective of this work was to analyze the secondary growth of the two structures with traditional botanic investigation methods. The results of these investigations reveal a wood dimorphism consisting of an early parenchymatous phase followed later by fibrous wood in both kind of support structure. In vegetative branches, the woody support structures have the typical ringlike arrangement as found in the stele of the parental shoot, whereas the flower support structures have a reticular arrangement of interconnected woody strands. This fundamentally different anatomy of the support structures results from the formation of an interfascicular cambium between the leaf/bud traces when a vegetative branch forms or its absence in the case of a flower. After shedding light on the functional morphology and anatomy of the cactus ramification and their development the question arises if the found load adaptation strategies may serve to improve technical fiber composite structures analogue to the design recommendation developed from the biomechanical analyses of tree ramifications. Such a biomimetic transfer from the cactus ramification as biological role model to a technical implementation and the adaptation of the fine-tuned geometric shape and arrangement of lignified strengthening tissues might contribute to the development of alternative concepts for branched fiber-reinforced composite structures within a limited design space.

Cacti (Cactaceae) represent a family of highly specialized angiosperm plants with a native range of distribution restricted to the American continents. Columnar cacti of the sub-family Cactoideae evolved in adaptation to their arid or semi-arid habitats characteristics that distinguish them from most other dicot plants, e.g. the stem succulence with a strongly vascularized storage parenchyma and the presence of the spine wearing areoles. Although cacti have been in cultivation since the discovery of America, some studies even suggest the agricultural use in pre-colombian times, and many scientific investigations were carried out on the functional morphology and anatomy with regard to biomechanical adaptations of the found structures, no research focused on the branch-stem attachment. The most conspicuous features of such a ramification are the pronounced constrictions at the branch-stem junctions that are also present in the lignified vascular structures within the succulent cortex. Based on Finite Element Analyses of ramification models it could be demonstrated that these indentations in the region of high flexural and torsional stresses are not regions of structural weakness, e.g. allowing vegetative propagation. On the contrary, they can be regarded as anatomical adaptations to increase the stability by fine-tuning the stress state and stress directions in the junction along prevalent fiber directions. The development of the woody support structure within the succulent cortex of the parental shoot can be traced back to the leaf and bud traces of the dormant axillary buds. Surprisingly, these initials also develop into another woody structure supporting the flowers of the cacti. As these two support structures differ significantly in their macroscopic and microscopic anatomy and as they develop from the same initial state as leaf/bud traces, another objective of this work was to analyze the secondary growth of the two structures with traditional botanic investigation methods. The results of these investigations reveal a wood dimorphism consisting of an early parenchymatous phase followed later by fibrous wood in both kind of support structure. In vegetative branches, the woody support structures have the typical ringlike arrangement as found in the stele of the parental shoot, whereas the flower support structures have a reticular arrangement of interconnected woody strands. This fundamentally different anatomy of the support structures results from the formation of an interfascicular cambium between the leaf/bud traces when a vegetative branch forms or its absence in the case of a flower. After shedding light on the functional morphology and anatomy of the cactus ramification and their development the question arises if the found load adaptation strategies may serve to improve technical fiber composite structures analogue to the design recommendation developed from the biomechanical analyses of tree ramifications. Such a biomimetic transfer from the cactus ramification as biological role model to a technical implementation and the adaptation of the fine-tuned geometric shape and arrangement of lignified strengthening tissues might contribute to the development of alternative concepts for branched fiber-reinforced composite structures within a limited design space.