Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever e analisar, a partir das construções linguísticas usadas para marcar a introdução de um texto dissertativo-argumentativo, pela perspectiva da Gramaticalização e da Cognição, as categorias linguísticas mais frequentes. Para isso usamos um corpus que totaliza 1600 redações de vestibular da FUVEST (Fundação para o vestibular USP), produzidas no período de 2004 a 2011, sendo 50% delas as melhores e as outras 50% as piores consideradas pela banca corretora. Teoricamente, fundamentamos esta pesquisa nos estudos sobre Cognição, a partir de Tomasello (2003), Damásio (2011), Del Nero (1997) e sobre Gramaticalização Heine, Claudi e Hünnemeyer (1991), Bybee (2010). Todo o material analisado teve tratamento quantitativo e qualitativo e chegou-se à determinação de que a categoria espaço é a categoria cognitiva mais frequente na defesa de uma tese e difere da categoria lugar. Foi possível, assim, constatar que espaço, embora em vários contextos seja utilizado como sinônimo de lugar, sob o ponto de vista linguístico-cognitivo lugar tem caráter mais concreto, por determinar localização física, enquanto espaço situa-se mais à direita do continuum das categorias cognitivas propostas por Heine, Claudi e Hünnemeyer (1991), após a categoria tempo, apontando para maior grau de abstração metafórica. Pudemos evidenciar que o processamento cognitivo para a produção textual envolve vários fatores mentais como o protosself (condição básica ao indivíduo), self central (todo o conhecimento adquirido) e self autobiográfico (a forma de externalizar o conhecimento adquirido em texto escrito). Destacamos também, a forma como o candidato começa uma dissertação, procurando criar um espaço conjunto de atenção, que é resultado de todos esses selves trabalhando juntos para a (inter)subjetividade materializada via categorias cognitivas. / This research has as aim to describe and analyze, from the linguistic constructs used to mark the introduction of a argumentative essay text, from the perspective of Grammaticalization and Cognition, the most frequent linguistic categories . So we use a corpus of essays totaling 1600 entrance FUVEST exam (Foundation for the exam - USP) , produced in the period 2004-2011 , 50% of them the best and the other 50% considered the worst by the examining board. Theoretically this research is based on studies about Cognition, from Tomasello (2003), Damasio (2011), and Del Nero (1997), about Grammaticalization, the bases are Heine, Claudi and Hünnemeyer (1991) , and Bybee (2010). All analyzed material had quantitative and qualitative treatment, from this was found a determination that the space category is the most frequent cognitive category in the defense of a thesis and differs from place category. It was thus possible to observe that space, although in various contexts is used as a synonym of place, from the linguistic-cognitive point of view place has more concrete aspect, for determining physical location, while space is located more to the right cognitive categories continuum proposed by Heine, Claudi and Hünnemeyer (1991), after the time category, pointing to a higher degree of metaphorical abstraction. We found that the cognitive processing for text production involves several factors such as mental protosself (basic condition to the individual), core self (all acquired knowledge) and autobiographical self (how to externalize the knowledge acquired in the written text). We also note how the candidate begins an essay, trying to create a space set of attention, which is a result of all these selves working together for the (inter) subjectivity materialized via cognitive categories.

