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Alors que les premières formes de vie sont apparues dans les océans il y a près de 4 milliards d'années, les premières espèces terrestres remontent seulement à 400 millions d'années. Malgré cela, les substances naturelles d'origine marine ne représentent que 10% de l'ensemble des molécules isolées à ce jour à partir d'organismes vivants. Ces composés chimiques sont pourtant très spécifiques du fait des particularités du Monde Marin. Au sein des organismes qui les biosynthétisent, ils peuvent notamment intervenir dans la défense chimique contre les parasites et les autres compétiteurs. Ces molécules apparaissent donc comme des alternatives potentielles aux oxydes du tributylétain (TBTO) présents dans les revêtements antifouling et interdits depuis 2008 en raison de leur toxicité. Dans ce contexte et dans le cadre d'un partenariat avec le Parc national de Port-Cros, l'étude de la composition chimique de plusieurs organismes marins méditerranéens, des algues vertes (Caulerpa taxifolia) et brunes (Dictyota sp., Dictyota dichotoma, Cystoseira foeniculacea) ainsi que des bryozoaires, a été entreprise. Ces travaux ont permis l'isolement et la caractérisation structurale d'une vingtaine de métabolites secondaires (dérivés terpéniques et lipidiques, stérols), parmi lesquels huit sont originaux. L'identification de l'ensemble de ces molécules a été réalisée par le biais de l'utilisation de différentes méthodes spectroscopiques (RMN 1D et 2D, SM-HR) et la stéréochimie de certaines d'entre-elles a été établie par RMN (expérience NOESY 1H-1H) et modélisation moléculaire. Des corrections de données spectrales ont été également proposées pour cinq composés connus. Par ailleurs, l'activité anti-adhésion de plusieurs métabolites issus d'algues a été évaluée vis-à-vis d'un biofilm bactérien marin (Pseudoalteromonas sp.) afin de déterminer leur potentiel en tant qu'agents antifouling : plusieurs de ces composés présente une activité intéressante (CE50 = 30 μM), certes inférieure à celle du TBTO (CE50 = 10 μM), mais largement supérieure à celles de co-biocides utilisés actuellement. Parallèlement à ces travaux, l'analyse des variations temporelles et spatiales de l'expression métabolique de certaines des espèces étudiées a été réalisée à des fins écologiques. D'une part, les extraits mensuels de C. taxifolia présentent généralement une activité anti-adhésion importante quand le taux de caulerpényne dans l'extrait est élevé. D'autre part, d'importantes fluctuations ont notamment été observées dans la composition chimique des bryozoaires Myriapora truncata et Pentapora fascialis en fonction de leur lieu de récolte.

Caulerpa taxifolia is a marine alga notorious for its introduction and subsequent colonization of the Mediterranean Sea. It is recognized as one of the 100 worst invasive species, and it is suggested that much of its expansion may have been at the expense of native seagrass beds. To date, the bulk of research on C. taxifolia has centred on quantifying expansion and methods of eradication. There are few quantitative data on the relationship between C. taxifolia growth and environmental characteristics (e.g. light, temperature, nutrients). Furthermore, once C. taxifolia has been introduced to a system it is exceptionally difficult and expensive to eradicate. Accordingly the implications, both positive and negative, of this new habitat type must be considered in the context of the new habitat mosaic into which it fits. Australia is unique in that it has both native and invasive populations of C. taxifolia. These populations offer not only an opportunity to examine the dynamics of C. taxifolia beds and their associated communities at different latitudes and temperature and light regimes, but especially in the context of a high diversity marine coastal environment. The objectives of this thesis were to use native (Moreton Bay, Queensland) and invasive (Pittwater, New South Wales and Port River, South Australia) populations of C. taxifolia to: 1) quantify the relationship between environmental drivers (light, temperature, nutrients) and C. taxifolia growth, and 2) examine differences in habitat use and function between seagrass, C. taxifolia, unvegetated substrate. Most of the locations in Australia where large C. taxifolia beds occur are adjacent to urban areas that have a degraded water quality. Manipulative experiments in Moreton Bay demonstrated that nutrients stimulate C. taxifolia growth, however, light availability and seasonality appear to influence the response of C. taxifolia growth to nutrients. Short-term manipulative experiments were conducted across a range of seasons and locations, to capture the effects of temperature on growth. Temperature was the dominant factor affecting rate of stolon extension in both native and invasive locations. Colonization potential of C. taxifolia appears to be