Com maior acesso à informação, disponível em múltiplos meios de comunicação, o comportamento do consumidor vem sofrendo uma acelerada transformação. O cliente, neste trabalho denominado de shopper, que realiza compras em um ponto de venda, está cada vez mais consciente e exigente com relação a o quê, quando, como e onde comprar. Diante deste desafio, a presente dissertação se propõe a definir um sequenciamento de etapas e ferramentas para operacionalização do gerenciamento por categorias (GC) em varejos de pequeno e médio porte, de forma a auxiliar o gestor no processo de tomada de decisão, visando atender às necessidades dos seus clientes. Desta forma, primeiramente, foi desenvolvido e aplicado um método para a identificação e priorização de atributos de compra que influenciam o shopper. Com base nestes atributos, em um segundo momento, foi desenvolvida uma sistemática para implantação de GC em varejo de pequeno e médio portes. Esta sistemática está baseada em um conjunto de ferramentas e de indicadores de desempenho que permitem às organizações melhorar a gestão dos seus departamentos. Por fim, a sistemática foi aplicada a um supermercado de médio porte, em seu departamento de hortifrutigranjeiros, sendo apresentados os resultados oriundos desta aplicação. / Considering the easier access to information, available in different types of media, the customer’s behavior is changing and very fast. The customer, so called shopper, who makes purchases in a selling point, is increasingly aware of what, when, how and where to buy things. Based on this challenge, this thesis aims to define a sequence of steps and tools for implementation of category management (CM) in small and medium-sized retailers, to help managers in the decision-making process, to meet the customer needs. Thus, first, it has developed and implemented a method for identification and prioritization of purchase attributes which influence the shopper. Based on these attributes, in a second moment, it was developed a systematic of CM applied to small and medium-sized retail. This systematic is based on a set of tools and performance indicators that enable organizations to improve their departments’ management. In the end, the systematic developed was applied to a medium-sized supermarket, in their fresh produce department, and the results arising from this application were presented.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-26T19:19:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Douglas Mena do Couto.pdf: 606195 bytes, checksum: fa7a8535b5076ea8a9110160998332f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T19:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Douglas Mena do Couto.pdf: 606195 bytes, checksum: fa7a8535b5076ea8a9110160998332f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / CAPES / The research was conducted at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, located in the municipality of Serop?dica, state of Rio de Janeiro. We used 26 animals with 9 males entires, 9 castrated and 8 females aged 5 months and every breed. The animals received the same diet ad libitum, with 11% crude protein, 3.2 Mcal of metabolizable energy and 0.8 kg of dry matter meeting the nutrient requirements recommended by NRC (1981) for average daily gain of 0, 1 Kg morphometric measurements were carried out fortnightly in the morning before feeding, with the aid of tape being checked: withers height (WH), hip height (HH), heart girth (HG), perimeter barrel (PB), body length (BL), rump length (RL), chest width (CW) and rump width (RW). The evaluations of the body condition of the animals were done in prior to the slaughter. The procedures were performed by three examiners, who established score ranging from 1 to 5, according to visual observation and tactile regions rib, back and sternum, based on the degree of fat deposition and muscle development. As the largest increase in these tissues the body condition score. The goats were fasted solids for 14 hours before slaughter, and weighed (final weight - FH) immediately before. The morphometric measurements of carcass were: internal carcass length (CL), leg length (LL) and cushion thickness (CT) were obtained with the aid of tape and compass, in the case of the last measurement. There was not difference between groups, but the largest absolute values were found for bulls, steers and females respectively. This fact can be explained by the action of testosterone in whole animals, but as they were still in the onset of puberty may not have been enough for the secondary sex characteristics to excel. Goats breed is an alternative to meat production in intensive farming systems. The choice between the sexes to be created will depend on the infrastructure of the breeding, management and marketing to be stocked. / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as medidas morfofuncionais, caracter?sticas de carca?a e a composi??o centesimal da carne de cabritos machos inteiros, machos castrados e f?meas. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Instituto de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, localizado no munic?pio de Serop?dica, estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizados 26 animais sendo 9 machos inteiros, 9 machos castrados e 8 f?meas com idade de 5 meses e todos sem ra?a definida. Os animais receberam a mesma dieta, ? vontade, com 11% de prote?na bruta, 3,2 Mcal de energia metaboliz?vel e 0,8Kg de mat?ria seca atendendo as exig?ncias nutricionais recomendadas pelo NRC (1987) para o ganho de peso di?rio de 0,1 Kg. As pesagens foram realizadas quinzenalmente e as medi??es morfofuncionais tomadas no dia anterior ao abate, pela manh?, antes do arra?oamento, com o aux?lio de fita m?trica, sendo verificadas: altura de cernelha (AC), altura de garupa (AG), per?metro tor?cico (PT), per?metro de barril (PB), comprimento corporal (CC), comprimento de garupa (CG), largura de peito (LP) e largura de garupa (LG). As avalia??es da condi??o corporal dos animais foram feitas no dia anterior ao do abate. Os procedimentos foram executados por tr?s avaliadores, os quais estabeleceram pontua??o variando de 1 a 5, de acordo com observa??o visual e t?til das regi?es de lombo e esterno, com base no grau de deposi??o de gordura e desenvolvimento muscular. Conforme o aumento destes tecidos, maior o escore da condi??o corporal. Os cabritos foram submetidos a jejum de s?lidos por 14 horas antes do abate, e pesados (peso ao abate ? PA) imediatamente antes. As medidas morfofuncionais da carca?a foram: comprimento interno da carca?a (CIC), comprimento de perna (CP) e espessura de cox?o (EC) que foram obtidas com o aux?lio de fita m?trica e compasso, no caso da ?ltima mensura??o. N?o houve diferen?a entre os grupos estudados, por?m os maiores valores absolutos foram encontrados para os machos inteiros, castrados e f?meas respectivamente. Este fato pode ser explicado pela a??o da testosterona nos animais inteiros, mas como estavam ainda no in?cio da puberdade pode n?o ter sido suficiente para que as caracter?sticas sexuais secund?rias se destacassem. Cabritos de diferentes condi??es sexuais s?o alternativa para a produ??o de carne em sistemas de cria??o intensivos. A escolha entre os sexos a serem criados depender? da infraestrutura do criat?rio, manejo e mercado a ser abastecido.

This thesis studies some constructions for building new models of Martin-Löf type theory out of old. We refer to the main techniques as gluing and idempotent splitting. For each we give general conditions under which type constructors exist in the resulting model. These techniques are used to construct some examples of Dialectica models of type theory. The name is chosen by analogy with de Paiva's Dialectica categories, which semantically embody Gödel's Dialectica functional interpretation and its variants. This continues a programme initiated by von Glehn with the construction of the polynomial model of type theory. We complete the analogy between this model and Gödel's original Dialectica by using our techniques to construct a two-level version of this model, equipping the original objects with an extra layer of predicates. In order to do this we have to carefully build up the theory of finite sum types in a display map category. We construct two other notable models. The first is a model analogous to the Diller-Nahm variant, which requires a detailed study of biproducts in categories of algebras. To make clear the generalization from the categories studied by de Paiva, we illustrate the construction of the Diller-Nahm category in terms of gluing an indexed system of types together with a system of predicates. Following this we develop the general techniques needed for the type-theoretic case. The second notable model is analogous to the Dialectica category associated to the error monad as studied by Biering. This model has only weak dependent products. In order to get a model with full dependent products we use the idempotent splitting construction, which generalizes the Karoubi envelope of a category. Making sense of the Karoubi envelope in the type-theoretic case requires us to face up to issues of coherence in our models. We choose the route of making sure all of the constructions we use preserve strict coherence, rather than applying a general coherence theorem to produce a strict model afterwards. Our chosen method preserves more detailed information in the final model.

The assumption in economics of a representative agent is often made. However, it is a very rigid assumption. Hall and Jones (2004b) presented an economic model that essentially provided for a representative agent for each age group in determining the group's health level function. Our work seeks to extend their theoretical version of the model by allowing for two representative agents for each age—one for each of “Healthy” and “Sick” risk-factor groups—to allow for additional heterogeneity in the populace. The approach to include even more risk-factor groups is also briefly discussed. While our “extended” theoretical model is not applied directly to relevant data, several techniques that could be applicable were the relevant data to be obtained are demonstrated on other data sets. This includes examples of using linear classification, fitting baseline-category logit models, and running the genetic algorithm.