driven by ambient water quality (light and nutrients) and bed expansion is driven by temperature in systems where nutrients are saturating. Epifaunal communities sampled by beam trawl were dominated by the families Palaeomonidae, Terapontidae, Scorpaenidae, Monacanthidae, Syngnathidae, Gobiidae, and were largely similar between seagrasses and C. taxifolia; however, syngnathids were absent from C. taxifolia beds. I examined habitat use patterns between seagrass (Zostera muelleri), C. taxifolia, and unvegetated substrate. Fish preferred seagrass to C. taxifolia; however, in the absence of a seagrass fish used C. taxifolia. While C. taxifolia may have similar structural benefits to some seagrasses, there are fewer food resources available within C. taxifolia beds. Furthermore, grazing may be limited to a few specialist grazers. Within the habitat mosaic, C. taxifolia will provide some benefit over an unvegetated substrate; however, that benefit might mask losses in system quality or resilience by decreasing the threshold level for change within the community. Therefore, should a perturbation occur (e.g. sudden drop in water temperature, filamentous algal bloom) a system comprised solely of seagrass could withstand such stress; however, a habitat mosaic of seagrass and C. taxifolia could have a rapid and dramatic loss in its ability to sustain a diverse faunal community. Ultimately, it is most important to protect the system from anthropogenic degradation so it is more resilient to environmental changes.

Submitted by Automação e Estatística (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-07-30T20:49:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarianaSantanaSantosPereiraDaCosta_TESE.pdf: 2604285 bytes, checksum: 563b33c5f5f7b6ae4ce07fe8a3655789 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-07-30T20:58:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MarianaSantanaSantosPereiraDaCosta_TESE.pdf: 2604285 bytes, checksum: 563b33c5f5f7b6ae4ce07fe8a3655789 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T20:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarianaSantanaSantosPereiraDaCosta_TESE.pdf: 2604285 bytes, checksum: 563b33c5f5f7b6ae4ce07fe8a3655789 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Polissacarídeos de algas podem ter sua síntese, sua estrutura e propriedades farmacológicas modificadas devido a alterações de fatores ambientais. Contudo, poucas algas já foram analisadas com essa ótica. A alga verde C. cupressoides var. flabellata Børgesen é uma alga abundante na costa do Rio Grande do Norte e já foi demostrado que esta alga coletada na mesma época, mas em praias com grau de salinidade diferentes, sintetizava polissacarídeos sulfatados (PS) com propriedades diferentes, inclusive atividade anticoagulante. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente foi avaliar a influência do período de coleta e de parâmetros ambientais na composição química e atividade anticoagulante de PS obtidos de algas verdes do litoral potiguar, bem como obter e avaliar o potencial anticoagulante de PS purificados da alga C. cupressoides. Inicialmente, foram obtidos extratos ricos em polissacarídeos sulfatados (ERPS), por proteólise seguido por precipitação com metanol, da alga C. cupressoides coletada mensalmente, durante um ano na praia de Búzios, Nísia Floresta/RN. Observou-se que havia variações no rendimento da extração, composição química e atividade anticoagulante dos ERPS da C. cupressoides de acordo com o mês de coleta, sendo o mês de março aquele em que se obteve ERPS com maior potencial anticoagulante, vale salientar que esta atividade foi maior que a do Clexane®, uma heparina de baixo peso molecular comercial. Ao se analisar a influência de fatores ambientais do local de coleta no rendimento, composição química e atividade anticoagulante observou-se que existe uma correlação positiva significativa (p < 0,05) entre o rendimento da extração dos ERPS e a salinidade da água do mar e a insolação; para a quantidade de sulfato observou-se uma correlação negativa significativa (p < 0,05) com a salinidade da água do mar. Já a quantidade de açúcares totais teve uma correlação negativa significativa (p < 0,05) com: sólidos totais, sódio, cloreto e insolação. Como o mês de março foi o mês com ERPS com maior potencial anticoagulante, resolveu-se purificar, caracterizar e avaliar o potencial anticoagulante de PS extraídos neste mês. Após proteólise e fracionamento com volumes crescentes de acetona obteve-se quatro frações polissacarídicas da C. cupressoides (CCB-0.3, CCB-0.5, CCB-1.0 e CCB-2.0), como a CCB-0.5 apresentou maior atividade anticoagulante, esta foi submetida a cromatografia de troca-iônica e eluída em duas novas frações (FI e FII), após eletroforese em gel de agarose, coloração da lâmina com azul de toluidina e descoloração, observou-se o aparecimento de uma única banda em ambas as subfrações, o que indica a presença de uma única população de PS, o que permite inferir que estes PS foram purificados. Análises por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) indicam que os PS FI e FII tratam-se de glucogalactanas. Estas glucogalactnas sulfatadas exibiram atividade anticoagulante pela via intrínseca (teste de aPTT), pela via extrínseca (teste PT) e pela via comum (teste TT) da cascata de coagulação. Um resultado interessante foi que a atividade no teste de aPTT das glucogalactanas sulfatadas foi similiar a atividade do Clexane®. Além disso, estes PS foram capazes de inibir parcialmente a trombina. Isto é indicativo que os PS da C. cupressoides podem estar agindo em diversas proteases da cascata de coagulação. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para explicar detalhadamente quais os alvos de ação destes polímeros. Por fim, analisou-se a influência do período de coleta e de fatores ambientais em ERPS de outras algas verdes do litoral do RN (Caulerpa prolifera, Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis, Caulerpa sertularioides e Codium isthmocladum) coletadas também mensalmente, durante um ano na praia de Búzios, Nísia Floresta/RN; e observou-se que, da mesma forma da C. cupressoides, houve variações no rendimento, composição química e atividade anticoagulante para os ERPS algas verdes C. prolifera, C. racemosa, C. sertularioides e C. isthmocladum. No entanto, um fato interessante é que cada alga responde de forma diferente as condições ambientais do local de coleta. Estes dados indicam que dependendo do período do ano que a alga é coletada, os PS extraídos destas espécies de algas podem ter suas estruturas químicas afetadas e, consequentemente, suas atividades biológicas poderão ser distintas. Estes tipos de estudos levam ao esclarecimento de quais seriam as melhores condições para se obter o PS com as características estruturais e biológicas de interesse, o que é fundamental para o uso destes polímeros na indústria. / Polysaccharides of seaweeds can have their synthesis, structure and pharmacological properties modified due to changes in environmental factors. But few algae have been analyzed in this light. The green seaweed C. cupressoides var. flabellata Børgesen is an abundant alga in the coast of Rio Grande do Norte and it was already shown that this seaweed collected at the same time in beaches with different degree of salinity synthesized sulfated polysaccharides (PS) with different properties, including anticoagulant activity. Therefore the objective of this study was to obtain and characterize PS of green seaweed of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte evaluating the influence of the collection period and environmental parameters in the chemical composition and anticoagulant activity of PS as well as purify, characterize and evaluate the anticoagulant potential of at least one PS of the seaweed C. cupressoides. Initially, extracts rich in sulfated polysaccharides (ERPS) were obtained by proteolysis followed by precipitation with methanol of the seaweed C. cupressoides collected monthly for one year on the beach in Búzios, Nísia Floresta/RN. It was noted that there were variations in performance of extraction, chemical composition and anticoagulant activity of ERPS C. cupressoides according to the month of collection, with the month of March being the one in which they obtained more anticoagulant potential of ERPS. It is worth noting that this activity was greater than that of Clexane®, a low molecular weight commercial heparin. When analyzing the influence of environmental factors in the collection site in regards to performance, chemical composition and anticoagulant activity it has been observed that there is a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the performance of the extraction of ERPS and salinity of sea water and insolation; for the amount of sulfate it was observed a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) with the salinity of the seawater. The amount of total sugars had a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) with: total solids, sodium, chloride and insolation. Since the month of March was the month with ERPS with more anticoagulant potential, it was decided to purify, characterize and evaluate the PS anticoagulant potential extracted on that month. After proteolysis and fractionation with increasing volumes of acetone four fractions of polysaccharide C. cupressoides (CCB-0.3, CCB-0.5, CCB-1.0 e CCB2.0) were obtained. Since the CCB-0.5 had higher anticoagulant activity, it was submitted to a chromatography ion-exchange column and eluted in two new fractions (FI and FII) after agarose gel electrophoresis, slide staining with toluidine blue and discoloration it was observed the appearance of a single band on both SP which indicates the presence of a single population of PS, which allows inferring that these PS were purified. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicate that SP FI and FII are glucogalactanas. These sulfated glucogalactans exhibited by the intrinsic pathway anticoagulant activity (APTT assay) the extrinsic pathway (PT test) and common pathway (TT test) of the coagulation cascade. An interesting result was that activity in the aPTT test of sulfated glucogalactans was similiar activity of Clexane®. In addition, these PS were able to partially inhibit thrombin. This is an indicative that the PS C. cupressoides may be acting on various proteases of the coagulation cascade. But more studies are needed to explain in detail which are the targets of action of these polymers. Finally, we analyzed the influence of the period of collection and environmental factors in ERPS of other green seaweeds RN coast (Caulerpa prolifera, Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis, Caulerpa sertularioides and Codium isthmocladum) also collected monthly for one year on the beach of Búzios, Nísia Floresta/RN; and it was observed that, like the C. cupressoides, there were variations in the performance, chemical composition and anticoagulant activity for ERPs green seaweeds C. prolifera, C. racemosa, C. sertularioides and C. isthmocladum. However, an interesting fact is that each alga responds differently to environmental conditions of the collection site. These data indicate that depending on the time of the year that the algae are collected, the PS extracted from these species of algae may have their chemical structures affected hence its biological activity may be different. These types of studies lead to the clarification of which would be the best conditions to obtain the PS with the structural and biological characteristics of interest, which is essential for the use of these polymers in the industry.

Biological invasions threaten the ecological integrity of natural ecosystems. Anthropogenic introductions of non-native species can displace native flora and fauna, altering community compositions and disrupting ecosystem services. One often-overlooked vector for such introductions is the release of aquarium organisms into aquatic ecosystems. Following detrimental aquarium-release invasions by the "killer alga" Caulerpa taxifolia, aquarium hobbyists and professions began promoting the use of other genera of macroalgae as "safe" alternatives. The most popular of these marine aquarium macroalgae, the genus Chaetomorpha, is analyzed here for invasion risk. Mitigation strategies are also evaluated. I found that the propensity for reproduction by vegetative fragmentation displayed by aquarium strains of Chaetomorpha poses a significant invasion threat—fragments of aquarium Chaetomorpha are able to survive from sizes as small as 0.5 mm in length, or one intact, live cell. Fragments of this size and larger are generated in large quantities in online and retail purchases of Chaetomorpha, and introduction of these fragments would likely result in viable individuals for establishment in a variety of geographic and seasonal environmental conditions. Mitigation of invasion risk was assessed in two ways—rapid response to a potential introduction by chemical eradication and prevention through safe hobbyist disposal. I tested the effectiveness of five chemicals used as algicides and found that acetic acid was highly effective at limiting survival and growth of aquarium Chaetomorpha. Chlorine bleach, copper sulfate and rock salt were effective at limiting growth but were inconsistent or ineffective in reducing survival of algal fragments. The algicide Sonar limited neither survival nor growth. If aquarium strains of iii Chaetomorpha are released, chemical eradication presents a viable management strategy, particularly through the use of acetic acid. A more cost-effective strategy, however, would be preventing introductions; thus safe alternatives to release were determined for hobbyist disposal of unwanted or excess aquarium Chaetomorpha. Here I present the minimum exposure durations necessary to induce full mortality of aquarium Chaetomorpha through boiling, microwaving, freezing, desiccation and exposure to freshwater. Hobbyist disposal by any of these methods would constitute safe alternatives to introduction of the alga into natural environments. Such preventative measures will inform outreach campaigns in order to limit the potential for aquarium-release introduction.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-12-04T21:15:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AngelicaFernandesGurgelDeSousa_DISSERT.pdf: 4154120 bytes, checksum: 9b7e3179ef04b1aafa2fdd770a6124d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-08T23:03:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AngelicaFernandesGurgelDeSousa_DISSERT.pdf: 4154120 bytes, checksum: 9b7e3179ef04b1aafa2fdd770a6124d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-08T23:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AngelicaFernandesGurgelDeSousa_DISSERT.pdf: 4154120 bytes, checksum: 9b7e3179ef04b1aafa2fdd770a6124d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / Os problemas relacionados com defeitos ?sseos continuam a motivar a busca de terapias mais eficazes. Assim, a combina??o de biomateriais, c?lulas-tronco e mol?culas bioativas fazem parte das ferramentas usadas pela medicina regenerativa para alcan?ar esse objetivo. Diversos estudos j? mostraram o potencial osteog?nico dos polissacar?deos sulfatados (PSs) extra?dos de macroalgas marinhas. Entre eles, o fucoidan, isolado da alga marrom Fucus vesiculosus, ? o mais estudado, sendo j? comercializado por algumas empresas. As algas verdes tamb?m s?o fonte de PSs, mas estas s?o ainda pouco exploradas para aplica??es na regenera??o ?ssea. Em geral, as aplica??es cl?nicas dos PSs extra?dos de algas ainda s?o limitadas devido ? escassez de estudos sobre os seus efeitos, como por exemplo, o potencial genot?xico ? desconhecido na maioria dos casos. Assim, neste trabalho avaliamos a atividade osteog?nica 1) do Fucoidan de F. vesiculosus (um extrato comercializado pela Sigma), 2) das amostras ricas em PSs obtidas do subfracionamento do fucoidan comercial, e 3) do extrato rico em PSs extra?dos da alga verde Caulerpa sertularioides usando como modelo c?lulas-tronco humanas isoladas da geleia de Wharton de cord?es umbilicais (CTMH-GW). Estudou-se tamb?m o potencial genot?xico dos extratos totais de F. vesiculosus e C. sertularioides e posteriormente, da subfra??o do fucoidan que apresentou maior potencial osteog?nico, utilizando do ensaio de micron?cleo com bloqueio da citocinese (CBMN) na linhagem CHO-K1. Os ensaios de redu??o do MTT evidenciaram que as amostras ricas em PSs n?o apresentaram citotoxicidade significativa ao longo de 72 h, at? 10 ?g.mL-1. Os ensaios de atividade da fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e de mineraliza??o sugerem que as amostras ricas em PSs possuem atividades osteog?nicas diferentes: a subfra??o do fucoidan FUC 0.5 (5 ?g.mL-1) foi a que apresentou melhor resultado, aumentando 124% a atividade da ALP em rela??o ao controle positivo (c?lulas mantidas em meio osteog?nico). J? o extrato total de C. sertularioides (5 ?g.mL-1) aumentou 192% a atividade da ALP. Adicionalmente, todas as amostras testadas induziram o ac?mulo de c?lcio na matriz extracelular. Quanto ? genotoxicidade, os resultados do ensaio CBMN sugerem que, nas condi??es testadas, estas amostras n?o s?o genot?xicas, indicando que podem ser uma alternativa para terapias de regenera??o ?ssea. / Problems related with bone defects continue to motivate the search for more effective therapies. Thus, the combination of biomaterials, stem cells and bioactive molecules is part of the tools used by regenerative medicine to achieve this goal. Several studies have already shown the osteogenic potential of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) extracted from marine macroalgae. Among them, fucoidan, isolated from brown algae Fucus vesiculosus, is the most studied, and is already commercialized by some companies. Green algae are also a source of SPs, but these are even more unexploited in the scope of bone regeneration. In general, the clinical applications of SPs from algae are very limited, because studies on their effects are scarce, for example, their genotoxic effects are unknown in most cases. Thus, in this work, we evaluated the osteogenic activity of Fucoidan from F. vesiculosus (an extract commercialized by Sigma), 2) SPs-rich samples obtained from subfractionation of commercial fucoidan, and 3) SPs-enriched extract from green algae Caulerpa Sertularioides, using human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the Wharton jelly of umbilical cords (CTMH-GW) as cell model. It was also studied the genotoxic potential of the total extracts of F. vesiculosus and C. sertularioides, using the cytokinesis block micronucleus assay (CBMN) in the line CHO-K1. The genotoxicity of fucoidan?s subfraction that presented greater osteogenic potential was also evaluated. The MTT reduction assays showed that SPs-enriched samples did not show significant cytotoxicity over 72 h, up to 10 ?g.mL-1. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization assays suggest that SPs-enriched samples have different osteogenic activities: fucoidan subfraction FUC 0.5 (5 ?g.mL-1) showed the best result, increasing 124% the ALP activity in relation to the positive control (cells maintained in osteogenic medium). The total extract of C. sertularioides (5 ?g.mL-1) increased the ALP activity by 192%. In addition, all samples tested induced calcium accumulation in the extracellular matrix. Concerning to genotoxicity, CBMN assay results suggest that, under the tested conditions, these samples are not genotoxic, indicating their potential as alternative bone regeneration therapy.