Neste trabalho estabelecemos uma base teórica para a construção de uma teoria de rep- resentação de lógicas proposicionais. Iniciamos identificando uma relação precisa entre a categoria das lógicas (Blok-Pigozzi) algebrizáveis e a categoria de suas classes de álgebras associadas. Assim obtemos codificações funtoriais para as equipolências e morfismos den- sos entre lógicas. Na tentativa de generalizar os resultados obtidos sobre a codificação dos morfismos entre lógicas algebrizáveis, introduzimos a noção de funtor filtro e sua lógica asso- ciada. Classificamos alguns tipos especiais de lógicas e um estudo da propriedade metalógica de interpolação de Craig via amalgamação em matrizes para lógicas não-protoalgebrizáveis, e estabelecemos a relação entre a categoria dos funtores filtros e a categoria de lógicas. Em seguida, empregamos noções da teoria das instituições para definir instituições para as lógicas proposicionais abstratas, para uma lógica algebrizável e para uma lógica Lindenbaum alge- brizável. Sobre a instituição das lógicas algebrizáveis (lógicas Lindenbaum algebrizáveis), estabelecemos uma versão abstrata do Teorema de Glivenko e que é exatamente o tradi- cional teorema de Glivenko quando aplicado entre a lógica clássica e intuicionista. Por fim, influenciado pela teoria de representação para anéis, apresentamos os primeiros passos da teoria de representação de lógicas. Introduzimos as definições de diagramas modelos à esquerda para uma lógica, Morita equivalência e Morita equivalência estável para lógicas. Mostramos que quaisquer representações para lógica clássica são estavelmente Morita equiv- alentes, entretanto a lógica clássica e intuicionista não são estavelmente Morita equivalentes. / In this work we provide a framework in order to build a representation theory of proposi- tional logics. We begin identifying a precise relation between the category of (Blok-Pigozzi) algebraizable logic and the category of their classes of associated algebras. Then, we have a functorial codification for the equipollence and dense morphisms between logics. Attempt- ing generalize the results found before about codification of morphisms among algebraizable logics, we introduce the notion of filter functor and its associated logic. We classify some special kinds of logics and a study of a meta-logical Craig interpolation property via matri- ces amalgamation for non-protoalgebraizable logics, and we establish a relation between the category of filter functors and the category of logics. In the sequel, we employ notions of institution theory to define the institutions for the abstract propositional logics, for an al- gebraizable logic and Lindenbaum algebraizable logic. On the institutions for algebraizable logics (Lindenbaum algebraizable logics), we introduce the abstract Glivenkos theorem and this notion is exactly the traditional Glivenkos theorem when applied between the classical logic and intuitionistic logic. At last, influenced by the representation theory of rings, we present the first steps on the representation theory of logics. We introduce the definition of left diagram model for a logic, Morita equivalence of logics and stably-Morita equivalence for logics. We have showed that any presentation for classical logic are stably-Morita equivalent, but the classical logic and intuitionistic logic are not stably-Morita equivalent.

Från och med hösten 2018 blev programmering en obligatorisk del av matematikundervisningen.Som framtida lärare är det intressant att få inblick i hur implementeringen av programmering harlandat i skolan efter att det har funnits som centralt innehåll i matematikämnet. Syftet med studienvar att skapa förståelse för vilken kunskap inom programmering lärare har visat och undersöka hurderas kunskap inom programmering har påverkat deras implementering av verktyget. Datan somhar analyserats och kategoriserats i studien har plockats fram från sju semistrukturerade intervjuer.Verktyget som användes vid analys och kategorisering var Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching.Resultatet visade att lärarna med lägre grad av programmeringskunskap visade också på en lägregrad av implementering av programmering i matematikundervisning. Slutsatsen som kunde dras varatt ämneskunskap inom programmering var avgörande oavsett vilken kunskapskategori det gällde.Andra slutsatser som kunde dras var att lärarlaget hade påverkan gällande lärares implementeringav verktyget och att det krävdes kunskaper utöver ämneskunskap i programmering för attimplementera verktyget i högre utsträckning. / Since fall 2018, programming has been a mandatory part of mathematics classes in Sweden. As afuture teacher I have found it interesting to see how far the implementation process of programmingas part of mathematics has proceeded. The purpose of this essay/thesis is to provide a betterunderstanding of – to what extent the teachers knowledge within programming have affected theimplementation of programming within their mathematics classes as well as to highlight whatdevelopment of programming capabilities/skills can be observed a year after the implementation.The study conducted semi-structured interviews with seven teachers, the data provided was lateranalyzed and categorized using the Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching approach. The resultsshows that teachers with lesser knowledge of programming also showed a lower degree ofimplementation of programming in their math classes. Hence the conclusion can be drawn that –knowledge within the specific topic is one determining factor of to what extent a successfulimplementation can be expected. Further conclusions entail that the teachers team had significantinfluence over the teachers implementation of the tool and that genuine knowledge within the fieldwas required for a successful/satisfying implementation.