En la presente tesis doctoral se estudian los cambios en la comunidades bentónicas que se producen tras la sustitución de una pradera de Posidonia oceanica por algas invasoras del género Caulerpa (Caulerpa racemosa y Caulerpa taxifolia) y la caulerpal establecida Caulerpa prolifera. Las comunidades bentónicas cambian con la presencia de caulerpales. Las principales diferencias entre los cuatro hábitats estudiados son debidas a las diferentes abundancias de las especies coincidentes tanto para moluscos, decápodos como poliquetos. La comunidad de invertebrados presenta patrones estacionales diferentes entre esos cuatro hábitats y con Posidonia oceanica (referidos a abundancia y diversidad de especies).Las algas del género Caulerpa se caracterizan por poseer el metabolito secundario de defensa caulerpenina. La toxicidad de las caulerpales se traduce en un incremento de las defensas antioxidantes del los organismos que allí viven (Coris julis y Bittium reticulatum), los cuales aumentan eficientemente sus defensas antioxidantes sin sufrir peroxidación lipídica. Además, Caulerpa aumenta sus defensas antioxidantes y la caulerpenina en situaciones de herbivoría y epifitismo como mecanismo defensivo. / En la present tesis doctoral són estudiats els canvis en les comunitats bentòniques produïts per la substitució de praderies de Posidonia oceanica per algues invasores del gènere Caulerpa (Caulerpa racemosa y Caulerpa taxifolia) i la caulerpal establida Caulerpa prolifera. Les comunitats bentòniques canvien amb la presència de les caulerpals. Les principals diferències entre els quatre hàbitats són degudes a les diferents abundàncies que presenten les espècies coincidents tant per mol·lusc, decàpodes com poliquets. A més, la comunitat d'invertebrats té patrons estacionals diferents entre els quatre hàbitats (referits a abundància i diversitat de espècies).Les algues del gènere Caulerpa es caracteritzen per contenir caulerpenina com metabòlit secundari de defensa. La toxicitat de les caulerpals es veu reflectida en un increment de les defenses antioxidants dels organismes que hi viuen en hàbitats de Caulerpa (Coris julis i Bittium reticulatum), els quals augmenten eficientment les seves defenses antioxidants i no sofreixen peroxidació lipídica. A més, Caulerpa spp. augmenta les seves defenses antioxidants i caulerpenina en situacions de herviboria i epifitisme com a mecanisme defensiu. / In the present thesis, changes in the benthic communities caused by the substitution of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows by the invasive algae Caulerpa (Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa taxifolia) and the established Caulerpa prolifera are analyzed. Benthic communities change with the presence of Caulerpa spp. Main differences among studied habitats are due to differences in the abundances of invertebrate species common for the four habitats for Decapoda, Mollusca and Polychaeta. Seasonal patterns of invertebrate community are also different among the studied algae and seagrass (for abundances and species diversity indexes).Caulerpa macroalgae are characterised by the presence of caulerpenyne as defensive secondary metabolite. The toxicity of Caulerpa is expressed as an increased antioxidant response of the organisms living in Caulerpa mats (Coris julis and Bittium reticulatum), which efficiently increases its antioxidant defences avoiding lipid peroxidation. Caulerpa spp. also increases their antioxidant defences and caulerpenyne concentration in herbivorism and epifitism situations.