<p>The general aim of the thesis is to answer questions on general and differential aspects of perceived exertion and on the measurement of its intensity variation. Overall perceived exertion is commonly treated as a unidemensional construct. This thesis also explores its multidimensional character. Four empirical studies are summarized (Study I-IV). Psychophysical power functions of perceived exertion obtained with the new improved Borg CR100 (centiMax) scale were found to be consistent with results obtained with absolute magnitude estimation, and with the classical Borg CR10 and RPE scales. Women gave significantly higher perceived exertion scale values than men for the same levels of workload on a bicycle ergometer. This agrees with the fact that they were physically less strong than men. With regard to the measurement of “absolute” levels of intensity, RPE- and CR-scale values were validated by physiological measurements of heart rate and blood lactate. Predicted values of maximal individual performance obtained from psychophysical functions agreed well with actual maximal performance on the bicycle ergometer. This confirms the validity of the RPE and CR scales for measuring perceptual intensity and their value for interindividual comparisons. To study the multidimensional character of perceived exertion, 18 symptoms were measured with a CR scale: in a questionnaire, and in bicycle ergometer work tests. Five factors were extracted for the questionnaire: (1) Muscles and joints; (2) Perceived exertion; (3) Annoyance/lack of motivation; (4) Head/stomach symptoms; and (5) Cardiopulmonary symptoms. Four factors were extracted for the bicycle max test: (1) Physical distress; (2) Central perceived exertion; (3) Annoyance/lack of motivation; (4) Local perceived exertion. The questionnaire is suggested for clinical use to let patients express a variety of symptoms. The thesis also resulted in improvements of the Borg CR100 scale. An extended use of the scale is recommended.</p>

Outils Génériques de Modélisation et de Démonstration pour la Formalisation des Mathématiques en Théorie des Types. Application à la Théorie des Catégories.

<p>In this thesis we investigate two operational models of name-passing calculi: one based on coalgebra, and one based on enriched automata. We develop a semantic framework for modelling the open bisimulation in <i>π</i>-calculus, hyperbisimulation in Fusion calculus, and the first semantic interpretation of <i>FOλ</i>⁽<i>nabla</i>⁾ logic.</p><p>We consider a category theoretic model where both “variables” and “names”, usually viewed as separate notions, are particular cases of the more general notion of <i>atoms</i>. The key aspect of this model is to consider functors over the category of irreflexive and symmetric finite relations. The models previously proposed for the separate notions of “variables” and “names” embed faithfully in the new one, and initial algebra/final coalgebra constructions can be transferred from the formers to the latter.</p><p>Moreover, the new model admits a definition of <i>distinction-aware</i> simultaneous substitutions. As a substantial application example, we give the first semantic interpretation of Miller-Tiu's <i>FOλ</i>⁽<i>nabla</i>⁾ logic. <i>FOλ</i>⁽<i>nabla</i>⁾ logic is designed for reasoning about operational semantics of languages with binding.</p><p>On the operational level, a contribution of the thesis is to extend an automata-based model for a variety of name-passing calculi with their associated notion of equivalence. HD-automata, a syntax-independent operational model, has been successfully applied for modelling e.g. early and late bisimulation in <i>π</i>-calculus and hyperbisimulation in Fusion calculus. However, current HD-automata are not adequate for modelling open bisimulation because they can not handle distinction-preserving substitutions. We solve this technical problem by integrating the notion of distinction into the definition of named sets, the basic building blocks of HD-automata. Finally, we discuss the relationship between HD-automata with distinctions, and <b>D</b>-LTS. </p>