QUEIROZ, Ismael Nilo Lino de. Caracterização estrutural preliminar e efeitos na inflamação da lectina da alga marinha verde Caulerpa cupressoides. 115 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) - Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-05-23T13:42:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_inlqueiroz.pdf: 2778929 bytes, checksum: 1ecf927693bc8e91aabb5a746c3dfbce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-07-05T19:19:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_inlqueiroz.pdf: 2778929 bytes, checksum: 1ecf927693bc8e91aabb5a746c3dfbce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T19:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_inlqueiroz.pdf: 2778929 bytes, checksum: 1ecf927693bc8e91aabb5a746c3dfbce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Lectins seaweed have various pharmacological applications. This work was partially characterize the structure and evaluate the effects on classical models of inflammation lectin of the green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides. The Caulerpa cupressoides lectin (CcL) was extracted with Tris-HCl 25 mM, pH 7.5 and isolated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Structural characterization showed a partial aminoterminal sequence with 31 amino acid residues, obtained according to the method of Edman degradation, while in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the CcL 1H-NMR purified by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose obtained by was demonstrated similarity between signals obtained in both spectra. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in male Wistar rats (n = 6), using the model of paw edema induced by carrageenan (700 μg/paw), dextran (500 μg/paw), histamine (100 μg/paw), serotonin (20 μg/paw) or bradykinin (30 μg/paw). Groups of animals were treated with CcL (0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, i.v.) 30 min before the inflammatory stimulus. Was evaluated the involvement of CcL (1.0 mg/kg) towards heme oxygenase-1. Groups were used that were treated with inhibitor CcL linked mucin (8.0 mg/kg, i.v.) or only mucin (8.0 mg/kg, i.v.) and dexamethasone (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) were used as controls. The effect edematogenic CcL was evaluated by applying the doses of 0.1, 1.0 or 10 mg/kg (i.pl.). In the trial of paw edema induced by carrageenan, CcL reduced edema formation was confirmed by determining tissue levels of myeloperoxidase. CcL (1.0 mg/kg) showed no mucin linked to anti-inflammatory effect on the paw edema induced by carrageenan, except in the first hour after stimulation. In dextran-induced edema, CcL also inhibited the osmotic swelling. Only the dose of 1.0 mg/kg was used in reducing histamine-induced edema by 40% the edema within 30 min CcL (1.0 mg/kg), however, did not reduce the edema induced by serotonin or bradykinin. Besides, in the histological analysis of tissue subplantar, CcL (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) was able to reduce cell migration. In the presence of ZnPP IX (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.), CcL has lost its ability to inhibit the carrageenan-induced edema, exerting its mechanism of action anti-inflammatory pathway through the involvement of HO-1. While in immunohistochemistry, CcL (10 mg/kg) reduced the expression of IL-1β, but intense staining occurred cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and expression of HO-1 in the groups treated with the same dose of CcL. In relation the effect edematogenic, CcL was able to induce intense inflammatory process with dose-dependent effect. However, the induced edema at a dose of 10 mg/kg was CcL was inhibited by indomethacin, meclizine, pentoxifylline and dexamethasone. Therefore, when the CcL partially characterized presented in its aminoterminal sequence of 43% identity with the protein from unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and showed anti-and pro-inflammatory therapeutic agent is considered a potential for future studies in inflammatory processes. / As lectinas de algas marinhas possuem várias aplicações farmacológicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar parcialmente a estrutura e avaliar os efeitos em modelos clássicos de inflamação da lectina da alga marinha verde Caulerpa cupressoides. A lectina de Caulerpa cupressoides (LCc) foi extraída com tampão Tris-HCl 25 mM, pH 7,5 e isolada por cromatografia de troca iônica em coluna de DEAE-celulose. A caracterização estrutural parcial apresentou uma sequência aminoterminal com 31 resíduos de aminoácidos, obtida de acordo com o método de degradação de Edman, enquanto que na espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear unidimensional 1H para a LCc purificada por Sephadex G-100 e obtida por DEAE-celulose, foi demostrado uma similaridade entre os sinais obtidos em ambos os espectros. A atividade anti-inflamatória foi avaliada em ratos Wistar machos (n=6), utilizando o modelo de edema de pata induzidos por carragenana (700 μg/pata), dextrana (500 μg/pata), histamina (100 μg/pata), serotonina (20 μg/pata) ou bradicinina (30 μg/pata). Grupos de animais foram submetidos ao tratamento com LCc (0,1; 1,0 ou 10,0 mg/kg; i.v.), 30 min antes do estímulo inflamatório. Foi avaliado o envolvimento da LCc (1,0 mg/kg) na via da Heme oxigenase-1. Foram utilizados grupos que receberam tratamento com LCc ligada ao inibidor mucina (8,0 mg/kg; i.v.) ou somente mucina (8,0 mg/kg; i.v.) e dexametasona (1,0 mg/kg; s.c.) foram utilizados como controles. O efeito edematogênico de LCc foi avaliado aplicando as doses de 0,1; 1,0 ou 10 mg/kg (i.pl.). No ensaio de edema de pata induzido por carragenana, LCc reduziu a formação de edema sendo confirmado pela determinação dos níveis teciduais de mieloperoxidase. A LCc (1,0 mg/kg) ligada a mucina não apresentou efeito anti-inflamatório no edema de pata induzido por carragenana, exceto na primeira hora após o estímulo. No edema induzido por dextrana, LCc também inibiu o edema osmótico. Apenas a dose de 1,0 mg/kg foi utilizada no edema induzido por histamina reduzindo em 40% o edema no intervalo de 30 min LCc (1,0 mg/kg), entretanto, não reduziu a formação de edema induzido por serotonina ou bradicinina. Além disso, na análise histológica do tecido subplantar, LCc (1,0 e 10,0 mg/kg) foi capaz de reduzir a migração celular. Na presença de ZnPP IX (3,0 mg/kg; s.c.), LCc perdeu sua capacidade inibir o edema induzido por carragenana, exercendo seu mecanismo de ação anti-inflamatório através do envolvimento da via da HO-1. Enquanto que na imunohistoquímica, LCc (10 mg/kg) reduziu a expressão de IL-1β, porém ocorreu intensa marcação das citocinas TNF-α e IL-6, além da expressão de HO-1, nos grupos tratados com a mesma dose de LCc. Com relação ao efeito edematogênico, LCc foi capaz de induzir intenso processo inflamatório com efeito dose-dependente. No entanto, o edema induzido com a dose de 10 mg/kg de LCc foi foi inibido por indometacina, meclizina, pentoxifilina e dexametasona. Portanto, a LCc quando parcialmente caracterizada apresentou na sua sequência aminoterminal uma identidade de 43% com a proteína da alga verde unicelular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii e apresentou propriedades anti- e pró-inflamatórias, sendo considerada um agente terapêutico em potencial para estudos futuros nos processos inflamatórios.

Nous avons étudié les mécanismes d'impact de l'algue envahissante Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh sur les poissons en Méditerranée, en particulier à l'aide d'une étude approfondie sur une espèce « modèle » : Symphodus ocellatus (Forsskål). Un suivi des peuplements de poissons ainsi que des expérimentations in situ ont été réalisés au niveau du département des Alpes-Maritimes, sur des milieux colonisés par l'algue et des milieux témoins. Caulerpa taxifolia qui forme des prairies de frondes très denses et hautes, de la fin de l'été jusqu'au début de l'hiver, représente une gêne physique pour l'accès à la nourriture benthique et aux microhabitats. Le suivi de deux récifs artificiels crées in situ a montré que l'envasement et l'obstruction de cavités par C. taxifolia diminuent la capacité d'accueil d'un milieu rocheux pour la faune ichtyologique. La raréfaction d'abris convenables mène à une augmentation de la mortalité des petits individus par prédation. L'étude de contenus digestifs ainsi que des acides gras corporels chez S. ocellatus montre un changement de régime alimentaire sur les milieux envahis (augmentation de la consommation de plancton au détriment des proies benthiques). En aquarium, nous avons montré que l'accessibilité aux proies benthiques diminue avec la densification de l'algue. Nous avons observé in situ que C. taxifolia pose également le problème de l'accès et de la détection des proies benthiques pour les rougets de roche Mullus surmuletus. Sur les milieux colonisés, le bilan énergétique global se traduit par des déficits de 21% dans le contenu lipidique corporel chez les jeunes S. ocellatus et de 59% dans les lipides de stockage du foie ainsi que par un déficit pondéral au niveau du foie et des ovaires chez les femelles reproductrices. Cependant, la qualité des œufs n'est pas affectée. Par ailleurs, in situ, les toxines de C. taxifolia n'ont pas d'influence sur le succès de développement embryonnaire de S. ocellatus.

Abstract Not Available.